句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分專題
 
第一部分 考點精講精練 1
第1講 相關(guān)概念 
考點1. 詞性的英文縮寫 
考點2. 及物動詞和不及物動詞 
考點3. 實義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞 
考點4. 謂語和非謂語 
考點5. 主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系 
考點6. 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 
考點7. 復合結(jié)構(gòu) 
考點8. 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化 
第2講 句子成分 
考點1. 劃分句子成分時的常用符號 
考點2. 主語 
寫作專練1. 正確運用主語的各種形式 
考點3. 謂語 
考點4. 表語 
考點5. 賓語 
考點6. 賓語補足語 
考點7. 主補 
考點8. 定語 
寫作專練2. 用活形容詞短語做后置定語：
考點9. 狀語 
寫作專練3. 正確安排并列狀語的順序
寫作專練4. 注意頻度副詞的位置
考點10. 同位語 
第3講 簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu) 7
考點1. 基本句型 一：   Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂） 
考點2. 基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 
寫作專練 
考點3. 基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 
考點4. 基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） 
寫作專練 
考點5. 基本句型 五：  ＳＶＯＣ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補） 
考點6. there be 句型 

寫作專練

 正確運用兩個“有”there be與have 
第4講 簡單句、并列句和復合句 

考點1. 簡單句 
        考點2. 并列句 
        考點3. 復合句
        考點4. 兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈秃暇洌虬讯禾柛臑榉痔?nbsp;

第二部分 專題過關(guān)測試 
第三部分 寫作能力提升 

寫作專練1. 正確運用主語的各種形式 
寫作專練2. 用活形容詞短語做后置定語 
寫作專練3. 正確安排并列狀語的順序 
寫作專練4. 注意頻度副詞的位置 
寫作專練5. 不要忘了使用系動詞 
寫作專練6. 用活雙賓語句式 
寫作專練7. 正確運用兩個“有” there be與have

第四章 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分

第一部分 考點精講精練

第1講 相關(guān)概念

考點1. 詞性的英文縮寫
         在英語學習中，詞性的掌握是非常的重要的。如果我們在記單詞的時候只是把它們的拼寫記下來而沒有把它相應的詞性記下來的話，我們就不能正確的使用它們，那么無論是寫作還是口語表達中就都會犯錯誤，所以背單詞的同時也要把他們的詞性記準記牢。
縮寫字母  原詞           代表詞性
n.        noun             名詞
v.        verb             動詞
vt.      transitive verb  及物動詞
vi.       intransitive verb 不及物動詞
modal v   modal verb       情態(tài)動詞
aux. v.   auxiliary verb    助動詞
adj.      adjective         形容詞
adv.      adverb            副詞
num.      numeral           數(shù)詞
interj.   interjection     感嘆詞
pron.     pronoun           代詞
prep.     preposition        介詞
art.     article             冠詞
conj     conjunction          連詞

 
考點2. 及物動詞和不及物動詞

實義動詞后面跟賓語時，這個動詞是及物動詞。
實義動詞后面不跟賓語時，此時這個動詞是不及物動詞。
The door opened.
(open后面沒跟賓語，此時，open是不及物動詞。)
He opened the door.
(open后面有賓語the door, 此時，open是及物動詞)

注意：英語中一個動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時后面是否跟賓語。
① 有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，詞義相同。如：
The meeting began at six. < vi.>
We began the meeting at six. < vt.>
② 有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，但詞義不同。如：
The man walked away.(walk不及物，意為“走”)
He walked the dog every day.( walk及物動詞，“遛”)
She washes clothes at home. (wash及物動詞，“洗”)
The clothes washes well.(wash不及物動詞，“耐洗”)
③ 英語中一些詞及物與不及物的劃分可能與漢語不同。
He listens to the music every day.(listen為不及物動詞，而漢語中“聽”是及物動詞。)

練習1. 指出下列句中劃線動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，及物填vt.，不及物填vi.
1. Most birds can fly.（   ）
2. The children are flying kites in the park. (  )
3. It happened yesterday.（  ）
4. My watch stopped.（  ）
5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. (   )
6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （  ）
7. Shall I begin at once?（  ）
8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（  ）（  ）
9. When did they leave Beijing?（  ）
10. They left last week. （   ）
考點3. 實義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞
實義動詞和助動詞是根據(jù)動詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實義動詞也叫行為動詞。

