武功縣觀音堂中學(xué) 高增敏
1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
一、概念:
“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語(yǔ),加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)作為邏輯謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒(méi)有關(guān)系,通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。
二、功能:
“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語(yǔ)的非限定狀語(yǔ)從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無(wú)動(dòng)詞從句帶有自己的主語(yǔ),在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí),雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),并不是真正的獨(dú)立,它還是一種從屬分句,在句中有多種作用。如:表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時(shí)間等,在句中通常起狀語(yǔ)作用。
三、形式:
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成:第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,第二部分由分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為:—ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);—ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);無(wú)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。
四、舉例:
1、There being
nothing else to do, they gone away.
由于無(wú)事可做,他們離開(kāi)了。(代詞+-ing; 表原因)
2、Miss Wang
come into the classroom, books in hand.
王老師走進(jìn)教室,手里拿著書(shū)。(無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu);表伴隨)
3、The old man
sat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上,閉著眼睛。(名詞+-ed; 表狀態(tài))
4、Class over,
we began to play basketball.
放學(xué)了,我們開(kāi)始玩籃球。(名詞+副詞;表時(shí)間)
5、Without a
word more spoken, he picked up the paper.
沒(méi)再多說(shuō)一個(gè)字,他拾起那張紙。(介詞結(jié)構(gòu);表伴隨)
6、The last
guest to arrive, our party was started.
最后一位客人到了,我們的晚會(huì)開(kāi)始了。(名詞+不定式;表時(shí)間)
五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的異同:
1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語(yǔ)從句。但是,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句后,有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致;而分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語(yǔ)從句后,從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同。例:
⑴ If
time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. -→Time permitting,we’d better have a rest
at this weekend.
如果時(shí)間允許,本周末我們最好休息一下。
⑵ When
we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. -→Seeing from the top
floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 從頂樓上看,花園更漂亮。
2、 還應(yīng)該注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是總和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,而是主句的其他成分。語(yǔ)法上稱作“依著原則”;有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語(yǔ),語(yǔ)法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例:
⑴
Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表,用了我很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。(依著原則)
⑵ When
planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我們)種花時(shí)必須小心,不能碰壞花根。(懸垂分詞)
六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同:
1、有的分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在,在句子中沒(méi)有邏輯上的主語(yǔ),實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語(yǔ)。這些短語(yǔ)有:generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging
from; supposing等等。
例:
⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來(lái)說(shuō),這個(gè)規(guī)則很容易懂。
⑵
Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根據(jù)他所說(shuō)的,她一定很誠(chéng)實(shí)。
2、有些固定短語(yǔ)是帶to的不定式,表明說(shuō)話人的立場(chǎng)和態(tài)度,在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語(yǔ)有:to be
honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be
frank; to make the matter worse等等。例:
⑴ To
tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 說(shuō)實(shí)話,我在會(huì)上說(shuō)的并不是我的意見(jiàn)。
⑵ To
make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是,他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪?/span>
一般的分詞(短語(yǔ))有意義上的邏輯主語(yǔ),它或是句子的主語(yǔ),或者另有自己的主語(yǔ),如果沒(méi)有,就稱這種分詞為“懸垂分詞”,這樣的句子一般認(rèn)為是不能接受或錯(cuò)誤的。
【例如】
※Looking
out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(這句話聽(tīng)起來(lái)好象是那些山從窗戶往外看。)
※Admired
by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(這句話聽(tīng)起來(lái)好象是信件被贊揚(yáng)。)
※Sitting
under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(這句話聽(tīng)上去好象是某種思想坐在樹(shù)下。)關(guān)于“懸垂分詞”這條語(yǔ)法規(guī)則也有例外情況。下面幾種情況中的分詞(短語(yǔ)),不再認(rèn)為它們是“懸垂分詞”,即句子是正確的。1)有些分詞(短語(yǔ))可用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度,看問(wèn)題的角度,或者對(duì)所敘述的情況進(jìn)行解釋,它們便成了句子的獨(dú)立成分,其邏輯主語(yǔ)也就不再是句子的主語(yǔ)。
【例如】
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.嚴(yán)格地講,誰(shuí)也不允許在這兒。(speaking的邏輯主語(yǔ)并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must be
from the South.從他的口音判斷,他一定是南方人。(這句中不是he在“判斷”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the
book.總的來(lái)說(shuō),這本書(shū)沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。Taking
all things into consideration, his work is a successful one.全面考慮起來(lái),他的工作還是很成功的。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞(分詞詞組)有:frankly (broadly,
generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talking
about…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
2)這樣使用的有些分詞,在句子中逐漸起到連詞或介詞的作用,便把它們視為連詞或介詞。
【例如】
Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意,他的行為也會(huì)引起極大不快。There
were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十個(gè)人,包括我在內(nèi)。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will
go.要是我的費(fèi)用有人代付,我就去。經(jīng)常這樣使用的分詞有:admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning,
presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that),
touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。
3)某些句子中作狀語(yǔ)的分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)雖然不是句子的主語(yǔ),但可能是句中的另外某一成分,對(duì)這樣的句子也不再認(rèn)為是“懸垂分詞”。
【例如】
Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the father's heart.
