（一）高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解正確選項(xiàng)的特征

1.關(guān)鍵詞直接復(fù)現(xiàn)

2.對(duì)原文關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換或轉(zhuǎn)換

正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)與識(shí)別方法

1. 直接復(fù)現(xiàn)類(lèi)可從問(wèn)題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧迅速定位即可。

2. 同義轉(zhuǎn)換類(lèi)需對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解并簡(jiǎn)單推理，觀察詞義、詞性及語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)掌握英語(yǔ)的多種表達(dá)法。

（二）高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征

錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)就是命題人用以干擾你思維的陷阱。高考英語(yǔ)，由于詞匯量的限制，挑選的文章不能過(guò)難。命題人員就在問(wèn)題和干擾選項(xiàng)上做文章。使你即使基本讀懂文章，也不能輕松做對(duì)全部題目?，F(xiàn)在的干擾項(xiàng)不僅語(yǔ)言復(fù)雜，而且欺騙性強(qiáng)。兩個(gè)語(yǔ)言水平相當(dāng)，對(duì)文章理解差不多的考生會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)干擾項(xiàng)的辨別能力不同，而答題的正確率不一。為了提高辨別錯(cuò)誤或干擾信息的能力，有必要分析干擾項(xiàng)的種種特征，使我們?cè)诜N種命題人設(shè)置的陷阱面前，做到胸有成竹。

一、“以假亂真”的選項(xiàng)

把文章中出現(xiàn)的一些詞放在選項(xiàng)里，達(dá)到似曾相識(shí)的感覺(jué)，迷惑考生。在各種干擾信息中，偽了。偽造性的信息也就是文章中根本沒(méi)有的意思，硬是編造出一個(gè)信息，組成一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，以假亂真，以迷惑和干擾考生。以假亂真的偽造性信息有兩種表現(xiàn)形式。

這就告訴我們：在辨別選項(xiàng)時(shí)，一定要琢磨選項(xiàng)的意思，不要因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊，不讀完選項(xiàng)的句子，或粗粗一讀，只看到幾個(gè)表面文字與文章中有關(guān)部分相同就下結(jié)論。根據(jù)這一特點(diǎn)，我們似乎還可以得出這樣一條經(jīng)驗(yàn)：選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)相關(guān)句中的原詞越多，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)越可能是命題人的陷阱。

二、“無(wú)中生有”的選項(xiàng)

利用考生知道的一些基本常識(shí)，設(shè)置選項(xiàng)，無(wú)中生有。這就告訴我們：在做題目，看選項(xiàng)時(shí)，一定要讀原文，一定要根據(jù)文章中說(shuō)到的，一定要注意問(wèn)題中的“According to the passage，”“In the author’s view，”的提醒。千萬(wàn)不要因時(shí)間來(lái)不及，而不讀原文，憑主觀想象，千萬(wàn)不要根據(jù)自己或人們對(duì)這一方面的一般看法來(lái)套。偽造的信息之所以能起干擾的作用，就是因?yàn)橛行┛此撇缓铣＠淼男畔s是文章中說(shuō)到的，而有些看似非常合理的信息是命題人員根據(jù)常識(shí)編造，以誘騙考生的陷阱。

三、“所問(wèn)非所答”的選項(xiàng)

選項(xiàng)文不對(duì)題，選項(xiàng)不能回答問(wèn)題。命題人把文章中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的一些單詞和句子，放在選項(xiàng)中，雖然選項(xiàng)單獨(dú)看是正確的，但是卻不能回答問(wèn)題，這樣的選項(xiàng)有很大的迷惑性。

四、“夸大事實(shí)、偷梁換柱”的選項(xiàng)

夸大事實(shí)、偷梁換柱是命題人常用的一種干擾手法。命題人在設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)時(shí)，把文章中的信息，進(jìn)行夸大或放大，使作者在不認(rèn)真仔細(xì)進(jìn)行判斷的時(shí)候，容易出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。