實義動詞
指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨立作謂語的動詞。如：
He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明確的意義，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞)
I like reading. （like “喜歡”，意思明確，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞）
I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “買”，意義明確，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞）

助動詞
助動詞的“助”，是“幫助”之意。因此，助動詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句和倒裝句和幫助強調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨作謂語。
① 幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)的：
The boy is crying.(is 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進行時，和crying一起作謂語，是助動詞)
He has arrived. (has用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，和arrived一起作謂語，是助動詞)
I have been painting all day. （have been用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進行時，和painting一起作謂語，都是助動詞。）
② 幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的：
Does he like English? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)
He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)
③ 幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的
Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動詞)
The house has been pulled down. (has been幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動詞)
④ 幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣
If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，是助動詞，屬于謂語的一部分。)
⑤ 幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的
So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.
(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞)
⑥ 幫助構(gòu)成強調(diào)意義的
He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實來過。did起強調(diào)作用，沒有具體意義，是助動詞)
因此可以看出，常見的助動詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦釉~。
一個詞既可以作實義動詞也可以作助動詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們在句中的功能。
1. He did his homework at seven o’clock.(did單獨作謂語，意為“做”，是實義動詞)
Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，do是實義動詞，意為“做”，是實義動詞。)
2. He has had breakfast. (has是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，had是實義動詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語。)

練習2. 指出下列斜體單詞是實義動詞還是助動詞：
1. Does (   ) he like (  ) swimming?
2. He does (   ) like (  ) swimming.
3. Where does(   ) he live (  )?
4. He does (   ) some washing after work.
5. He has (   ) had (   )supper already.
6. The bridge has(   ) been(   ) built(   ) now.
7. I have (   ) been (   )waiting(   ) for you all day.
8. He was (   ) struck  (   )by a stone.

情態(tài)動詞
情態(tài)動詞同助動詞一樣，不能單獨作謂語，要和實義動詞一起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動詞也稱為情態(tài)助動詞。情態(tài)動詞同基本助動詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動詞本身無意義，而情態(tài)動詞有自己的意義。如：
He can swim across the river.(can的詞義為“能夠”)
You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”)
I might leave tomorrow. （might的詞義為“或許”）
【具體用法參看P錯誤！未定義書簽。錯誤！未找到引用源?！?br> 考點4. 謂語和非謂語
在英語中，一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個謂語，再出現(xiàn)動詞時，要變成非謂語形式，即：在前面加to構(gòu)成動詞不定式，在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說，非謂語是指：動詞不定式，動名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。