她父親看到她健康迅速惡化,很是驚慌。
(分詞seeing的邏輯主語(yǔ)當(dāng)然不是alarm,但它包含在賓語(yǔ)heart的定語(yǔ)father's之中。)His summer holidays
were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在鄉(xiāng)下過(guò)暑假,幫助父親干農(nóng)活。(分詞helping的邏輯主語(yǔ)包含在主語(yǔ)holidays的定語(yǔ)his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受,是因?yàn)樗鼈兡芮宄磉_(dá)意思,不會(huì)引起誤解,如第一句中alarm是抽象名詞,不會(huì)誤解為seeing的邏輯主語(yǔ);第二句中主語(yǔ)holidays是無(wú)生命的名詞,不可能誤解為helping的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
4)如果句子謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以包含在by后面的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者之中(有時(shí)這個(gè)執(zhí)行者并未明確表示出來(lái))。這樣的句子也可以被接受,而非“懸垂分詞”。
【例如】
Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.
用簡(jiǎn)單的句子可以準(zhǔn)確有力地表達(dá)思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easily
explained.像你這樣了解情況,很容易解釋這一形勢(shì)。以上兩句中的分詞using和knowing的邏輯主語(yǔ)當(dāng)然不是它們句子的主語(yǔ)ideas和situation,而是沒(méi)有明確表達(dá)出來(lái)的express和explain兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
2. with 型復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
“with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”,即“with +
賓語(yǔ) + 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”,在英語(yǔ)中,特別是在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)很常用的結(jié)構(gòu),它既可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),又可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。由于“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”在邏輯上是一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系完整的結(jié)構(gòu),因而,它也可以用相應(yīng)的從句或分句代替。
一、“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”的構(gòu)成
She usually sleeps with the windows open (= while the windows are
open) . 她通常開(kāi)著窗戶睡覺(jué)。
With her parents dead (= As her parents were dead ), the girl had to
left school . 她父母死了,那女孩只好輟學(xué)。
1.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 副詞,如:
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on (= while all
the lights are on). 所有的燈都亮?xí)r,廣場(chǎng)顯得更加美麗。
With his parents away (= As his parents are away), Tom becomes more
naughty . 父母不在,湯姆變得更淘氣。
2.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 介詞短語(yǔ),如:
The teacher came in with a book in his hand (= while a book was in
his hand) . 老師手里拿著書(shū)走進(jìn)來(lái)。
The girl looked up with tears in her eyes (=
while tears were in her eyes) . 那女孩眼淚汪汪地抬起頭。
3.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 現(xiàn)在分詞,如:
With summer corning (= As summer is corning), the weather is
becoming hotter and hotter . 隨著夏天的到來(lái),天氣越來(lái)越熱。
With the teacher standing beside (= As the teacher was standing
beside),she felt a bit uneasy . 老師站在旁邊,她覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)不自然。
4.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞,如:
With the work done (= As the work had been done), she felt greatly
relieved . 工作完成了,她大大地松了一口氣。
With his hair cut (= As his hair has been cut), he looks much
younger . 理了頭發(fā),他顯得年輕多了。
5.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 不定式,如:
With her to go with us (= As she will go with us), we're sure to
have a pleasant journey . 有她和我們一起去,我們旅途一定會(huì)很愉快。
With Mr Smith to teach them English next term(= As Mr Smith will teach them English) , they will be greatly
improved in spoken English . 下學(xué)期史密斯先生教他們英語(yǔ),他們的口語(yǔ)會(huì)大有提高。
6.with + 賓語(yǔ) + 名詞,如:
They set up a football team, with Tom their head ( = and Tom was
their head) . 他們建立了一支足球隊(duì),湯姆當(dāng)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。
With a native out guide (= as a native is our guide) we needn't be
afraid to get lost. 有本地人當(dāng)向?qū)?,我們不必?fù)?dān)心會(huì)迷路。
