一、簡單句及簡單句的五種基本句型

1、SVC結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+系動詞+表語）

在這種句型中，動詞必須是系動詞，在動詞之后跟有表語。表語可以是名詞（詞組），形容詞（詞組），副詞（詞組）等。如：

The teacher is kind. She looks fine.

My son became a doctor at last.

系動詞除be外，常見的還有keep, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, grow, get, go, turn

2、SV結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+不及物動詞）

(1) 在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞是不及物動詞，動詞后邊沒有賓語，如：

My head aches. He is singing.

(2) 有些動詞后邊必須帶有狀語，否則意思就不明確。如：

The professor lives in Beijing.

We stayed in China for a few days.

常見的不及物動詞有：sleep, walk, swim, happen, take place, go, come, work, laugh, stay.

3、SVO結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+及物動詞+賓語）

在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞必須是及物動詞，在動詞后邊跟有賓語。

He can drive a car. They speak English.

有些不及物動詞后面加上介詞或副詞可以把它看成一個及物動詞，這時后邊可接賓語。

Please listen to me carefully.

4、SVOO結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）

(1) 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu) 在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞是帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的及物動詞。直接賓語多指物，間接賓語多指人。常用的帶有雙賓語的動詞有：give, send, tell, bring, lend, buy, teach, get, call, do, ask, wish, offer等。

He gave the inspector his passport.

My father taught us English.

(2) 賓語的位置

間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前，但是，如果為了強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語或者由于間接賓語較長，常把間接賓語放在直接賓語之后，這時要在間接賓語的前面加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：

The old man bought his daughter a nice scarf.

The old man bought a nice scarf for his daughter.

Give the teacher this book.=Give this book to the teacher.

5、SVOC結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）

在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)足語是用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的。

(1) 在某些及物動詞后，需要一個賓語再加上一個賓語補(bǔ)足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思，這樣的賓語和賓補(bǔ)稱為復(fù)合賓語。名詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、副詞都可以作賓補(bǔ)。

(2) 常跟復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep等。如：

His mother finds him a clever boy.

Please keep the room clean.

(3) 在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make（使）, have（使）等這些詞后的賓補(bǔ)，如果是不定式擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)?，則省去“to”，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時“to”要還原。如：

I heard a man knock at the door three times.

A man was heard to knock at the door three times.

二、并列句、there be結(jié)構(gòu)、復(fù)合句

1、并列句：由連詞連接兩個分句組成的句子叫并列句。這些分句平等并列，而且同等重要，能夠獨(dú)立成句。連接分句的有并列連詞和主叢連詞。

并列連詞有：and, but, or, nor, for, while, either…or…, neither…now, not only… but also…

主從連詞有：so, however, still, yet, then

并列句中的前后兩句可以根據(jù)意思劃分為四種關(guān)系。

(1) 同等關(guān)系：and / not only…but also / neither…nor…

He could neither read nor write.

He not only studies hard, but also likes sports.

(2) 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but / yet / still / while / when

Tom was not there but his brother was ( there )

(3) 選擇關(guān)系：or / either… or…

Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough.

(4) 因果關(guān)系：for / so

He hurried, for it was getting dark.

He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him.

2、there be結(jié)構(gòu)

英語中“there + be + sb. /sth.+ 地點(diǎn)”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“某處有某人或某物”。There是引導(dǎo)詞，本身沒有意思，be是謂語動詞，be后面是主語，be必須和主語的數(shù)保持一致。如：

There is a garden behind the house.

There are two books on the desk.

如果主語部分是兩個以上的并列主語時，be一般和鄰近的主語的數(shù)保持一致。如：

There is a cup and two books on the desk.

There are five students and a teacher in the classroom.

3、復(fù)合句

復(fù)合句中包括兩個或更多的分句，其中一個分句是主句，其余的分句是從句。從句就是一個分鐘在主句中充當(dāng)一個成分，如主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語等。從句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么從句。

（1）、主語從句

用作主語的從句叫作主語從句，主語從句一般都是作謂語動詞的主語，偶爾也可以作分詞的主語。

①由what, that引導(dǎo)的主語從句

What she likes is watching the children play.

It is right that you told him the truth.

②由連接副詞whether, when, how, where, why引導(dǎo)主語從句。

Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery.

Whether we can help you is a difficult question.

When the meeting will be held has not been decided.

（2）、表語從句

通常由that, what, where, why, how等連接詞引導(dǎo)。

①if, whether, that引導(dǎo)表語從句。

The question is that we must be good at learning from others.

②what, which, who等連接代詞

That is what I want to tell you.

The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one.

③how, when, where, why等連接副詞。

The question is how we can help him.

That is why he has been late.