練習3. 先找出句中的謂語，然后改正句中的錯誤，并說明原因：
1. Get up early is good for our health.
早起有利于我們的身體健康。
2. I want go home now.我現(xiàn)在想回家。
3. My favorite sport is play football.
我最喜愛的運動時踢足球。
4. There is a bird sings in the tree.
有一直鳥正在樹上唱歌。
5. The boy sits over there likes singing.
坐在那邊的那個男孩喜歡唱歌。
6. The house was built last year has been sold out.
去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。
7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.
在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學。
8. My parents wanted him work hard.
我父母親想讓他努力學習。
9. I remember saw him that day.
我記得那天看見過他。
10. I saw him walked into the building.
我看到他跑進那座建筑物。
考點5. 主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系
先看下面兩個題：
1. ____ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale .
A. Tasted    B. Being tasted   
C. Tasting   D. Having tasted
2. The food ____ delicious sells well.
A. smells    B. smelled   
C. smelling   D. is smelling
一些同學分別選A和B。他們說，食物是被嘗起來、被聞起來，和食物構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，所以要用過去分詞。
這種說法是錯誤的。
非謂語中的主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系，不是從誰做了這個動作著眼，而是指“主動語態(tài)”和“被動語態(tài)”。
1. 主動關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當于主動語態(tài)。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那邊哭的那個男孩) 從邏輯上講，the boy －cry, 男孩哭，相當于主動語態(tài)，是主動關(guān)系。
2. 被動關(guān)系：從邏輯關(guān)系上看，相當于被動語態(tài)。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 從邏輯上講，the house was built,房子被建，相當于被動語態(tài)，是被動關(guān)系
在上兩題中，邏輯關(guān)系可以表達為：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 邏輯上food和taste、smell是一種主謂關(guān)系，是主動語態(tài)，因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。答案為：C, C.
考點6. 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系
在判斷是否是賓語補足語時，一般說，“賓語和賓語補足語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”。一些同學對這句話不理解。如：
He asked me to lend him some money.他讓我借給他一些錢。
“me”是賓語，“me to lend him some money”意為“我借給他一些錢”， 從意思上看，像一句話，“我”是主語，“借給他一些錢”是謂語部分，但在英語原句中，它們卻不是真正的主謂關(guān)系。因此可以說：“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”，是指，從意思上看像主謂關(guān)系，而實際上不是。“to lend him some money”是賓語補足語。
練習4. 判斷下列句中劃線不是是否是賓語補足語。(是的填T，不是的填F)
1. I want him to come at once. (  )
2. He lent me some money. (  )
3. He made the boy cry again. (  )
4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. (  )
5. Don’t leave the door open at night. (  )
考點7. 復合結(jié)構(gòu)
在我們學習語法的過程中，我們可能會聽說“復合賓語”，“動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)”。
實際上，這幾個“復合”，都有“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”之意。如：
1. He invited us to come to the party.
(us是賓語，to come to the party是賓語補足語；賓語和賓語補足語合一起稱為復合賓語。賓語和賓語補足語是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)
2. It’s important for us to learn English well.
(it是形式主語，真正的主語是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的邏輯主語，二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。for somebody to do something是動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。)
3. It’s very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。與for somebody to do something的區(qū)別參看，you和to help me構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。）
4. Tom’s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom遲到使我們老師生氣。coming是動名詞，Tom’s coming late是動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。Tom是coming late的邏輯主語，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。)
考點8. 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化
先看下列三組句中have, do和be的變化形式
1. I have a book
He has a book.
They have a book
2. I enjoy watching TV.
You enjoy watching TV.
We enjoy watching TV.
3. He is sleeping.
I am sleeping.
They are sleeping.
“人稱的變化”，是指：謂語動詞用什么形式，受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。主語同為單數(shù)（表示一個人）， be在第一人稱I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人稱后用原形，在第三人稱后用為does, has
 “數(shù)”是指“單數(shù)和復數(shù)”，“數(shù)的變化”是指謂語動詞用什么形式，還受前面主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)的影響。如果主語是復數(shù)，be要用為are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，be用為is, do和have要用為does和has.

情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如：
He/I/We can swim.

第2講 句子成分

英語的句子成分主要有六種：即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補）
除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語”和“同位語”的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。

考點1. 劃分句子成分時的常用符號
英語中劃句子成分的符號
主語      在下面劃一直線
  謂語      在下面劃曲線
  賓語      在下面劃雙橫線
  定語      在下面劃虛線 （一行點使我們想到一排釘子， “釘”諧音為“定語” 的“定”）
  狀語      下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁， 木樁撞（狀）鐘）
補語      上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補上面短橫間的空隙）
  同位語    上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同
考點2. 主語
主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當。
可以作主語的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)：
1.名詞 2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞 4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式 6.動名詞 7.主語從句等表示。
練習1. 在下面句子的主語下面劃橫線，并說出由什么充當
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2. We often speak English in class.
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5. Smoking does harm to the health.
6. The rich should help the poor.
7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.
9.  That he isn’t at home is not true
練習2. 改正下列句中的錯誤，并說明原因
1. He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out.
2. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.
3. Beyond the mountains lie a small village.
4. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.
5. Play basketball is my favorite sport.
6. Give up English is not an option.

寫作專練1. 正確運用主語的各種形式（P12)

考點3. 謂語
謂語由動詞充當，說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：
1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：
  He practices running every morning.
  He reads newspapers every day.
2、復合謂語：
（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞構(gòu)成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
My sister is crying over there.
I have been waiting for you all the time.
I would stay at home all day.
（2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動詞不能單獨作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：
We are students.
Your idea sounds great.
考點4. 表語
表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。
練習3. 劃出下列句中的表語，并說明有什么充當。
1. Our teacher of English is an American.
2. Is it yours?
3. The weather has turned cold.
4. The speech is exciting.
5. Three times seven is twenty one.
6. His job is to teach English.
7. His hobby（愛好）is playing football.
8. The machine must be under repairs.
9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.
考點5. 賓語
賓語由名詞性的詞充當，表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。
賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，分別構(gòu)成動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。

