語

　　引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語（Direct Speech），即原封不動地引用原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語（Indirect Speech），即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。

一、 直接引語變間接引語

A． 陳述句的間接引語

   直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個that引導的賓語從句，引述動詞通常是say, tell等。與此同時，間接引語中的人稱、時態(tài)和其他方面也要相應有所變化。

  The foreigner said to me, ‘I like Beijing very much.’那老外告訴我：我很喜歡北京。

  → The foreigner told me that he liked Beijing very much. 那老外告訴我說他（她）很喜歡北京。

  She said, ‘We are very fond of sports.’ 她說：我們都喜歡體育運動。

  → She said that they were very fond of sports. 她說他（她）們都喜歡體運動。

  ‘I'll go over the grammar lesson once again,’ he said. 他說：我將把語法課再復習一遍。

  → He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他說他將要把語法課再復習一遍。（that可省略）

B． 疑問句的間接引語

  1．一般疑問句和反意疑問句

  一般疑問句改為間接引語時，要用陳述語序，并要加連詞if 或 whether，其主句動詞常用ask, wonder, want to know, didn't know等。句末不用問號。

  My teacher asked me, ‘Do you like American country music?’ 我老師問我：你喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂嗎？

  → My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 我老師問我是否喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂。

  ‘You haven't been to Beijing, have you?’ asked he. 他問：你沒去過北，是嗎？

  → He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他問我是否去過北京。

2．否定的一般疑問句和選擇問句

  如果直接引語為否定的一般問句或選擇疑問句時，用whether…or 連接。

  She said, “Don't you know my telephone number?” 她說：你難道不知道我的電話號碼嗎？

  → She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 她問我是知道她的電話號碼。

  “Do you like this one or that one?” Tom asked. 湯姆問：你是喜歡這個還是那個？

  → Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 湯姆問我是喜歡這個還是那個。

3．特殊疑問句

  間接引語為特殊疑問句時，間接引語前仍然用特殊疑問詞(when, where, what, how等)作為連詞引導賓語從句，注意從句必須用陳述語序，主句謂語動詞常用ask。

  He asked,“Where is the bus-stop？”他問：你覺得怎樣？

  → He asked me where the bus-stop was. 他問我覺得它怎樣。

  She asked me, “What's the matter with you？” 她問我：你怎么啦？

  → She asked me what was the matter with me. 她問我我怎么啦。

  “How many books do you have?”she asked. 她問：你有多少本書？

  → She asked me how many books I had. 她問我有多少本。

4.其它

  英語中有些疑問句并非提出疑問，而是表示請求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，往往采用其他的形式。

  ①．suggest doing

  “Shall we all go to the film tonight?” said Michael. 邁克爾說：我們今晚都去看電影，好嗎？

  → Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 邁克爾建議今晚都去看電影。

  What about having a drink he asked. 他問：喝杯怎么樣？

  He suggested having a drink. 他建議喝一杯。

  ②．advise sb to do

  “Why don't you go hiking?” asked James. 詹姆士問：你為什么不徒步旅行？

  James advised me to go hiking. 詹姆士建議我去徒步旅行。

  ③．ask sb to do

  “Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow? she said to me. 她對我說：勞駕你明天把你的參考書帶來好嗎？

  → She asked me to take my reference book there the next day. 她讓我第二天把我的參考書帶去。

C． 祈使句的間接引語

  1．直接引語為祈使句時，間接引語往往用復合賓語來表示，其結(jié)構(gòu)為主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語（動詞不定式）。引述動詞可根據(jù)口氣選用tell, ask, order, command, request等詞，句中please去掉。

  She said to me, “Please have a rest.” 她對我說：請休息一下。

  → She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。

  “Don't answer at once,” she said to the pupils. 她對學生說：大家不要齊聲回答。→ She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫學生不要齊聲回答。

  2．帶有let的祈使句（表示請求，建議或命令），可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that從句來表示其相應的意思。

  “Let's go for a walk,” said the girl. 那姑娘說，讓我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨伞?span lang=EN-US>

  → The girl suggested going for a walk. 這女孩建議去散散步。

  The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.” 老師說：讓莉莉整理教室。

  → The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。

二、 間接引語中的詞語變化

  直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)、人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、時間和地點狀語以及主謂語詞序往往要作相應的變化。

A． 時態(tài)的變化

1) 如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時，直接引語變成間接引語時，從句的時態(tài)無需變化.

