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透過財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)發(fā)現(xiàn)上市公司財(cái)務(wù)異常 作者:夏草

 whrzrr 2010-12-01

 

夏草

 



一年多前,筆者曾寫過一篇文章《透過畸低債權(quán)債務(wù)識(shí)別重大錯(cuò)報(bào)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)》,此文強(qiáng)調(diào)“細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗”,總結(jié)如何通過往來賬會(huì)計(jì)科目迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)錯(cuò)報(bào),一家公司如果債權(quán)債務(wù)畸低,則可能其業(yè)務(wù)量也畸低。今天,筆者將債權(quán)債務(wù)延伸至財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo),透過財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)發(fā)現(xiàn)上市公司財(cái)務(wù)異常。

一、存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率畸快

中國福建石獅男裝制造商希尼亞XNY20101123赴紐交所上市,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)該公司存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率畸低,作為一家服裝制造商,該公司在招股書中是這樣描述其存貨管理的
Inventory Management
  
We recognize that controlling the level of inventory is important to our overall operational efficiency and cost control. Based on the purchase orders our distributors and the department store chains place at our biannual sales fairs, we are able to anticipate the demand for our products in advance and plan ahead for our own manufacturing and the orders we will be required to place with our contract manufacturers. We generally plan purchases of raw materials and place manufacturing orders with our contract manufacturers immediately after each of our two seasonal sales fairs, usually in May for our autumn and winter products and in October for our spring and summer products, where we confirm sales orders with our distributors and department store chains. This enables us and our contract manufacturers to have sufficient time, ranging from two to eight weeks, to produce the products and provide our products suitable for a specific season to our distributors and department store chains on a just-in-time basis so as to minimize our inventory levels.


該公司主要客戶是經(jīng)銷商,理論上應(yīng)該保留一定存貨余額,包括原材料、在產(chǎn)品及產(chǎn)成品,但該公司存貨余額畸低:


據(jù)i美股測算,


七匹狼的2007-2009年存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率分別為2.46、3.093.47,即一年存貨周轉(zhuǎn)2.46次、3.09次和3.47次,由于上市時(shí)間較短,有據(jù)可查的利郎的2009年的存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率也只有6.25,即存貨一年周轉(zhuǎn)6.25次。按一年360天計(jì)算,七匹狼的2007-2009年存貨周轉(zhuǎn)天數(shù)為146.3天、116.5天、103.7,利郎200年的存貨周轉(zhuǎn)天數(shù)為57.6天。但是希尼亞在2008年、2009年的存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率分別為15060,即一年周轉(zhuǎn)150次和60次。按一年360天計(jì)算,存貨周轉(zhuǎn)天數(shù)分別為20082天、20096天。

如此高的存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率實(shí)在令人驚嘆,這是該公司存貨附注:



納斯達(dá)克上市公司綠諾科技(RINO)近日承認(rèn)財(cái)務(wù)造假,該公司造假一個(gè)征兆就是存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率太快,如果這是一家工程承包公司,則零存貨可以理解;但該公司是一家節(jié)能環(huán)保設(shè)備制造商,有自己的生產(chǎn)基地,如此制造型企業(yè),存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率達(dá)上百次,這是制造業(yè)嗎?

希尼亞涉嫌造假還有一個(gè)征兆是高現(xiàn)金,該公司賬面上也有巨額的現(xiàn)金,現(xiàn)金占總資產(chǎn)的44%,老外太不了解中國了,中國民營企業(yè)即使有這么多錢早已挪作他用了,怎么可能還留在賬上?

