一、英語句子概說

·句子是表達一個完整思想的基本語言單位。

·它由單詞按照一定的語法規(guī)律構(gòu)成。

·一般地說，它必須包含兩個部分:

敘述的主體----句子的主語 關(guān)于主體所敘述的事情----句子的謂語。

句子的種類

按權(quán)威專家的觀點，英語句子可從兩種標(biāo)準劃分。一是按句子結(jié)構(gòu)；二是依照敘述方式劃分。按照結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)分，英語句子可分為三類：

簡單句（Simple Sentences）

并列句（Compound Sentences）

復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences)

簡單句（Simple Sentences)

·只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

Mary opened the door.

·有時主語和謂語可能是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分別叫并列主語和并列謂語

Jane and Peter got lost in the woods.(并列主語）

I opened the magazine and began to read it quietly.（并列謂語）

并列句(Compound Sentences)

·把兩個或幾個簡單句用并列連詞連接起來，則成為一個并列句。

He drank beer, and it made him fat.

He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it.

I waited but he never turned up.

We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it.

復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences)

·由主句+從句構(gòu)成，主句與從句由關(guān)系詞連接起來。

·主句與從句之間的關(guān)系就是，從句是主句的成分，從句可能是主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語或者狀語。

·因此從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。

Do you see what I mean?（賓語由從句擔(dān)任）

Come again when you're free.（狀語由從句擔(dān)任）

The boy who is wearing a blue jacket is my brother.（定語由從句擔(dān)任）

My idea is that we should help him.（表語由從句擔(dān)任）

That prices will go up is certain. （主語由從句擔(dān)任）

句子按敘述的方式可分為下面四種類型：

·陳述句: I like music.

·疑問句: Where do you live?

·感嘆句: How fast they are running!

·祈使句: Don't drink and drive.

二、句子成分分析

在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。

漢語：現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有八種，即主語、謂語、賓語、動語，定語、狀語，補語和中心語。

英語：主語（Subject）、謂語（Predicate）、賓語（Object）、表語（Predicative）、定語（Attribute）、狀語（Adverbial)、賓語補足語（complement）和同位語（appositive）八種。

主語(The Subject)是全句談?wù)摰闹行脑掝}

1. Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist.

2. He works very hard at school.

3. To go to a good university is his first goal.

4. Doing morning exercise is good for your health.

5.What she saw made her a little frightened.

·動詞不能充當(dāng)句子的主語!!!!

謂語(The Predicate)

·謂語回答主語做什么，怎么了，位于主語后，謂語動詞包括不及物動詞、及物動詞和系動詞。

·謂語必須由動詞構(gòu)成，有時只包含一個動詞，有時候可包含幾個詞（如情態(tài)動詞+動詞，助動詞+動詞），并且有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。

1. We love China.

2. She runs fast.

3. He can speak English.

4. She looks tired.

5.We have finished reading this book.

6.The game has been cancelled.

切記：

·句子不能沒有謂語?。?！

·謂語必須由動詞構(gòu)成??！

·非謂語動詞如不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞不能充當(dāng)謂語。

賓語(The Object)

賓語是動作的對象,目標(biāo);位于及物動詞之后。

1. She is doing her homework now.

2. We love watching football games.

3.We managed to put the fire out.

4.I don't understand what you mean.

·賓語可以分為直接賓語、間接賓語和復(fù)合賓語。

·直接賓語是動作直接指向的對象，間接賓語表示動作是向某人或為某人做的。

He brings me cookies every day.

She bought him a new tie.

·間賓通常為人，直賓通常為物。

·復(fù)合賓語由賓語+賓語補足語構(gòu)成。

·賓語和賓語補足語之間是一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整。

The sun keeps us warm.

I heard him singing.

I asked him to come back soon.

You must get your hair cut.

They made Tom monitor.

表語(The Predicative)

·表語主要用以說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身份等，位于系動詞之后，與系動詞一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

系動詞(Link-verbs)有:

1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的: be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;

2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的: remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示狀態(tài)變化的: become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

The boy is Tom.