練習4. 劃出下列句中的賓語, 并說明有什么充當。
1. They planed many trees yesterday.
2.  (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.
3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
4. I wanted to buy a car.
5. I enjoy listening to popular music.
6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.
考點6. 賓語補足語
英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當于賓補的主語。
帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。

練習5. 用   線劃出下列句中的賓語補足語，并指出是什么詞充當，同時體會賓補和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
1. His father named him Dongming.
2. They painted their boat white.
3. Let the fresh air in.
4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
5. We saw her entering the room.
6. We found everything in the lab in good order.
7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.
8. I want your homework done on time.
考點7. 主補
對主語的補充。（含有賓語補足語的句子在變成被動語態(tài)，賓語作主語時，原來的賓補就成了主語補足語。
He was elected monitor.             
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
考點8. 定語
定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“…的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。
在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點與漢語習慣不同，也是許多同學不能讀懂長句的主要原因。
① 副詞用作定語一般要后置。
People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)
He didn’t like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個人）
② 形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后
單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后
The next man is a scientist.
The man next to me is a scientist.
（我旁邊的那個人）
③ 介詞短語作定語時要后置
The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個男孩）
The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個男孩）
④ 現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式做定語常后置
I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說的話)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）
練習6.  口頭翻譯下列句子，用下劃線標出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當。
1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.
3. We need a place twice larger than this one.
4. She carried a basket full of eggs.
5. It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
6. It’s a city far from the coast.
7. He has money enough to buy a car.
8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.
10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you
12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home
13. There are many clothes to be washed.
14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.
15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.

寫作專練2. 用活形容詞短語做后置定語：（P13）

考點9. 狀語
修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子, 說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(寫地認真，走地慢，修飾動詞用副詞，作狀語)
This material is environmentally friendly.
（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）
He runs very slowly.
（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，做狀語）
Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.
（修飾整個句子用副詞，做狀語）

1. 幾個并列狀語的先后順序：方式→地點→時間
一個句中有幾個并列狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式→地點→時間。
如：He worked hard  at his lessons  last year.
I found a lost pen outside our school  yesterday morning.

寫作專練3. 正確安排并列狀語的順序

2. 頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置
位于情態(tài)動詞、系動詞、助動詞之后, 實義動詞之前。
You can never tell what he will do.
He is often late.
He is always helping others.
He often came late.

寫作專練4. 注意頻度副詞的位置（P13）

3. 狀語按意義分類
在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補語都比較好辨認，如果這幾個成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步

練習7. 指出下列劃線部分屬于什么狀語
1. How about meeting again at six?
2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
8. The boy needs a pen very much.
9. The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
11. She works very hard though she is old.
12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 
15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.  
考點10. 同位語
同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）
It’s good to us students.

練習8. 選擇正確答案，并口頭說出句中那個是同位語
1. The young man, ___ ,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2. Our English teacher, ___ , often helps us with study.
A. Mrs. Wang    B. Mrs. Wangs
C. Mrs. Wang's .  D. of him
3. ___, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He  C. They  D. Theirs

第3講 簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)

英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。
英語五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

主語 謂語

用符號表示為：
① Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）
② Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓）
③ Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
④ Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）
⑤ Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）

主語（subject）   謂語（predicate）、
賓語（object）   定語（attribute）
狀語(adverbial)   補語（complement）
表語（predicative）
考點1. 基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）
這類句子的謂語動詞都是不及物動詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動詞有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如:
It is raining now. (Ｓ Ｖ)
We've worked for 5 hours. (Ｓ Ｖ)
The meeting lasted half an hour. (Ｓ Ｖ)
Time flies. (Ｓ Ｖ)

練習1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號內(nèi)標明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種
1. Dark clouds hung overhead. (       )
2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (       )
3. He is smiling all over his face. (       )
4. I did well in English. (       )
5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (   )
考點2. 基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
系動詞主要是be. 但還有一些動詞有些時候也可作系動詞，有人稱之為半系動詞。
I. 如何辨別系動詞
有些動詞既可作連系動詞，又可以作實義動詞。如何來辨別呢？有一個最簡便的方法，即用連系動詞be替換句子中的這些動詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動詞。如：
① She looks beautiful. (looks變?yōu)閕s之后，她是美麗的，句意沒有大的變化，looks是系動詞)。
Look at the picture.(look不能換為be, look為實義動詞。)
② He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能換為was, 是實義動詞)。
The silk feels soft.(這種絲綢摸起來很柔軟，feels換為is之后，句意變化不大，因此是系動詞。)