二、費(fèi)用率畸低

   綠諾科技出事之后,城門失火,殃及池魚,該公司審計(jì)師Frazer Frost LLP審計(jì)的另外兩家公司泰山泰山泰富電氣(HRBN)及中國閥門(CVVT)暴跌,這兩家公司也廣受業(yè)界質(zhì)疑。
   


美國上市公司調(diào)查報(bào)告獨(dú)立撰寫人Roddy Boyd 1026撰文指出泰富電氣的銷售與運(yùn)營費(fèi)用(S,G&A)低得有點(diǎn)不正常,僅占營收的6.78%,而且其中還有大約20%是用于商品的發(fā)運(yùn)。Roddy Boyd認(rèn)為最令人生疑的是,在銷售收入增長的同時(shí),銷售與運(yùn)營費(fèi)用并沒有出現(xiàn)實(shí)質(zhì)性的增長。



中國高速頻道(CCME)涉嫌財(cái)務(wù)造假一個(gè)明顯征兆也是費(fèi)用率畸低,2010年前三季度該公司銷售及管理費(fèi)用占營收比例也只有5.6%,一家廣告公司,銷售及管理費(fèi)用占營收比例如此之低,只能說明這家公司根本不是廣告公司。

三、毛利率畸高

中國閥門(CVVT)涉嫌造假的主要征兆是該公司毛利率明顯高于同行的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,這是最近剛上市的江蘇神通(002348)披露的閥門行業(yè)毛利率:


而該公司2010年披露的Q3季報(bào)顯示毛利率高達(dá)47%



利農(nóng)國際(GAGA)今年1029日登陸納斯達(dá)克,該公司創(chuàng)始人馬承榕是港交所上市的農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)超大現(xiàn)代(00682.HK)前高管,該公司主業(yè)也是蔬菜種植,超大現(xiàn)代與楊斌的歐亞農(nóng)業(yè)一樣涉嫌嚴(yán)重的財(cái)務(wù)造假,最大征兆是毛利率企高,超大現(xiàn)代現(xiàn)主席郭浩當(dāng)年辯稱:

超大農(nóng)業(yè)高達(dá)70%的毛利率最近也一直受市場人士懷疑,基金經(jīng)理們有兩個(gè)擔(dān)心,一是你在做假,一個(gè)種菜的能有這么高的利潤?二是即使有這么高的盈利,你能保持下去嗎。于是公司先后分幾批請(qǐng)來了全球的300多名經(jīng)理,到公司的生產(chǎn)基地,到市場上超大的專賣店和配送店去考察。我們搞現(xiàn)代有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè),全國領(lǐng)先,國際上也是一流,比如我們種過去不曾見過的黃心大白菜,成本就一毛多一斤,但在福州市場能賣0.8元,在香港市場則高達(dá)3元。而搞有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)不是一朝一夕就能成的,它有完整的國際指標(biāo)體系,就算你手頭有幾個(gè)億美元的現(xiàn)金要和我競爭,但沒有三年你連產(chǎn)品都拿不出來。這么一溝通,基金經(jīng)理們的懷疑就消除了。

2003年1月,海通集團(tuán)(600537)登陸上交所,筆者在全景路演員中就此問題請(qǐng)教該公司高管:

飛草:貴公司主業(yè)與超大現(xiàn)代有相近之處,可貴公司的主業(yè)毛利率不到超大的一半,據(jù)專家稱,我國蔬菜產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格只有國外的1/5至1/8,為什么貴公司毛利率如此之低?此外,超大現(xiàn)代兩年之內(nèi)增長了647%,可貴公司兩年間只增長了38%,而且增長幅度大幅下滑,2000年比1999年增長19%,2001年比2000年增長15%,2002年可能連10%(2002年比2001年)都達(dá)不到,請(qǐng)問這是為什么?