夸大事實(shí)、偷梁換柱的干擾項(xiàng)就是利用考生時(shí)間緊，大凡粗粗一讀，來(lái)不及細(xì)看，或來(lái)不及把選項(xiàng)讀到底的傾向，在選項(xiàng)的前半句或前大半句中用原文的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，只是在最后換了幾個(gè)詞，而使考生出錯(cuò)。

所以在判斷選項(xiàng)時(shí)，一定要非常仔細(xì)，尤其是選項(xiàng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯與原文相關(guān)旬的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯相似時(shí)，要注意選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)是否與文章中的一致，是否被命題人偷偷換掉了定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。

五、“張冠李戴”的選項(xiàng)

雖然觀點(diǎn)和所說(shuō)的話在文章中出現(xiàn)過(guò)，并且是正確的，但是卻用錯(cuò)了位置，以達(dá)到混淆視聽(tīng)的目的。張冠李戴的干擾項(xiàng)主要是將文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與文章中他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)。問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的是他人的觀點(diǎn)；或問(wèn)的是文章中他人觀點(diǎn)，卻把文章作者觀點(diǎn)放到選項(xiàng)中去。

這就告訴我們，在辨別選項(xiàng)前，首先要仔細(xì)閱讀問(wèn)題，特別要注意“generally／usually／frequently／widely believed(accepted，advised)”或“in the author’s eyes／point of view”這類(lèi)詞，弄清楚問(wèn)的是什么，是作者的觀點(diǎn)，還是文章中其他人的觀點(diǎn)。這樣才不會(huì)被張冠李戴的干擾項(xiàng)所迷惑。

六、“以偏概全”的選項(xiàng)

以偏概全也是一種常用的干擾手段。尤其是在猜測(cè)文章或段落大意題，猜測(cè)文章標(biāo)題題，以及釋義題中，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)總有以偏概全的干擾信息。因此認(rèn)識(shí)它的表現(xiàn)形式很有必要。以偏概全有兩種基本形式。

1．把文章中的次要觀點(diǎn)，細(xì)節(jié)混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)。

2．把超出文章討論范圍的東西也作為歸納或結(jié)論混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)。

這就告訴我們，在做歸納性，概括性題目時(shí)，要注意選項(xiàng)的歸納分寸，不要被歸納不夠或歸納過(guò)頭的選項(xiàng)所迷惑，要做到這一點(diǎn)，就必須緊緊抓住文章的主要內(nèi)容和中心思想。

識(shí)別高考閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)的七大法寶

1．包含項(xiàng)原則

在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A)選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其它三項(xiàng) (或其中某一項(xiàng))的理、解，那么我們就說(shuō)選項(xiàng)A) 與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A)往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰, 因?yàn)槊倒蹇隙ㄊ腔?，但花并不一定是玫瑰?/p>

Living in a residence hall （學(xué)生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（義務(wù)）You have to be considerate of others, especially during study hours. Telephone calls and visits by friends should be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary（衛(wèi)生） as possible. It is sometimes hard to be tolerant（容忍的） of another person’s habits that may differ from your own.

24. What must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory?

A) Your roommate’s telephone calls

B) Habits that may differ from your own

C) Visits by your roommate’s friends

D) Roommates who are unsanitary

【原文題意】:住學(xué)生宿舍要受一些約束。你必須要考慮他人習(xí)慣，特別是在學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間。打電話及接待朋友來(lái)訪的時(shí)間盡量要短。你還得齊心協(xié)力與室友盡可能保持好寢室衛(wèi)生。有時(shí)候你是很難容忍別人不同的生活習(xí)慣。）

『個(gè)案解析』：從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分析中我們可以看出，選項(xiàng)B)“與你不同的生活習(xí)慣”其實(shí)就包含并概括了其他三選項(xiàng)，即A)室友的電話、C)室友的朋友來(lái)訪、D)室友不愛(ài)衛(wèi)生，這些都是你不能接受的生活習(xí)慣。如果我們可以選A)、C)、D)任一選項(xiàng)，那么B)也可以選，但正確答案只有一個(gè)，所以我們只能選B)。

再如:

Q: The three examples are cited to showthat______.