練習2. 辨別下列粗體動詞是系動詞還是實義動詞
1. The door stays open at night.
2. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.
3. The book still lies open on the desk.
4. What he said proved true..
5. He can’t proved his theory(理論).
II. 常見的系動詞
① 狀態(tài)系動詞
用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。
② 持續(xù)系動詞
用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他開會時保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。
The food stays fresh in the fridge.
食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。
The house stood empty for years.房子空了數(shù)年。
He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒著。
③ 表“像”系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
Something seems wrong. 好像出差了。
He appears young. 他看起來很年輕。
④ 感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有l(wèi)ook看起來，feel摸起來, smell聞起來, sound聽起來, taste嘗起來：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
⑤ 變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她沒多長時間就富了。
He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily in spring.雞蛋夏天容易變壞。
His face went red.他的臉變紅了。
What he had dreamt of came true.
他的夢想實現(xiàn)了。
Still waters run deep.靜水流深。
⑥ 終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達"證實"，"變成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的計劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）
What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.
他預言的結(jié)果是錯的。

練習3. 用下劃線劃出下列句中的系動詞。
1. His advice proved right.
2. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
3. The machine went wrong.
4. All these efforts seem in vain. 
5. These words sound reasonable. 
6. The room soon became crowded. 
7. The days are getting longer and longer. 
8. He fell ill yesterday. 
9. Trees turn green in spring. 
10. What you said sounds great.
III. 系動詞不能單獨作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語
He is a student. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
Your idea sounds great. (Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ)
IV. 在一個英語單句中，一般情況要有謂語動詞。
要注意：介詞短語和形容詞不能單獨做謂語，要和系動詞一起做謂語。
改錯：
①Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.
②Your book on the desk.
答案及解析：
Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.(句中沒有謂語動詞)
Your book is on the desk.（句中沒有謂語動詞）
 
寫作專練5. 不要忘了使用系動詞（P13）

考點3. 基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓）
此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語+及物動詞（詞組）+賓語”構(gòu)成。賓語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動名詞、動詞不定式或詞組、the +形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，
She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm  yesterday.

練習4. 用下劃線劃出下列句中的賓語。
1. People all over the world speak English.
2. Jim cannot dress himself.
3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
4. He did not know what to say.
5. He just wanted to stay at home.
6. He practices speaking English every day.
考點4. 基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。
一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。
如：He gave me  a cup of tea. (Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ)
強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：
動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。
如：Bring it to me, please.  (不能說 Bring me it, please。)

常跟雙賓語的及物動詞有：
（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell，wish, write等
（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等
『一般用to多些，用for的記住常用的三個就行：get, buy, make』
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.
= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She bought John a book．= She bought a book for John.

練習5. 分析下列句子成分，口頭說出間接賓語和直接賓語。
1. She ordered herself a new dress.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3. He brought you a dictionary.
4. He denies her nothing.
5. I showed him my pictures.
6. I gave my car a wash.
7. I told him that the bus was late.
8. He showed me how to run the machine.

寫作專練6. 用活雙賓語句式（P14）

考點5. 基本句型 五：ＳＶＯＣ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）
此句型的句子的特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。
賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。

The war made him a soldier.（ＳＶＯＣ他成為一個士兵，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）
New methods make the job easy.  （ＳＶＯＣ）
I often find him at work. （ＳＶＯＣ）
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （ＳＶＯＣ）
I saw a cat running across the road.
 