海通集團(tuán)副總經(jīng)理、財(cái)務(wù)負(fù)責(zé)人吳立忠本公司產(chǎn)品主要出口,而國外銷售的對(duì)象主要是大型經(jīng)銷商,而非最終消費(fèi)者,因此,不可能賺取零售環(huán)節(jié)的利潤。況且,如果真如你提到的超大現(xiàn)代那么高的毛利率。

飛草:"況且,如果真如你提到的超大現(xiàn)代那么高的毛利率。",吳總,這句話好象還沒有說完?
   吳立忠:我就不明白為什么至今沒有這么多的企業(yè)介入這個(gè)暴利行業(yè)了。

根據(jù)超大現(xiàn)代2002年業(yè)績公告,該公司不但毛利率企高,凈利率(凈利潤/收入)也高得嚇?biāo)廊耍?/font>2002年凈利率高達(dá)54%,2001年更是不得了,有61%,有人說,種瓜得瓜、種豆得豆,而超大現(xiàn)代是種瓜得銀、種豆得金啊!

對(duì)此海通集團(tuán)董事長陳龍海斬釘截鐵回答道:我公司出口果蔬加工十七年,根據(jù)現(xiàn)狀仍無法認(rèn)同果蔬加工業(yè)為暴利行業(yè)之說。有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)是由國際權(quán)威認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)證的一個(gè)相當(dāng)高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一般需要三年左右時(shí)間。海通食品從事果蔬加工主要賺取加工環(huán)節(jié)的利潤,其中銷售環(huán)節(jié)利潤由出口國取得。

實(shí)際上,工商企業(yè)如果走經(jīng)銷商路線,則毛利率低、費(fèi)用率也低;如果走直營路線,則毛利率高,但費(fèi)用率也高,可是不管是超大現(xiàn)代或利農(nóng)國際都是毛利率高、費(fèi)用率低,導(dǎo)致凈利率畸高:

利農(nóng)國際2010年毛利率70%,凈利率39%,該公司資產(chǎn)構(gòu)成也有重大問題,一家種菜企業(yè),其主要資產(chǎn)應(yīng)該是存貨,但該公司主要資產(chǎn)是固定資產(chǎn):


據(jù)了解,利農(nóng)國際擁有的可種植面積從2008財(cái)年(截至2008年3月)的17103畝增加到2010財(cái)年(截至2010年3月)18850畝,發(fā)展速度并不快;但其大棚(greenhouse)種植面積迅速擴(kuò)大,占比從15.6%增加至23.4%;總產(chǎn)量從5.7萬噸增加至9.8萬噸;每畝單產(chǎn)增長明顯,從3.6噸增長至5.4噸;平均每畝收入也從9611元增長至15497元。

 


從歐亞農(nóng)業(yè)到超大現(xiàn)代,其主要造假手法是虛構(gòu)收益、虛增資產(chǎn),虛增資產(chǎn)又以虛增固定資產(chǎn)及現(xiàn)金為主,固定資產(chǎn)又以大棚建設(shè)為主,這其中真真假假,因?yàn)槟悴恢浪B(yǎng)大棚支出那些應(yīng)該直接進(jìn)利潤表,那些應(yīng)該進(jìn)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表,如果對(duì)這個(gè)行業(yè)有研究的分析師,應(yīng)該好好分析一下這家公司資本性支出是否存在問題。

利農(nóng)國際這樣的企業(yè)要造假很容易蒙騙實(shí)地調(diào)研的投資者、分析師,為什么?你能核實(shí)他18850畝種植面積是真實(shí)的嗎?你能核實(shí)他在23.4%的土地上蓋起了大棚?無法核實(shí),此時(shí),常識(shí)是照妖鏡,如果種菜能有如此暴利,則中國農(nóng)民就不會(huì)那么貧困了,實(shí)際上,作為中國唯一一家果蔬上市公司海通集團(tuán)去年就打退堂鼓了,億晶光電借殼海通集團(tuán)已是板板上釘釘?shù)氖隆?/font>

結(jié)語

上述多家公司為福建股,如中國高速頻道、利農(nóng)國際、希尼亞,福建公司海外造假上市已成傳統(tǒng),就象福建長樂是偷渡之鄉(xiāng)一樣,福建人到海外一靠偷渡,二靠詐騙,當(dāng)然也有優(yōu)質(zhì)企業(yè)到海外上市,但主流是詐騙,好企業(yè)是非主流,所有福建股海外上市就象福建人辦簽證,為了防止偷渡,也為了防止詐騙,除非已是行業(yè)內(nèi)主流企業(yè),否則就不讓上市,象希尼亞,有幾個(gè)人聽說過這家公司,竟然在男裝市場的市場份額能進(jìn)入行業(yè)前三,這到底是在蒙誰?

