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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子種類基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

 夢(mèng)醒時(shí)分7205 2013-03-16
  •   句子的種類可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。

      1. 凡是說(shuō)明一件事情,提出一個(gè)看法,或者表達(dá)一種心情的句子都是陳述句。大多數(shù)的句子都是陳述句,它可以用肯定式和否定式,句末用句號(hào)".",通常用降調(diào)。
      掌握陳述句的肯定式和否定式的構(gòu)成及用法。
      e.g. We live in Tianjin. (肯定句)我們住在天津。
      We don't live in Shanghai. (否定句)我們不住在上海。
      注意:(1)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的肯定式中,主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞要改成第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
      e.g. John studies Chinese very well.
      (2)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的否定式要加助動(dòng)詞do (does), did.
      e.g. I don't like swimming. 我不喜歡游泳。
      He doesn't have lunch at home every day. 他每天不在家吃午飯。
      They didn't play football yesterday. 他們昨天沒(méi)有踢足球。

      2. 掌握一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成、用法和答語(yǔ)。注意在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句要加助動(dòng)詞do(does), did.
      e.g. Do you often speak English at school ? 在學(xué)校你常講英語(yǔ)嗎?
      Does she have a brother ? = Has she got a brother ? 她有兄弟嗎?
      Did it take you two hours to do your homework last night ?
      昨天晚上做作業(yè)花了你2個(gè)小時(shí)嗎?
      What do you often do on Sundays ?
      星期日你常常干什么?
      When does your father get up every morning ?
      你父親每天早晨幾點(diǎn)鐘起床?
      Why didn't your teacher come to school yesterday ?
      昨天你們的老師為什么沒(méi)來(lái)學(xué)校呢?
      提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對(duì)方選擇一種,這種疑問(wèn)句叫選擇疑問(wèn)句。結(jié)構(gòu)是:"一般疑問(wèn)句+or+一般疑問(wèn)句",但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。說(shuō)明or前面部分用升調(diào),后面部分用降調(diào)。
      e.g. Is her brother an artist or a doctor ?
      她的兄弟是一個(gè)藝術(shù)家還是個(gè)醫(yī)生?
      Would you like tea or coffee ?
      你愿意喝茶還是喝咖啡?
      Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ?
      我們是周六還是周日去電影院?
      反意疑問(wèn)句表示提問(wèn)者有一定的主見(jiàn),但沒(méi)把握,希望對(duì)方來(lái)證實(shí)。
      注意反意疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)是:肯定的陳述句+否定的疑問(wèn)句(縮略形式)
      或:否定的陳述句+肯定的疑問(wèn)句(縮略形式)
      兩部分的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)要一致。
      特別要注意否定的疑問(wèn)句中的助動(dòng)詞必須縮寫,主語(yǔ)(最后一個(gè)詞)必須是代詞而不能是名詞。
      e.g. Your sister has ever been to Shanghai , hasn't she ?
      你姐姐曾經(jīng)去過(guò)上海是嗎?
      The boys didn't find anything , did they ?
      男孩子們什么也沒(méi)找到/發(fā)現(xiàn),是不是?
      在回答反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí),要根據(jù)事實(shí)而定,事實(shí)是肯定的要回答Yes , …,事實(shí)是否定的要回答No, ….
      e.g. He isn't going to the meeting , is he ?
      他不去參加會(huì),是嗎?
      Yes , he is . 不,他要去。
      No , he isn't. 是的/對(duì),他不去。
      It didn't snow last week , did it ?
      上周沒(méi)有下雪,對(duì)嗎?
      Yes , it did. / No , it didn't. 不,下雪了。是的,沒(méi)下雪。

      3. 掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)。指讓對(duì)方做某事,動(dòng)詞要用原形。表示請(qǐng)求,命令、建議等。
      e.g. Go back to your seat , please. 請(qǐng)回到你的座位上去。
      Don't make so much noise. 不要吵吵鬧鬧。
      Let's go to school together ! 咱們一起上學(xué)去吧!
     ?。╨et's是含有第一人稱主語(yǔ)的祈使句)
      Let him help the child. 讓他幫助那個(gè)孩子。(let him是含有第三人稱主語(yǔ)的祈使句)
      注意:否定形式是Let's (us , me)+not +動(dòng)詞原形
      e.g. Let's not say anything about it.
      對(duì)于這件事,咱們什么也不要說(shuō)了。