練習6. 分析下列句子劃分成分，在后面括號內(nèi)標明是什么充當句子的賓語補足語
1. They appointed him manager. （         ）
2. They painted the door green. （         ）
3. He pushed the door open. （         ）
4. They found the house deserted. （         ）
5. What makes him think so? （         ）
6. We saw him out. （         ）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （         ）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （         ）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （         ）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （         ）
11. We elected him monitor. （         ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （         ）

考點6. there be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主語 + 狀語 構(gòu)成，用以表達某地存在有，它其實是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導詞，并無實際意義。
1. be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。
現(xiàn)在時   there is / are …    
過去時   there was / were…
將來時   there will be…/  there is / are going to be...
完成時  there has / have been…
可能有  there might be...   
肯定有  there must be …/ there must have been...
過去曾經(jīng)有  there used to be …  
似乎有  there seems / seem / seemed to be …
碰巧有  there happen / happens / happened to be …　
2. 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等詞代替be動詞。
此時還表示存在有，但表意要更具體一些。
Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
   There came a shout for "help".
   There exists no air on the moon.
There lies a book on the desk.
There stands a tree on the hill.

1.         a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.
A. It existed     B. There existed    
C. They had     D. There had
2. ___ a beautiful palace ___ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at       B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under   D. There stands; at
答案：B, D
3. there be 與have 的區(qū)別
there be … 某地有某物，某時有某事；
have 表示某人擁有某物。
改錯：
1. There has a book on the desk.
2. There will have a meeting this evening.
答案：1.把has改為is; 2. 把have改為be。
提示：沒有there have這種表示“有”的方法。
 
寫作專練7. 正確運用兩個“有”there be與have (P14 )

第4講 簡單句、并列句和復合句

句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。
考點1. 簡單句
只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
（劃線部分為并列謂語 ，只有一個主語，仍為簡單句。）
考點2. 并列句（參看P錯誤！未定義書簽。錯誤！未找到引用源。）
由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,逗號是不可以連接句子的，這一點和漢語不同。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

① 表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等連接。
The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.
② 表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
③ 表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
④ 表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
考點3. 復合句
復合句含有兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個的成分。（而并列句的兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系， 而不是從屬關(guān)系）。復合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。
當簡單句的一個成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r，整個句子就成為復合句了。
1. It is wrong. （只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）
What he said is wrong.
（what he said,是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語，said為謂語，what是賓語。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。What he said作主語，is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語。因此，本句是復合句。What he said是名詞性從句作主語）。
2. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）
The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（The boy is my brother.是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu) who is wearing a hat也是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語the boy的定語。因此本句是復合句。）
3. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句）
I was doing my homework when he came in.
（I was doing my homework是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he came in也是一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個的時間狀語。因此是復合句。

練習7. 判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
11. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm.
12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.
14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat
15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.
考點4. 兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈秃暇?，或把逗號改為分?br> 一個句子如果出現(xiàn)兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，那它就不是簡單句了，要么是并列句，要么是復合句。直接用逗號連接的兩個簡單句是錯誤的。這是，我們有四種方法來改正這個錯句：

1. 用and, so, but,等并列連詞來構(gòu)成并列句；
2. 把逗號改為分號；
3. 改為復合句；
4. 把一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語變成非謂語或去掉be，從而變成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（參看P錯誤！未定義書簽。錯誤！未找到引用源。 ）

I like English, my English is very good.×
I like English and my English is very good.√（并列句）
As I like English, my English is very good. √（含有原因狀語從句的復合句）
I like English; my English is good. √（用分號）
I liking English, my English is very good. √ (把一個分句改為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))
I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
I have a house and its windows are very big. √（并列句）
I have a house, whose windows are very big. √（含有定語從句的復合句）
I have a house; its windows are big. √ （用分號）
I have a house, its windows very big. √ (后面為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))

練習8. 利用英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律做下列各題：
1. Five people won the "China's green figure” award, a title __ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. is given     B. was given 
C. being given  D. given
2. All the preparations for the task_____, and we're ready to start.
A. completed   B. complete 
C. had been completed  D. have been completed
3. 【2006遼寧】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _____Chinese in the school, most  _____were from Germany.
A. study; of whom     B. study; of them   
C. studying; of them   D. studying; of  whom 
4. Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, ____ with smiles.
A. their faces are shining  B. whose faces shining  C. their faces shining
5. Many students _____ around, I explained the story into details.
A. stood         B. standing 
C. to stand       D. were standing
6. I have five friends, some of ____ are businessmen.
A. that   B. whom   C. they   D. them
7. I have five friends, but none of___ are businessmen.
A. that   B. whom   C. they   D. them

第二部分 專題過關(guān)測試

1. 改正下列句子的改錯。
① Do exercise everyday is good for your health.
② That what he said isn’t true.
③ He came late made his teacher angry.
④ On the desk is two books.
⑤ Go to a key college is my dream.