一些名不見經(jīng)傳企業(yè)IPO時(shí)一鳴驚人,盈利能力遠(yuǎn)超行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,那么它到底是行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、跟隨者還是挑戰(zhàn)者?三流企業(yè)為何能取得一流企業(yè)業(yè)績,甚至超一流企業(yè)業(yè)績?常識(shí)是照妖鏡,可是中國概念讓有些投資者眼花繚亂,喪失了基本的判斷能力,這些動(dòng)輒冠名“中國”的民營企業(yè),有幾家在中國是家喻戶曉的?這些海外上市公司鉆了跨境監(jiān)管的漏洞,抱著即使出事也沒有什么大不了,瘋狂造假,且囹于成本,工商部門及稅務(wù)部門一套賬,資本市場一套賬,前者高收入、高盈利,后者低收入、低盈利,海外一此做空資本通過非常簡單的工商局年檢報(bào)表追查發(fā)現(xiàn)了造假公司的財(cái)務(wù)黑洞,有進(jìn)一步者調(diào)查其主要客戶,結(jié)果象中國忠旺、綠諾科技等公司被發(fā)現(xiàn)虛構(gòu)客戶;更有甚者,如中國生物(CHBT)被投資者發(fā)現(xiàn)虛構(gòu)店鋪。

這些造假者以為天高皇帝遠(yuǎn),海闊憑魚躍,天空任鳥飛,他們不是以事實(shí)為依據(jù),而是以想法(IDEA)為依據(jù),心隨我想,想做多少收益就做多少收益,閉門造車,披露信息又是全英文,以為國人看不懂,大量采用傳統(tǒng)甚至低級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)造假手法炮制假賬,殊不知如今是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代,盡管海外上市, 可也近在眼前;這些造假者享受的監(jiān)管真空相信越來越小了,A股上不了就到海外上市理念要改變了,好企業(yè)哪里都?xì)g迎,爛企業(yè)哪里都不歡迎,如果一定要造假,請(qǐng)先提升你的造假專業(yè)水平;象安然、象雷曼,即使是倒閉了,專業(yè)人士還不知道到底假在哪里?這是造假者最高境界,化有形于無形,你可以感覺,但是你抓不到,象風(fēng)又象雨,當(dāng)然利農(nóng)國際老大哥超大現(xiàn)代確實(shí)有一手,你看他造假上市十年了,依然安然無恙,依然是中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的座上賓,可不是所有造假企業(yè)都有這樣的政治背景。



附:海外上市公司三高陷阱

 

夏草

 

 

看病的時(shí)候,醫(yī)生常將要注意三高,這三高指的是高血壓、高血脂、高血糖,審閱上市公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表時(shí),也要注意三高,但此三高彼非三高,這三高指的是高成長、高毛利及高現(xiàn)金。

    對(duì)于一位價(jià)值投資者,三高意味著這家公司成長性好、盈利能力強(qiáng)及財(cái)務(wù)彈性高,股神巴菲特就喜歡這樣的股票,這也成了價(jià)值投資者擇股的理想標(biāo)準(zhǔn),遺憾的是白馬非馬,現(xiàn)實(shí)中碰到三高股票時(shí),如果發(fā)現(xiàn)該公司市盈率很低,不要以為真得找到估值洼地,這洼地可能就是你投資的泥沼,一旦陷入,痛苦一生。
     