  He thinks, “She will be back in a month.”

  → He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她將在一個月后回來。

  He says, “I accepted her invitation.”

  → He says he accepted her invitation. 他說他已接受了她的邀請。

2) 如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變成間接引語時，從句的時態(tài)要做出相應的改變. 主句是過去時的謂語時態(tài)變化如下：

直接引語 間接引語 一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 一般過去時 過去完成時 一般將來時 過去將來時 現(xiàn)在進行時 過去進行時 現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時 can could may might must Must/had to

* He thinks, “She will be back in a month.”

  → He thinks she will be back in a month. 他想她將在一個月后回來。

* He says, “I accepted her invitation.”

  → He says he accepted her invitation. 他說他已接受了她的邀請。

* The old man said, “I have lived in this street since 1960.”

  →The old man said that he had lived in that street since 1960. 那老人說他自從1960年起就住在那條街上了。

* He said, “Is it raining？”

  → He asked if it was raining. 他問是不是正在下雨。

* He said, “We shall get ready by eight o'clock.”

  →He said that they should get ready by eight o'clock. 他說他們將在8點前準備好。

* We will meet at the school gate, she said to me.

  → She told me that they would meet at the school gate. 她告訴我他們約定在校門口見面。

* Jack said, “I can lend the book to you.”

  → Jack said he could lend the book to me. 杰克說他會借那本書給我的。

* She said, “I must go to see the doctor now.”

  → She said she must go to see the doctor now. 她說第二天下午她一定得去看醫(yī)生。

  注意：①當間接引語表示的是現(xiàn)在的習慣動作、科學真理、客觀事實、格言等, 則變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)不變。

  The geography teacher said to the student, “The earth moves round the sun.”

  → The geography teacher told the students that the earth moves round the sun. 老師告訴學生地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

  He said, “Every dog has his day.”

  → He said that every dog has his day. 他說是人皆有出頭日。

  ② 間接引語中有明確的過去時間狀語，仍可用一般過去時，不必改為過去完成時。

  The girl said, “I was born in 1978.”

  → The girl said that she was born in 1978.那女孩說她生于1978年。

  She said, “My teacher was busy yesterday.”

  → She said that her teacher was busy yesterday. 她說她老師昨天很忙。

 B． 代詞的變化

  1．人稱代詞的變化

 “一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”。

    “一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如：

     She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "

     →She said her brother wanted to go with her.

　　“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱，或被第二人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱，如：

     He said to Kate, "How is your sister now?"

     →He asked Kate how her sister was then.

　　“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：

      Mr. Smith said, "Jack is a good worker."

     →Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.

  2．指示代詞的變化

指示代詞 this that

地點狀語 here there

方向性動詞 come  bring go take

  I bought these flowers for you, Jane said.

  → Jane said that she had bought those flowers for me. 簡說那些花是她為我買的。

  I grow these tomatoes myself, he said.

  → He said that he grew those tomatoes himself. 他說那些胡蘿卜是他自己種的。

  Sarah said, “I will bring my book to your house.”

  → Sarah said she would take her book to my house.

 C．時間和地點狀語的變化

  1．時間狀語的變化

直接引語 間接引語  時間狀語  now  then

時間狀語  today  that day

時間狀語  tonight  that night

時間狀語  this week  that week 

時間狀語  yesterday  the day before

時間狀語  last week  the week before

時間狀語  tomorrow the next day

時間狀語  next week  the next week

  He said, “I spoke to them yesterday.”

  → He said that he had spoken to them the day before. 他說他前一天跟他們講過話了。

  The student said, “We have learned about 3,000 English words so far.”

  →  The student said that they had learned about 3,000 English words by then. 那學生說到那時為止他們已學會了3,000個英語單詞。

2．地點狀語的變化

  當直接引語變間引語時，地點狀語here通常變?yōu)?span lang=EN-US>there。但如果說話人所在地點就是引述人所在地點，那么仍然使用here.

  “Come here, please,” he said.

  → He asked me to come here. 他叫我到這里來。（引述人地點不變）

  → He asked me to go there. 他叫我到那里去。（引述人地點發(fā)生變化）