      4. 表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情時(shí)用感嘆句,理解由What和How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的語(yǔ)序和感嘆句的使用方法。How和What與所修飾的詞放在句首,其它部分用陳述句語(yǔ)序。在口語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)常省略。
      (1)how作狀語(yǔ),修飾形容詞,副詞或動(dòng)詞
      結(jié)構(gòu):How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)
      How nice the flowers are ! 花多漂亮??!
      How hard he works ! 他工作的多努力??!
     ?。?)what作賓語(yǔ),修飾名詞(名詞前可有其他定語(yǔ)),單詞可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a(an).
      結(jié)構(gòu):What a (an)+形容詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)
      e.g. What a clever girl (she is )!
      她是一個(gè)多么聰明的女孩?。?BR>  What delicious food ! 多么好吃的食物??!
      句子的類型可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。
      簡(jiǎn)單句:The Simple Sentence由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成的句子。
      e.g. I get up at six thirty in the morning.
      My mother and I often go shopping.
      并列句:The Compound Sentence 由并列詞and , so , but , or等)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。要掌握并列句的構(gòu)成及用法。
      e.g. I help him and he helps me. 我?guī)退?,他幫我?BR>  This is our first lesson , so I don't know all your names.
      這是我們的第一節(jié)課,所以我不認(rèn)識(shí)你們。
      She likes bread and milk , but she doesn't like eggs at all.
      她喜歡吃面包和牛奶,但她一點(diǎn)兒也不喜歡吃雞蛋。
      復(fù)合句:The Complex Sentence 由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子。
      e.g. If you are ill , you must see the doctor.
      如果你病了,一定要去看醫(yī)生。(狀語(yǔ)從句)
      I hope he's better tomorrow.
      我希望他明天身體更好一些。(賓語(yǔ)從句)
      熟練掌握賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序及關(guān)聯(lián)詞that , if / whether , what , who , which , whose , when , what time , where , how 等的用法,以及賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)。
      在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ),叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
      注意:賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述句語(yǔ)序。
      e.g. I asked him if he was a student.
      賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)是:主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句可以是任何一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。
      如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句必須是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的一種形式。
      當(dāng)表示事實(shí)、真理、自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
      e.g. The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
      老師告訴我們地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
      請(qǐng)注意防止出現(xiàn)以下錯(cuò)誤:
      A. They said that they'll leave if Peter stays.
      時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤,應(yīng)改為:They said that they would leave if Peter stayed.
      B. He asked why were you late for school.
      語(yǔ)序錯(cuò)誤,應(yīng)改為:He asked why you were late for school .
      C. Her brother asked me whose book this was ?
      標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤,問(wèn)號(hào)應(yīng)該改為句號(hào)。
      熟練掌握由when , before , after , as soon as , until , because , than , if , so …that等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間、原因,比較,條件、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
      在復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞等的從句叫作狀語(yǔ)從句。
      時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:
      When she reached home , she had a short rest.
      當(dāng)她到家時(shí),她休息了一會(huì)兒。
      Judy had finished writing the book before she went to Queensland.
      朱娣在去昆士蘭之前已經(jīng)寫完了那本書。
      I went to bed after I finished my article.
      我寫完文章之后才上床。
      As soon as the bell rang the students, stopped talking to each other.
      鈴聲一響,學(xué)生們就停止了談話。
      We won't leave until the headteacher comes back.
      班主任回來(lái)我們才會(huì)離開(kāi)。
      原因狀語(yǔ)從句:
      The children went to the farm , because the farmers needed some help.
      孩子們?nèi)マr(nóng)場(chǎng)是因?yàn)檗r(nóng)民們需要幫忙。
      比較狀語(yǔ)從句:Jim is older than Lucy is.
      吉姆比露西大。
      條件狀語(yǔ)從句:
      If it rains tomorrow , we won't hold a sports meeting on the sportsground .
      如果明天下雨,我們就不在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上開(kāi)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)了。
      結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:
      The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.
      這個(gè)箱子太沉以致于我無(wú)法抬起來(lái)。
      目的狀語(yǔ)從句:
      The headmaster spoke loudly so that all the students could hear what he said.
      校長(zhǎng)高聲講話為的是全體學(xué)生能夠聽(tīng)到他所講的話。
      讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:
      Although he is young , he knows a lot of things.
      雖然他年齡小,但卻認(rèn)識(shí)許多事情。
      狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)要與主句時(shí)態(tài)相互呼應(yīng)。但要注意以as soon as , when , until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
      e.g. He will write to me as soon as he gets to America.
      他一到美國(guó)就給我寫信。
      When I see him , I will tell him this good news.
      當(dāng)我見(jiàn)到他時(shí),我將告訴他這個(gè)好消息。
      We won't leave until we finish our homework .
      直到完成作業(yè)我們才會(huì)離開(kāi)。
      以if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句假設(shè)的是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
      e.g. He will come to see me if he has time. 如果條件狀語(yǔ)從句放在賓語(yǔ)從句中,時(shí)態(tài)則依照賓語(yǔ)從句的要求而變。
      e.g. My mother said she would buy me a book if I studied hard.
      我母親說(shuō)如果我努力學(xué)習(xí),她要給我買一本書。
      以because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句不可能和so一起連用。
      e.g. He didn't come to school yesterday because he was ill.
      他昨天沒(méi)來(lái)學(xué)校,因?yàn)樗×恕?BR>  注意防止出現(xiàn)以下錯(cuò)誤:
      A. I'm sure he'll ring you up if he will come back.
      從句時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤,will come應(yīng)該改為comes.
      B. Because he was tired , so he went to bed very early.
      中文習(xí)慣用"因?yàn)椤浴?,但在英語(yǔ)中because不能和so同時(shí)使用,應(yīng)該去掉其中的一個(gè)。

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