二、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的句法作用
with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),即“with + 賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”,在句子中可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。
1.充當(dāng)伴隨或方式狀語(yǔ),如:
It’s bad manners to speak
with one's mouth full of food (= while one's mouth is full of food). 口里塞著東西說(shuō)話是不禮貌的。
He fell asleep, with the light still on. (=
while the light was still on)。 他睡著了,燈還亮著。
2.充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ),如:
With her money lost (= as her money was lost), she was at a loss
what to do. 錢(qián)丟了,她不知如何是好。
With so many people helping him (= As so many people helped him),
the orphan was able to pull through at last . 有那么多人幫助,這孤兒終于渡過(guò)了難關(guān)。
3.充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),如:
She walked out in the rain, with her clothes all wet (= and her
clothes were all wet). 她冒雨出去,衣服都濕透了。
The house caught a big fire last night, with nothing left in it (=
and nothing was left in it). 那房子昨晚發(fā)生火災(zāi),結(jié)果里面的東西都燒光了。
4.充當(dāng)定語(yǔ),如:
The road with fruit trees planted on both sides (= where fruit trees
are planted on both sides) leads to the mountain village. 兩邊果樹(shù)的那條路通向那個(gè)山村。
The room with lights on (= where lights are on) is our
class-room. 開(kāi)著燈的那個(gè)教室是我們的。
We came to a river, with red flowers and green grass on
both banks.我們來(lái)到了一條兩岸長(zhǎng)著紅花綠草的小河。
The old man , with his two sons dead, felt very alone and
lonely.這位老人的兩個(gè)兒子都死了,他感到孤獨(dú)和寂寞。
除此以外,“with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”還有其否定形式,即“without
+ 賓語(yǔ) + 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),”如:
The house caught a big fire last night, without anything left in it.
= The house caught a big fire last night, with nothing left in it.
They finished the work without anyone helping them. =
They finished the work with no one helping them.
3. 動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。
It’s easy for me to speak English. 我說(shuō)英語(yǔ)很容易。
It’s for you to decide. 這得由你決定。
For the goods to be packed in strong cases is necessary. 把貨物包裝在結(jié)實(shí)的箱子里是必要的。
I meant for you to eat, son. 兒子,我的意思是要你吃。
He was quite willing for everyone else to come. 他很情愿讓別人都來(lái)。
He stood aside for her to pass. 他靠邊站讓她過(guò)去。
There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome. 有許多困難等待我們?nèi)タ朔?/font>
It’s time for us to go. 時(shí)我們走的時(shí)候了。
的句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。 的句型一般用表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞。 句型一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)不定式作狀語(yǔ)的句子,而 句型則不可以。
It’s very kind of you to help me. 你人太好了,幫了我的忙。
It is very good of you to come. 謝謝你的光臨。
It is very important for her to express her opinions. 她表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),這太重要了。
It was hard for him to say good-bye.要他道聲再見(jiàn)是很難的。
4. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其前的物主代詞或名詞所有格。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,可以用名詞通格和代詞賓格,在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可用代詞賓格或名詞通格。
Mary’s coming late made her teacher angry. 瑪麗的遲到讓她的老師很生氣。
It’s no use your trying to cheat me. 你想騙我是沒(méi)有用的。
Excuse my interrupting you. 請(qǐng)?jiān)徫掖驍嗄愕恼勗挕?/font>
Do you mind my smoking? 我可以抽煙嗎?
I am sure of him coming on time. 我相信他會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)的。
I hate people being unhappy. 我不愿人們不快樂(lè)。
My son staying up so late worried me. 我兒子睡得很晚令我擔(dān)心。
I have often heard of him working hard. 我常聽(tīng)到他刻苦用功的話。
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