     納斯達(dá)克上市公司綠諾科技(RINO)近日承認(rèn)財(cái)務(wù)造假:
On November 18, 2010, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of RINO International Corporation (the “Registrant”) a Nevada corporation, concluded that previously issued audited financial statements of the Registrant for its fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009, which were included in the Registrant’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2008 and 2009, and previously issued interim unaudited financial statements which were included in the Registrant’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2008 to September 30, 2009   should no longer be relied on. 1   The Board also concluded that previously issued interim unaudited financial statements which were included in the Registrant’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods March 31, 2010, June 30, 2010 and September 30, 2010 should no longer be relied on inasmuch as such financial statements incorporate results from 2008 and 2009.

The conclusion of the Board that the financial statements for the above-described periods should not be relied upon was based on statements made by the Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Zou Dejun, after consultation with the Registrant’s Chief Accountant, who reported to the Board that the Registrant did not enter into two contracts for which it reported revenue during the Registrant’s 2008 and 2009 fiscal years.

綠諾科技實(shí)體大連綠諾環(huán)境工程科技有限公司主要從事flue gasdesulfurization (“FGD”, 煙氣脫硫) system,由于該公司具有環(huán)保概念,且高成長(09年收入增長55%,凈利增長165%)、高毛利(09年毛利率將近40%,凈利率近30%),高現(xiàn)金(09年末現(xiàn)金占資產(chǎn)總額的52%),導(dǎo)致該公司股價(jià)一度沖至35美元,如今看來這一切都是騙局,該公司涉嫌虛構(gòu)收入、虛增資產(chǎn),賬面的2.59億美元資產(chǎn)疑大部分涉嫌虛構(gòu),包括現(xiàn)金、應(yīng)收賬款及預(yù)付賬款,該公司造假有兩個(gè)明顯征兆,一是盈利能力超強(qiáng),二是存貨周轉(zhuǎn)率畸低,賬面資產(chǎn)基本是非實(shí)物資產(chǎn);獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)Muddy Waters通對(duì)其主要客戶的確認(rèn)及工商局年檢報(bào)表的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)了該公司財(cái)務(wù)異常,以下是綠諾科技09年財(cái)報(bào)及2010Q3節(jié)選數(shù)據(jù):








綠諾科技造假絕不是個(gè)案,最近大家熱議的納斯達(dá)克上市公司中國高速頻道(CCME)疑有相同的造假情節(jié),中國高速傳媒實(shí)際運(yùn)營的公司為福建分眾傳媒有限公司,成立于2003年,主要業(yè)務(wù)是利用城際巴士車載電視做媒體廣告,是目前中國最大的巴士車載電視媒體,覆蓋全國35座一級(jí)城市,輻射316座二、三級(jí)城市4000多條客運(yùn)主干線,近23000輛城際巴士、機(jī)場巴士、旅游巴士車載電視獨(dú)家廣告經(jīng)營權(quán)。 2010年6月3日,中國高速傳媒股票轉(zhuǎn)板至納斯達(dá)克全球精選市場交易。






中國高速頻道財(cái)報(bào)呈現(xiàn)出典型的三高癥狀,高成長(2010年前三季度收入增長142%,凈利增長150%)、高毛利(2010年前三季度毛利率73%,凈利率44%)、高現(xiàn)金(2010年第三季度末現(xiàn)金占資產(chǎn)總額的77%,筆者懷疑該公司虛構(gòu)收入、虛減費(fèi)用、虛增資產(chǎn),賬面的1.7億美元基本為虛構(gòu),這是網(wǎng)上貼的該公司十大紅旗警訊:

10 redflags of CCME   
1. Why did insider sell the stock at $9 two weeks before the stock running up to $22? Are the insiders so stupid and a poor market timer?
2. Where is the share buyback that was announced?
3. Where is the dividend?
4. Why did CCME have exceptionally low interest income ratio, while VISN the opposite, among the four competitors?
Here is the Interest Income/Ending Cash Balance ratio in percentage for Q2.