A. Quitsmoking is necessary

B.Healthy habits benefit our health

C. Fruitsand vegetables are better than milk

D. Weshould drink more water everyday.

『個(gè)案解析』：

答案為B。顯而易見(jiàn)，B為包含項(xiàng)，概括了A、C、D三項(xiàng)，即 “quit smoking, have more fruits and vegetables and drink more water”都是“Healthy habits”。

Q: In the building of the rail lines,______.

A. more equipment made in China should be used

B. more imported equipment should be used

C. more exported equipment should be used

D. more equipment used in infrastructure（基礎(chǔ)）projects should be used

『個(gè)案解析』：

正確答案為A。選項(xiàng)A命題（應(yīng)該使用更多的國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備）包含了選項(xiàng)C命題（應(yīng)該使用更多的出口設(shè)備），因?yàn)槌隹谠O(shè)備本身就意味著它是國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備。

包含項(xiàng)原則預(yù)示：選項(xiàng)中內(nèi)容全面、概況性強(qiáng)的，往往是正確答案。

2．正反項(xiàng)原則

所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。根據(jù)形式邏輯排中律知識(shí)：兩個(gè)相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項(xiàng)中A)、B)互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C)、D)項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A)、B)項(xiàng)當(dāng)中取其一。

They feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the other is talking or when they are tired, or not interested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only with their ears.

According to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when____

A)we are emotionally tired

B) we are physically disabled

C) we are so interested in the topic

D) we are asked many questions

【原文意】:當(dāng)他們心不在焉, 感到厭倦, 或?qū)λ?她談?wù)摰脑掝}不感興趣的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)覺(jué)得自己不是一個(gè)好的聽(tīng)眾了。他們大多數(shù)人僅僅是用耳朵而非用心去聽(tīng)。

『個(gè)案解析』：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A）與C）陳述互相矛盾, 互為正反項(xiàng)。我們什么時(shí)候不會(huì)用心去聽(tīng)? A）我們情緒厭倦的時(shí)候，C）我們對(duì)話題很感興趣的時(shí)候。顯然這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是矛盾正反判斷，只有一個(gè)而且必有一個(gè)是真，所以我們可以先排除B）、D）選項(xiàng)，然后再結(jié)合我們下文將要提及的常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則，可以把答案確定為A）。

再看一例：

The main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear to be unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surface’s temperature is very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the animals.

Q: There is unlikely any life on Venus because______.

A．it has very thin atmosphere

B．the surface temperature is too hot

C．the weather is too cold

D．it is extremely short of water

『個(gè)案解析』：B項(xiàng)（表面溫度太熱）與C項(xiàng)（氣候太寒冷）語(yǔ)義相反互為正反項(xiàng)。根據(jù)正反項(xiàng)原則，可以排除A、D項(xiàng)，然后在B、C項(xiàng)中選其一，這樣，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率從25%提高到50％。其實(shí)，此題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)原文第三句，我們可以把答案確定為B。

正反項(xiàng)原則預(yù)示:陳述內(nèi)容或基調(diào)完全相反的兩選項(xiàng)往往有一個(gè)是正確答案。

3．委婉項(xiàng)原則

所謂委婉，這里是指說(shuō)話不能說(shuō)死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語(yǔ)氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less,relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition，tend to，beliable to等等，而含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must, always, never, the most, all, every, any, merely, only, completely,none, hardly，already等等。

Q: According tothe first two paragraphs, ____.

A). the use of water is a completely new concept

B) the sea has already long been used as a way of power

C) water is a source of energy far more economical than any other energies

D) water, if properly handled,may present a promising solution to energy crisis.

