一、血漿凝血酶-抗凝血酶復(fù)合物(TAT)、纖溶酶-α2纖溶酶抑制物的復(fù)合物(PIC) (一)TAT、PIC對(duì)DIC的診斷價(jià)值 隨著凝血激活而產(chǎn)生的最終酶是凝血酶,部分凝血酶迅速與抗凝血酶結(jié)合,形成凝血酶-抗凝血酶復(fù)合物(TAT)。因?yàn)槟傅难喊胨テ跇O短,不能直接測(cè)定;而TAT的血液半衰期為3~15分鐘,所以通過檢測(cè)TAT,能夠評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)體內(nèi)凝血激活的程度。纖溶激活所產(chǎn)生的最終酶是纖溶酶,部分纖溶酶迅速與α2纖溶酶抑制物結(jié)合,形成纖溶酶-α2纖溶酶復(fù)合物,即PIC。因?yàn)槔w溶酶的血液半衰期極短,不能直接測(cè)定。而PIC的血液半衰期為6小時(shí),因此可以通過 測(cè) 定 血 液中 P I C的 濃 度 ,評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)體內(nèi)纖溶激活的程度【1】。 DIC 是各種原因引起的以廣泛性血管內(nèi)凝血亢進(jìn)為特征的獲得性綜合征【2】。凝血激活、微小血栓形成、伴或不伴纖溶亢進(jìn)是DIC的顯著特征。目前臨床上對(duì)DIC的實(shí)驗(yàn)室診斷指標(biāo)主要有D-二聚體、FDP、血小板計(jì)數(shù)、纖維蛋白原和PT等,綜合分析日本和ISTH DIC診斷指南發(fā)現(xiàn),其對(duì)DIC預(yù)后判斷靈敏度和特異度均有待提高,尤其是對(duì)死亡的判斷【2-5】以及DIC前期(pre-DIC)的診斷【4】?;仡櫺詫IC 發(fā)病前 1 周內(nèi)定義為 pre-DIC,有研究表明凝血系統(tǒng)分子標(biāo)志物TAT、SF、PAI-I 對(duì) pre-DIC 的診斷是有價(jià)值的,尤其是TAT已經(jīng)寫入2014年日本DIC診斷指南中,此指南同時(shí)提出如果TAT和SF均正常,即可以否定DIC【4】。 (二)TAT、PIC與DIC分型 如前所述,DIC的實(shí)際狀態(tài)是全身性持續(xù)性顯著的凝血激活狀態(tài)(通過TAT增高反映),這一點(diǎn)是所有DIC的共同病理狀態(tài)。但是,纖溶激活程度(通過PIC增高反映)則因基礎(chǔ)疾病的不同而能看到顯著差異。纖溶抑制型DIC,由于纖溶抑制因子PAI顯著增高,纖溶被強(qiáng)烈抑制,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)可以見到TAT明顯升高,PIC僅輕度升高【6-9】。作為多發(fā)微小血栓溶解的結(jié)果,血中出現(xiàn)的D-二聚體輕度增高。臨床上臟器損傷癥狀較重,但出血癥狀比較輕。其代表性基礎(chǔ)疾病是敗血癥[10]。纖溶亢進(jìn)型DIC,纖溶抑制因子PAI只是微增,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)可見TAT和PIC均明顯升高,同時(shí)還可以見到D-二聚體和FDP升高【10】。 對(duì)于纖溶亢進(jìn)型和纖溶抑制型DIC,治療方式各有不同【11-15,16-18】。因此,纖溶亢進(jìn)型DIC的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則顯得特別重要,為了避免不正確抗栓治療的指標(biāo)。以下列出了診斷纖溶優(yōu)勢(shì)型DIC診斷指標(biāo)【10】: 1. 前提條件: TAT ≥20 μg/L and PIC ≥10 μg/L 2. 實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo) – 至少出現(xiàn)如下中兩個(gè)指標(biāo): (1) FDP ≥80 μg/mL (2) Fibrinogen <100 mg/dL (3) FDP/D-dimer 比增高 (D-dimer/FDP 比降低) 3. 參考指標(biāo) – 如下指標(biāo)值出現(xiàn)時(shí)可能有更嚴(yán)重的出血發(fā)生: (1) PLT計(jì)數(shù)降低 (<50,000/μL) (2) α2PI 活性降低 (<50%) (三)TAT、PIC對(duì)血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值 深靜脈血栓形成、肺栓塞、心源,血流滯留環(huán)境下的凝血激活(凝血血栓)是主要病理狀態(tài)。一般認(rèn)為,評(píng)價(jià)這些伴有凝血激活的血栓癥和血栓前病理狀態(tài)的有用指標(biāo)是反映血管內(nèi)凝血激活狀態(tài)的標(biāo)志物。但是目前已有的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目還不足以準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,急需一些能夠準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)。 一項(xiàng)針對(duì)血栓性靜脈炎(STP)和深靜脈栓塞(DVY)的病例對(duì)照研究顯示,與單純的靜脈曲張患者相比,STP或DVT患者血漿中PIC、TAT以及D-二聚體均明顯升高【19】。提示,在靜脈曲張患者中聯(lián)合檢測(cè)血漿凝血和纖溶標(biāo)志分子(如TAT、PIC)對(duì)STP和DVT具有診斷價(jià)值。 另一項(xiàng)針對(duì)急性心急梗死的病例對(duì)照研究顯示,與健康對(duì)照人群相比,急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治療前血漿TAT、纖維蛋白肽A(FPA)水平明顯升高;與冠脈內(nèi)溶栓治療(ICT)成功的患者(S組)相比,治療失敗的患者(F組)血漿TAT水平更高(P=0.07),但是TAT/PIC比值有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(F:0.026±0.020vs S:0.008±0.003,p<0.05)。