獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

一、概念 在絕大多數(shù)情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，但分詞也可以有意義上的邏輯主語，通常由名詞或代詞主格充當(dāng)，置于分詞之前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上一個(gè)分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語等，構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。名詞或代詞起著邏輯主語的作用。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開。

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，因?yàn)闆]有實(shí)際的主語和謂語，但在語義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)句子。在句子中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨等。它有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1).獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯與句子的邏輯主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。

2).名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、分詞、不定式等存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。

3).獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。

二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本形式: 名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
三、幾種常見的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1.名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 (表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行)

1).名詞/代詞通常為現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：

Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.

Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper.

如果時(shí)間允許,晚飯后我們可以到操場(chǎng)上散散步。

Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．

黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠(yuǎn)處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。

The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.

向?qū)ьI(lǐng)著路，我們毫不費(fèi)勁地走出了森林。

Weather permitting = if the weather permits, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.

如果天氣允許的話，我們將在明天組織一次海濱旅游。

Whether permitting = if the weather permits, we are playing golf this afternoon.

Whether permitting = if the weather permits, meals will be served outside.

2).當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，要用分詞的完成式。如：

The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible.

The guests having left, they continued to dance.

3).It + being+ 表示“時(shí)間、距離、天氣”等概念的詞。如：

It being too cold, people got up quite late in the morning.

It being holiday= As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. (原因)

It being Sunday (= As it was Sunday), they had no classes. 由于是星期天，他們不上課。

The day being fine = As the day was fine, we decided to go swimming.

The meeting being over, we all left the room and drove home. 

2.名詞(代詞)+過去分詞  (表被動(dòng)或已完成)  名詞/代詞通常為過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，與過去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。

The test finished, we began our holiday. 考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。 

  He sat silently, eyes closed.他靜靜地坐著，雙眼緊閉。(表伴隨狀況)

Good-bye said, he went home.               All the work done, they went for lunch.

All things considered, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

若全面考慮，她的建議比你的建議有意義。(表?xiàng)l件)

The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 

由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.  

他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。

He walked in to the classroom, his head lowered. 低著頭，他走進(jìn)教室。

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.

The question settled, we went home.
    His homework done (= After his home work was done), Mary decided to go shopping.
    The cup broken (= Because the cup was broken), the girl cried.

 He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.他臉朝天，頭枕著手躺著。

 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons___ for the day.

A. finishing      B. finished     C. had finished    D. were finished

一天的課程結(jié)束后，孩子們從語法學(xué)?；丶伊恕?/SPAN>

    The man was busy preparing lunch in the kitchen, his wife seated comfortable in the sofa watching TV.  ( to seat / seating/ was seated ) 

3.名詞(代詞)+不定式 (表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)

在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)的形式；如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用被動(dòng)形式。不定式多表示將來的動(dòng)作。

Much work to do, they had to work for extra hours.

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.

The teacher to help us, we will succeed. 有老師的幫助，我們就能成功。

He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets.

The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我們的晚會(huì)就開始了。

The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 

我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.  種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)?？瓷先⒏?。

Some of the money to be paid by the thief, the police went.
4.名詞(代詞)+形容詞  (形容詞用來說明名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)特征及所處的狀態(tài))

Everything (being) ready, they started out.

The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes wide open. (表伴隨狀況)

The children were making a snowman, hands red with cold.手都凍紅了。(表伴隨狀況)

The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.
    His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.
   Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress. 

Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．

特洛伊人睡著了，于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。

Computers very small, we can use them widely. 電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。

He entered the room, his nose red with cold.

5.名詞(代詞)+副詞 

He was lying in bed, light on.

The meeting over, the students were dismissed.

The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.

散會(huì)了，校長(zhǎng)很快就離開了會(huì)議室。

The meeting (being) over, we left the room.
The meeting being over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room.

The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。

6.名詞(代詞)+名詞

His first play a success, he wrote another.他第一個(gè)劇本成功后，又寫了另一個(gè)劇本。

His first shot failure，he fired again．他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.

兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。

7.名詞(代詞) +介詞短語  介詞短語常用來說明名詞/代詞的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。

He walked in, cane in hand.

The old farmer came back, large basket in his shoulder. (表伴隨狀況)

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand= a gun in his hand= with a gun in his hand.

(a gun in hand/ gun in his hand×)

He left the office, tears in eyes.   He climbed in, sword in hand.
Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.

There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一條河,河兩岸長(zhǎng)滿了鮮花。

Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.

我們的英語老師走進(jìn)了教室,手里拿著試卷。
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．

他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。

Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．每天下午，一個(gè)背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會(huì)從那間破舊的房屋前蹣跚著走過。

8. There being+名詞/代詞          (參考there be句型)

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，There be的形式為There being ….。

There being no buses (= because there were no buses), they had to walk home.

There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi.

There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。

There being no one else to turn to, I had to come to see you.

我沒有其他人可以求助的人，只能來找你。

There being no more things to be discussed, the meeting came to an end.

四、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能 

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語，表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等，還可以作定語。

1. 作時(shí)間狀語  相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。

Meeting over, everyone tried to do something for the project.

The meeting being over, they went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就回家了。

Winter having come, it’s getting colder and colder.

Spring coming, the flowers are coming out.

The problem settled, everyone was filled with joy.

   My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．

我脫掉鞋子后，走進(jìn)一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米墊子上。

    The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．

總督思考問題時(shí)，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。

The work done = after the work had been done, we went home.

2. 作條件狀語  相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。

Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic this Sunday.

Time permitting, I shall stay here for another two days.