The dish smells good.

Is Helen in?

The workers were on strike.

My aunt’s hobby is growing roses.

Your job is to take care of the baby.

My opinion is that the plan won’t work.

·表語不能由動詞充當(dāng)!!!!

My job is repair cars. (×）

My job is repairing cars. (√)

定語(The Attribute)

·定語用來說明名詞的性質(zhì)特點，分為前置定語和后置定語。

1. The black bike is mine.

2. She is a chemistry teacher.

3. Help yourself to some fish.

4. There are twenty students in our class.

5. The man in blue is my brother.

6. The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.

7. The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.

狀語（The Adverbial）

·狀語是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、 副詞或句子的句子成分，表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式、范圍和程度等。副詞的主要功能就是在句中做狀語。

1. We often help him.

2. Don't drive so fast.

3. You're entirely wrong.

4. He behaved extremely badly.

5. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.

6. When I grow up, I want to be a doctor.

7. We live in Hangzhou.

·此外，還有同位語，插入語和呼語。

Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.

He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.

Some animals only half-hibernate, that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one.

Sit down, Mary!

三、英語五種基本句型

基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋謂）

基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）

基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）

基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｏ（主＋謂＋雙賓）

基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋補）

·完整的句子一般至少包含2個基本成份，至多4個。

·主語和謂語是句子必不可少的成分。祈使句中常省略主語。

基本句型一:Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋謂）

·此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思，這類動詞叫做不及物動詞（Intransitive Verbs, 縮寫為Vi.), 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。

Time flies!

The red sun rises in the east.

The holiday passed too quickly.

They talked for half an hour.

He was sleeping when I came back.

特別注意：這種句型?？梢杂脕肀磉_被動的意思。

The pen writes smoothly.

These apples sell well.

This kind of cloth washes easily.

Cheese cuts easily.

She photographs well.

The vegetables are cooking.

基本句型二:Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）

★此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，

都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必

須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完

整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞（Transitive Verbs, Vt.)。

1. Tom made a hole in the wall.

2. They haven’t decided where to go next.

3. She stopped teaching English two years ago.

4. Mother promises to give me a present.

基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）

本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+系動詞+表語組成，主要用以說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身份等。

Silk feels soft and smooth.

It sounds a good idea.

He stayed single.

The door remained closed.

His cold was growing worse.

注意：

1.系動詞不可以單獨構(gòu)成謂語，必須與表語一起使用。

2.就形容詞和副詞而言，表語應(yīng)該由形容詞構(gòu)成，不能用其副詞形式。

The milk has gone bad.(√)

The milk has gone badly.(×)

She looks angry.(√)

She looks angrily.(×)

基本句型四：

S+V+O +O（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

★此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物動詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（物）”組成。如：

He brings me cookies every day.

★但若直接賓語（事物）在前，間接賓語（人）在后，則要借助于介詞to或for。如：

He brings cookies to me every day.

She made a beautiful dress for me.

★用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著、向著某人；用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。

基本句型五：

Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）

此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整。

I heard him singing.

I asked him to come back soon.

They made Tom monitor.

Note:

用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：

I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

·有些動詞可以使用于不同的句型，因此在學(xué)習(xí)動詞時，應(yīng)掌握動詞的類型。以 get 為例：

He's getting angry.

You'll get a surprise.

He got his shoes and socks wet.

He got her a splendid present.

I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了這本書。

I found the book easy.我覺得這本書很容易。

四、基本句型的擴展

在句中，除了主、謂、賓、補這些基本成分外，通常在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而使句子得以擴充。這些修飾語即定語和狀語。

英語中再復(fù)雜的句子也都是由這些基本句型擴展而來的。

以主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)（S+V+O）為例：

He was reading a book.

He was reading an interesting book.

He was reading an interesting book written by a famous writer.

When I came back, he was reading an interesting book written by a famous writer.

以基本句型五（S+V+O+C）為例：

We found the hall full.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽《人民日報》的一位同志作有關(guān)東歐局勢的重要報告