以上結(jié)果提示,在進(jìn)行冠脈內(nèi)溶栓治療時(shí),與單獨(dú)檢測(cè)TAT相比,TAT/PIC比值更加有利于判斷凝血和纖溶平衡狀態(tài),。因此,TAT/PIC的比值可以作為冠脈內(nèi)溶栓治療療效評(píng)價(jià)的指標(biāo)【20】。 對(duì)圍手術(shù)期婦科腫瘤患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿PIC、TAT、腫瘤直徑等指標(biāo)可以作為術(shù)后發(fā)生VTE的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo),對(duì)于年齡≤40、腫瘤直徑≥10cm的患者,當(dāng)血漿PIC≥1.3ug/ml時(shí),此類患者為發(fā)生VTE的高危人群,其預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確度高達(dá)93.6%。但是,對(duì)于年齡在50歲的患者,其準(zhǔn)確性則顯著降低(78.2%)。而對(duì)于≥60歲的患者,當(dāng)腫瘤直徑>15cm或PIC≥1.3ug/ml時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)生VTE的準(zhǔn)確度為82.3%。所以,PIC可以作為一個(gè)很好的預(yù)測(cè)婦科腫瘤患者發(fā)生VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的指標(biāo)【1】。 二、組織型纖溶酶原激活劑及其抑制劑-1復(fù)合物(tPAI-C)對(duì)急性心肌梗死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值 tPAI-C是血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放到血液中的組織型纖溶酶原激活物(t-PA)與生理性抑制因子纖溶酶原激活物抑制物(PAI-1)以1 :1結(jié)合而形成的復(fù)合物。 一項(xiàng)針對(duì)靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)的病例對(duì)照研究顯示,VTE患者血漿中活化的PAI-1和tPAI-C水平比健康對(duì)照人群明顯升高,當(dāng)tPAI-C的cutoff取為3.6ng/ml時(shí),其診斷VTE的靈敏度為74%(95% CI 64~82%),特異度為69%(95% CI,59~77%),ROC曲線下面積為0.75(95%CI ,0.68~0.72)【21】。 另一項(xiàng)針對(duì)心肌梗死(MI)的研究顯示,無論是男性或女性,血漿中tPAI-C濃度與MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈顯著相關(guān),男性和女性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比值比(OR)分別為2.4和2.0。在男性患者中,吸煙或糖尿病與血漿tPAI-C具有協(xié)同作用。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比值比(OR)分別為4.6和7.9。提示,tPAI-C可以作為MI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)【22,23】。 三、血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(TM) (一)TM與血栓性疾病的關(guān)系 TM是主要存在于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上的高親和性凝血酶受體。TM通過與凝血酶結(jié)合,形成凝血酶-TM復(fù)合物,進(jìn)而活化蛋白C,發(fā)揮抗凝作用。在一些血栓性疾病中,也可見到血漿TM水平發(fā)生改變,具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。 一項(xiàng)針對(duì)慢性血栓性肺動(dòng)脈高壓(CTEPH)和急性肺血栓栓塞(APTE)的病例對(duì)照研究提示,與正常健康人群相比,CTEPH患者中TM水平明顯降低(2.5±0.7ng/mlvs 4.0±0.6ng/ml p<0.05),相反,APTE患者血漿TM水平與健康對(duì)照組沒有差別。提示,血漿TM水平可以用于CTEPH肺動(dòng)脈高壓和復(fù)發(fā)性APTE的鑒別診斷【24】。 (二)TM與血管內(nèi)皮損傷 血管內(nèi)皮受到損傷時(shí),也可見到TM升高。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)兒童急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)的多中心前瞻性隊(duì)列研究顯示,間接肺損傷患者血清可溶性TM(sTM)比直接肺損傷患者更高(100n/gml vs 86ng/ml,p=0.02)。sTM水平越高,患者器官損害程度越高(Spearman’s rho = 0.37,p< 0.01)。另外,血漿sTM水平與間接肺損傷的死亡率明顯相關(guān),OR值為2.7,并且與年齡、氧飽和度和急性腎損傷無關(guān)。提示,sTM可以作為間接性肺損傷預(yù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子【25】。 參考文獻(xiàn): Ikeda M, Kan-no H, Hayashi M, Tsukada H, Shida M, et al. 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