直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換間接引語(yǔ)的解析

直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)

一、 間接引語(yǔ)的概念和變化規(guī)律

1、間接引語(yǔ)是用自己的話去轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話。

引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說(shuō)的話時(shí)，采用兩種形式：一是一字不改地將別人的話加以引用，這叫直接引語(yǔ)；二是用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，這叫間接引語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)講，直接引語(yǔ)須放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，間接引語(yǔ)不必用引號(hào)，而且多用賓語(yǔ)從句的形式表達(dá)。例如：

She said, “I was ill yesterday.”

→She said that she had been ill the day before.

由以上例句可以看出，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，不僅把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句，增加連詞that，而且還需相應(yīng)地改變代詞、動(dòng)詞和狀語(yǔ)。如I 變成了she，was變成had been，yesterday變成the day before。

2、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，人稱代詞要根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述人的立場(chǎng)作相應(yīng)變動(dòng)。

人稱代詞的變動(dòng)情況要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及轉(zhuǎn)述人的不同作相應(yīng)變化，一般情況下，與漢語(yǔ)中的變化相同?？捎涀∫粋€(gè)口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。即第一人稱按照主句中的主語(yǔ)變化，第二人稱按照主句中的賓語(yǔ)變化，第三人稱一般不需要變化。例如：

1) He said, “I am glad to see you.”

→He said that he was glad to see me.

2) “Do you know the man over there?” Mary said to Tom.

→Mary asked Tom if he knew the man over there.

3) Jim said to me, “Jane left her schoolbag at home.”

→Jim told me that Jane had left her schoolbag at home.

3、間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化。

1）當(dāng)引述的動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：

Tom says, “Our teacher is kind to us.”

→Tom says that their teacher is kind to them.

2）當(dāng)引述的動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)形式時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞作如下變更：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)→不變

一般過(guò)去時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)

一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)→不變

He said, “I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.”

→He said that he would leave for Beijing the next day.

如果所轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容表示客觀真理或有表示某一絕對(duì)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間作狀語(yǔ)，間接引語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不變。例如：

The teacher said, “The earth is round.”

→The teacher said that the earth is round.

He said, “I was born in 1980.”

→He said that he was born in 1980.

4、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和表示“方向”動(dòng)詞的變化。

this → that, these → those; now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next (following) day, next week → the next week, yesterday → the day before, last night → the night before, ago → before; here → there; come → go.

如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述， here不必改為there, 動(dòng)詞come不必改為 go； 如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday，tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。例如：

Kate said, “I will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.”

→Kate said that she would go there the next day to help those children with their English.（不是在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述）

→Kate said that she will come here tomorrow to help these children with their English.（在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述）

二、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)

直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)用that引導(dǎo)，但在口語(yǔ)中that可以省去。從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化。例如：

She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”

→She said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.

三、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)

1、原句若為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用whether或if 轉(zhuǎn)述；原句若為選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用whether…or…/…or not；原句若為反意疑問(wèn)句，則常用whether或if 轉(zhuǎn)述。

2、疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

3、主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said時(shí)，要改為asked；沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以加一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)（如me，him等）。

4、句末用句號(hào)。

5、從句中的人稱、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和狀語(yǔ)等也要作相應(yīng)的變化。

He said, “Are you interested in English?”

→He asked (me) if /whether I was interested in English.

I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”

→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

“You’ve already got well, haven’t you?” she asked.

→She asked (me) whether/if I had already got well.

四、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)

如果直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句，改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用原句中的wh-類的詞引導(dǎo)，其余的變化同直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句的情況2—5條一樣。例如：

“What is your name?” he asked me.

→He asked me what my name was.

He asked: “Where are you to get off, Peter?”

→He asked Peter where he was to get off.

如果在直接引語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句中，疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)，則語(yǔ)序不需要變化。例如：

“Whose picture is the most beautiful in your class?” asked the boy’s father.

→The boy’s father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.

五、當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句時(shí)

直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)可用如下的結(jié)構(gòu)“主語(yǔ)+asked/advised sb. (not) to do sth.”。

1、需將原祈使句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成不定式。如果祈使句為否定句，則用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。

2、原主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said須改為asked，told，ordered，warned或advised等含有祈使意義的能帶賓補(bǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞。

3、原句有“please”時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)多用asked（請(qǐng)求），并去掉please。例如：

He said to me, “Shut the window, please.”

→He asked me to shut the window.

He said, “Don’t make so much noise.”

→He told us not to make so much noise.

如果以let開(kāi)頭的祈使句表示勸告或建議，可用“suggest + that從句”或“suggest doing”來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述。例如：

“Let’s go to the cinema.” Tom said.

→Tom suggested that they (should) go to the cinema.

→Tom suggested going to the cinema.

六、直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)

直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)仍可用what或how引導(dǎo)，詞序不變，也可用that 引導(dǎo)，將句子變成相應(yīng)的名詞性從句。例如：

She said, “What a lovely day it is!”

→She said what a lovely day it was.

→She said that it was a lovely day.

直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)練習(xí)題

將下列句中的直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)

1. I said to/ordered my boy, “Go home.”

2. The doctor said to her, “Don’t eat too much fat.”

3. “Have you any difficulty?” he asked me.

4. He said/asked, “Is she coming?”

5. He said/asked, “Where have you been?”

6. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier?” I asked her.

7. He asked me, “How long will it take to go there by plane?”

8. He told/said to me, “Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809.”

9. He asked me, “Do you study English or French?”

10. He said, “How happy I am!”