『個(gè)案解析』：很明顯，根據(jù)委婉原則，正確答案應(yīng)該為D, 其他三項(xiàng)都含有過(guò)于肯定語(yǔ)氣的詞，如：completely, has already, far more than any other。而選項(xiàng)D比較委婉，if分詞短語(yǔ)使說(shuō)話留有余地，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may使語(yǔ)氣相對(duì)平緩. 再如：

56. The opinion of the writer is that____.

A. there may be other intelligent beings in the universe

B. there are other intelligent beings in the universe

C. people living on the earth are almost certainly the only intelligent beings in the universe

D. people living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beings in the universe

『個(gè)案解析』：

答案為A。根據(jù)委婉項(xiàng)原則，我們先可以把含有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣詞almost，certainly，definitely，the only的C、D項(xiàng)先排除，對(duì)比A、B項(xiàng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)A項(xiàng)與B項(xiàng)所表達(dá)意思相近，但A項(xiàng)含有推測(cè)情態(tài)詞may，使得它所表述的語(yǔ)氣比B項(xiàng)更委婉，所以答案應(yīng)該為A項(xiàng)。

24. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Working hard is a basic requirement of all employees.

B. Good writing skills alone help you succeed in any field

C. The only qualification forgetting hired by a company is good communication skills

D. While the importance of one’s ability to communicate increases, his professional background may become increasingly less important.

『個(gè)案解析』：

答案：D。選項(xiàng)A（工作努力是對(duì)所有員工最起碼的要求）；選項(xiàng)B（單憑好的寫(xiě)作技能可使你在任何領(lǐng)域取得成功）、C（被聘任上的唯一條件就是要有良好的表達(dá)技能）都過(guò)于絕對(duì)化；選項(xiàng)D（當(dāng)交流表達(dá)能力重要性上升時(shí)，專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)背景的重要性就可能會(huì)相應(yīng)降低）中“may”表推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使語(yǔ)氣較為平緩，所以有可能是正確答案。

4．同形項(xiàng)原則

幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)如存在形式與結(jié)構(gòu)上的相似，那它們就互為同形項(xiàng)。同形項(xiàng)組可喻為高爾夫球場(chǎng)上的“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上的“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過(guò)語(yǔ)言形式的細(xì)微變化來(lái)考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)一般存在有正確答案。

The development of rapid transit rail lines in cities should parallel local economic development and blind construction of such lines should be avoided…It stressed that the amount of domestically made equipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased.

16. The rapid-transit rail lines should______.

A. develop as quickly as possible

B. develop with local economic development

C. develop after local economic development

D. develop with the construction industry

『個(gè)案解析』：答案為B。經(jīng)語(yǔ)言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)B、C選項(xiàng)形式與結(jié)構(gòu)相似（僅with與after一詞之差）為同形項(xiàng)，所以可先試著排除A、D。再結(jié)合常識(shí)（常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則/下文）：高速路軌的建設(shè)應(yīng)該與地方經(jīng)濟(jì)互相促進(jìn)、同步發(fā)展，可最終確定答案為B。

檢驗(yàn)：根據(jù)原文中的“parallel”（與…平行）可以確定上述分析結(jié)果正確。

5．常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則

在議論文當(dāng)中，那些符合一般常識(shí)，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規(guī)律，屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。

Trees are useful to man in three import ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.

Q: What is the most important service of trees to man according to the passage?

A. They help him make money

B. They give him wood and other products

C. They help him prevent droughts and floods

D. They give him shade

『個(gè)案解析』：答案為C，這是常識(shí)項(xiàng)。植樹(shù)造林是我國(guó)的一大國(guó)策，目的在于防止洪澇、風(fēng)沙、旱災(zāi)，這是我國(guó)公民的普遍常識(shí)，所以C為正確答案：樹(shù)木可以幫助人類(lèi)阻擋洪澇與旱災(zāi)。相對(duì)于其它三項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)意義更加深遠(yuǎn)。其實(shí)，根據(jù)“Unfortunately(語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折標(biāo)志)，in manyparts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important，”我們也可以得出C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

再如：

If Mrs. Abby dies after he has paid premiums for one or two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily. But if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.