2. 用     劃出下列句中的后置定語，并指出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當?shù)?br> ① There is nothing to do today. 
② The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother.
③ There are five boys left.
④ Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
⑤ His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
⑥ The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.
⑦ He is not a man easy to deal with.
⑧ A typhoon swept across the area with heavy rains and winds as strong as 113 miles per hour.
⑨ Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
⑩ There is only one program worth watching today.

3. 用雙橫線分別劃出下句中的間接賓語和直接賓語。
① I will bring you the book when I come next time.
② He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets.
③ My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
④ She showed us many of her pictures.
⑤ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.

4. 分析下列句子成分， 體會賓語與賓補之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并指出賓補是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當。
① She found it difficult to do the work.
② They made him monitor of the class.
③ They pushed the door open.
④ Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground.
⑤ The old man asked us to sit down.
⑥ He noticed a man enter the room.
⑦ By speaking slowly, he made himself understood.
⑧ We want these trees planted soon.
⑨ I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
⑩ I left the bag lying on the ground.

5. 用雙下劃線標出it所代表的真正賓語。
① The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
② She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
③ I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．
④ He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics.
⑤ I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.

第三部分 寫作能力提升

寫作專練1. 正確運用主語的各種形式（參看P4考點2 ）
1. 在我看來，早睡早起對我們的健康有好處。（in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health.）

2. 被一所重點大學錄取是我的夢想。（be admitted by a key college, my dream）

3. 他這次考試不及格使他不高興。（fail the exam, make, upset）

4. 在那兩座高樓之間，矗立著我們教學樓。（between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）

5. 我們現(xiàn)在正在學的知識對我們將來的生活和工作都很有幫助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）

寫作專練2. 用活形容詞短語做后置定語（參看P5考點8 ）
1. 你認識Tom旁邊的那個人嗎？（know, next to）

2. 盡早把他送到距你家最近的醫(yī)院。（send…to, nearest to, as soon as possible）

3. 我們有一個能容下3000學生用餐的餐廳。（dining hall, large enough, hold）

寫作專練3. 正確安排并列狀語的順序（參看P6  1 ）
1. 那時他正在教室內(nèi)認真地寫作業(yè)。（do his homework, in the classroom, carefully, at the moment）

2. 我們上周日在我們校園內(nèi)載了很多樹。（ plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard）

3. 他昨天在演講比賽中表現(xiàn)得異常優(yōu)秀。（perform incredibly well, speech contest）

寫作專練4. 注意頻度副詞的位置（參看P6   2 ）
1. 我永遠不會忘記他那天對我講的話。（will, forget, what he told me, never）

2. 我經(jīng)常去那家超市。（frequently, the supermarket）

3. 他總是幫助別人。（ help others, always）

4. 我們什么時候都不能那樣對待老人。（ treat an old man like that）

5. 活到老，學到老。（never, too old to learn）

寫作專練5. 不要忘了使用系動詞（參看P8  IV ）
1. 那食物很可口，我吃了很多。（the food, delicious）

2. 那個電影好極了。（the movie, fantastic）

3. 不過呢，一些人反對這個計劃。（however, against, the plan）

4. 他們的意見如下。（their opinion, as follows）

5. 就我而言，我贊成這個主意。（as far as I’m concerned, in favor of）

寫作專練6. 用活雙賓語句式（參看P8考點4 ）
用兩種方法翻譯下列句子：
1. 他給我提供一些建議。（offer, some advice）

2. 我欠他很多錢。（owe）

3. 在我生日那天，母親給我買了一件很特別的禮物。（buy, a special gift）

4. 他給我做了一個紙飛機。（make, paper plane）

5. 他給我們讀了一個有趣的故事。（read, an interesting story）

6. 他的叔叔留給他很多錢。（leave, a lot of money）

7. 他讓我們看了一張世界地圖。（show）

8. 請把熊貓的照片寄給我一張。（send, a photo of the panda）

寫作專練7. 正確運用兩個“有” there be與have（參看P9 3 ）
1. 我有許多好朋友。

2. 今天晚上將有一場電影。

3. 公園內(nèi)有許多人。

4. 樹上有許多小鳥。

5. 一條狗有四條腿和一個尾巴。