...... FMCN
(分眾傳媒): 0.19%
...... AMCN
(航美傳媒): 0.20%
...... VISN
(華視傳媒): 0.83%
...... CCME
(中國高速頻道): 0.06%

Notes:
(1) These were for Q2 2010
(2) The denominator was Ending Cash Balance.
5. Why does CCME has extremely high margin relative to its competitors?
In Q2, 2010, CCME reported a margin of 79%, while its competitors reported low or negative margin. VISN was 23% and AMCN was -10%.
Again, are they all in China? CCME must have some magic power to achieve that.

6. How can CCME generate 3.4x revenue per LCD than its competitors?
CCME has roughly 55-60k displays; VISN has like 120k LCDs. In Q2, 2010. VISN’s total revenue was $31 million and CCME generated $53 million from much less LCDs. Each CCME’s LCD generated 3.4x more revenue than that of VISN. How can CCME do this?

7. Why CCME selling expense is so low? CCME selling expense is 3% of revenue . However, its competitors are much higher, FMCN 38%, VISN 22%.
You have to believe that CCME is operating in completely different market from FMCN or VISN's. These costs have to rise if the number is even being correctly reported. Seems to be too low ???
Are you forgetting what happened to AMCN. Go back and review AMCN which too started out strong, but the concession fees rose quickly to 73% of revenue.

8. How can CCME increase its revenue by more than 20 fold while sales force remain almost flat?
http://www./Archives/edgar/data/1...
According to SEC form DEFM14a 2009-10-05 page 118-151, CCME's revenue grew more than 20 fold from 2006 to 2009 while its sales force almost remained flat.
CCME reported revenues of $4 million, $26 million, 63 million and $95 million for year 2006 2007, 2008 and 2009, correspondingly. The reported people in sale force for 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 are 58, 76, 63[note 1] and 63, corespondingly.
-------------------------------2006 --- 2007 ---2008 ----2009
REVENUE(MILLION) ---4 26--- 63--- 95
SALE FORCE ---58[p151]--- 76[p151]--- 63[p148] ---63[p118]
In year 2007, 2008 and 2009, CCME experienced amazing revenue growth of 600%, 142% and 50%, correspondingly. However, its sale force has not changed significantly over this period. Moreover, In 2008, its sale force even dropped from to 63 from 76 of 2007.
Note 1: 63 in 2009 is the reported number on June, 2009. 2008 number is a approximation based on the statement "There were no significant difference in the size of the sales force for the six months ended June 30, 2009 and 2008" on page 148 of form DEFM14a.

9. Why did CCME list the likes of VISN, AMCN, FMCN as its competitors, while none of these other companies has listed CCME as a competitor? Note that VISN, AMCN, and FMCN have listed each other as competitors. Check their 10-Ks. Were FMCN, VISN, AMCN just too blindsided to see a formidable emerging competitor on the horizon? Or Was it something else?
10. Why are so many shares sold short? There is high short interests in RINO whose story is still unfolded. The shorts are not so dumb and stupid after all.


Sentiment : Sell


http://bbs./viewthread.php?tid=5929&extra=&page=1

高成長、高毛利(低費(fèi)用)及高現(xiàn)金本是白馬股的標(biāo)志,可如今有些死馬當(dāng)活馬,甚至當(dāng)白馬,人造三高誘惑投資者,由于造假技巧太拙劣,大部分理性投資者用腳投票,這些公司一般市盈率都很低:



   但也有少數(shù)公司造假技術(shù)很高明,騙過了大部分理性投資者,使其估值也明顯偏高,這樣的公司才是最可怕的,這些公司往往由四大審計(jì),由頂級(jí)投行推薦,但不管四大還是頂級(jí)投行,都是市場一分子,他也有可能被蒙騙甚至共謀,對(duì)于三高一低(市盈率低)的公司,我們要小心取證。

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