Q: According to the passage, the insurance company will make great profits.

A. If the premium（保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）is increased so the company can earn more money each year.

B. If nobody above seventy buys insurance against death.

C.If most insurance buyers live longer than the average length of life.

D.If most insurance buyers live shorter than the average length of life.

『個(gè)案解析』：答案為C，這也是常識(shí)項(xiàng)。眾所周知，保險(xiǎn)公司之所以能盈利，那是因?yàn)楸槐ｋU(xiǎn)的對(duì)象平安無(wú)事，所以，人活得越長(zhǎng)，他交的保險(xiǎn)額就越多，保險(xiǎn)公司利潤(rùn)就越高，所以C為正確答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更長(zhǎng)。

注意：人的平均年齡往往是保險(xiǎn)公司設(shè)置保率的基準(zhǔn)。另外，此題根據(jù)“But （語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)折標(biāo)志）if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推斷出答案為C。

6．集合項(xiàng)原則

四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，如果有一項(xiàng)是其它兩項(xiàng)或三項(xiàng)的集合，那么此集合項(xiàng)往往就是正確答案。

其表現(xiàn)形式為：A and B; A, B and C; Both A and B; all of the above items。

The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe

and Australia combined, surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world- the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

Q: Antarctic is bordered (與…接壤) by the ____.

A ) Atlantic ocean.

B) Pacific Ocean

C) Indian Ocean.

D) All of the above

『個(gè)案解析』：D項(xiàng)為集合項(xiàng)，覆蓋了A/B/C三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，是正確答案。根據(jù)最后一句“南極被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋活水域所環(huán)繞，”答案就應(yīng)該是D項(xiàng)。再如：

In his eagerness to make money from trees, he has cut them down in large numbers, only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had. And besides, he is usually too careless to plant and look after new trees. So the forests slowly disappear.

47. Why do forests in many parts of the world slowly disappear?

A. New trees are not looked after properly .

B. Many trees have been cut down by man

C.Man has not paid enough attention to plantingtrees .

D. All of the above

『個(gè)案解析』：答案為D，因?yàn)樗羌享?xiàng)，它集合了A、B、C三選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。此題屬細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題型，根據(jù)題干與選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞我們可以直接在原文中定位到正確答案就是D。

7．因果項(xiàng)原則

閱讀理解邏輯推理基本都是通過(guò)因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題型的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過(guò)頭（止于后果），這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則規(guī)定：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過(guò)程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是這兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可以產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因項(xiàng)；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果項(xiàng)。

No one should be forced to wear auniform. Uniforms are totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniform tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is,the individual in a uniform loses self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a sense of identification with a more importantconcept. But in fact, the individual himself is the most important, if an organization is so weak that it must rely on the uniform to inspire it members,that organization has not right to continue its existence. On the other hand,uniforms also hurt the economy.

Q: The author’s main purpose in writing this paragraph is to______.

A. show that uniform are possible in a democratic society

B.advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms

C. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages

D.advocate doing away with uniforms

『個(gè)案解析』：答案為C，綜合分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)C與B、D項(xiàng)互為因果項(xiàng)，也就是說(shuō)，因?yàn)镃：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁廢除制服。根據(jù)因果項(xiàng)原則，一個(gè)原因?qū)?yīng)了兩個(gè)結(jié)果，答案應(yīng)該選原因項(xiàng)C。本題是主旨題，根據(jù)原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，說(shuō)明制服弊大于利。B、D項(xiàng)為干擾項(xiàng)，屬于推理過(guò)頭。