Enough time given, we’ll do the job better.

   Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．

如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。

   Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him．

如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。

More time given, we should have done it much better.

The test finished, we began our holiday. 考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。

3. 作原因狀語    相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句。

John (being) away, Tom had to do the work on his own.

It being dark, they had to walk with the torches on.

There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi.

There being no bus then, they had to walk home.

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.

由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。

  There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.

沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。

4. 作伴隨狀語（方式狀語）或補(bǔ)充說明：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句。

He was watching TV, his mouth half open.

He fell to the ground, blood coming down his nose.

The policeman entered the dark room, gun in hand.

The old man sat down, his face pale with pain.

She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face.

她靠墻躺著，太陽照在她的臉上。(伴隨)

    Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.

十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽，年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩。

He guiding the blind girl, they walked slowly across the street.

他領(lǐng)著那個(gè)失明的女孩，兩人慢慢地橫穿街道。(方式)

5. 作定語，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。

    He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.

他就是有許多問題要解決的那個(gè)人。

He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 

他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。

    Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

靠近岸時(shí)，我看見幾個(gè)深池塘，池水碧似藍(lán)天。

五、with/ without 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
它們都可以在句中作原因狀語,伴隨狀況狀語,條件狀語,時(shí)間狀語或結(jié)果狀語用,一般也可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換.雖然它們的語法功能和意義相同,但其結(jié)構(gòu)形式和名稱卻不相同.
with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的模式是: with +名詞/代詞+分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
即：with/ without +賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補(bǔ)足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以作后置定語修飾其前面的名詞,而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)則不可作后置定語修飾名詞。如：

Do you know the woman with a baby in her arms?
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.
= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.

Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains around it.

He lives in a village with a railway behind it.

Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的模式是: 主格名詞/代詞+分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
一. 作時(shí)間狀語
  1.With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.
  =Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.

二. 作原因狀語
 1.With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
  = The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
 2. With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room.
  = The key having been lost, she could not enter the room.

三. 作條件狀語
1.With time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
 = Time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
2. With the car going wrong, we'll have to stop at the foot of the mountain.
 = The car going wrong, we'll have to stop at the foot of the mountain.

四. 作伴隨狀語
1. The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed.
  =The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed.
2. Last night I followed him, with a sword in my hand.
  = Last night I followed him, sword in hand.
3. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.

1. without +名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

He left the bathroom, with the water running.

With the old man leading, we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house.

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 

小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。

2. without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式

The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on.

Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 

她沒再說什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。

With homework done, the children began to play.

3. with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式

I can’t go out, with a lot of homework to do.

The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 

有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動(dòng)。

 4. with+名詞/代詞+副詞

The room is very bright with all the light on. 

The boy was walking, with his father ahead.   父親在前，小孩在后走著。

 5. with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。

或He stood at the door, computer in hand.

  Don’t talk with your mouth full. 表示行為方式

He rushed out with a knife in his hand. = He rushed out, a knife in his hand.或 He rushed out, knife in hand.

6. with+名詞/代詞+形容詞

With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 

由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。

You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food.

在with /without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。

無論with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)還是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),都不可有動(dòng)詞的謂語形式充當(dāng)其中的邏輯謂語.如下例中的was就必須去掉:
He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand.
五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)注意事項(xiàng)

 1. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個(gè)句子來代替。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在，名詞或代詞與后面的分詞等邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。

    The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

2. 動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.

經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。

(事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle，表示將來的時(shí)間)

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了,經(jīng)理看上去很松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用過去分詞settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。

（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）

3. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞使用的問題 

①當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞)，也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。

     A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)

劫匪手里拿著刀闖進(jìn)房間。　　　　　

②當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。

     He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那兒，牙關(guān)緊閉，雙拳緊握，兩眼直視上方。

4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同

   1). 有些分詞短語的形式是固定的，不受上下文影響，可以獨(dú)立存在，因此被稱為獨(dú)立成分。它并不表示句子主語的動(dòng)作，而是表示說話人的態(tài)度，它在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習(xí)慣用法或固定短語，用來修飾整個(gè)句子。

這些短語有：Generally speaking (總的說來)，Frankly/properly speaking (坦率/恰當(dāng)?shù)卣f)，Judging from/by (從……判斷)，Supposing (假設(shè))，taking… into consideration(考慮到)等等。

①Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 總的說來，這條規(guī)則很容易懂。

Generally speaking, the novel is not very interesting.

②Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.

③Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing?

④Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.

由他所說的來判斷，他一定是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人。

⑤Judging from her face, she must be ill. 從她的臉色看，她一定生病了。

⑥Judging by her last letter, they are having a wonderful time.從她上封信看,他們過的非?？臁?/SPAN>

⑦Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考慮各種因素，你最好離開。

⑧____, he seems to be very nervous.

A. Judge from appearance          B. Judges from appearance

  C. Judged from appearance         D. Judging from appearance

2).當(dāng)分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞，此時(shí)也無需考慮主謂一致的問題。

considering/ given(that)…考慮到…    supposing/provided/providing(that) 假設(shè)/使…

Supposing you are wrong, what will you do then? ( supposing為連詞，也可用suppose)

Supposing it should rain, we would still go. (虛擬)

Supposing he doesn’t come, what shall we do? Supposing you lose, what will you do?

Frankly speaking, I don’t like the book. 坦率地說，我不喜歡這本書。

I’ll go fishing provided (that) it is fine tomorrow.

Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.

考慮到他們沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作已做的很不錯(cuò)了。（given為介詞，“考慮到”）

The car burns more fuel, but taking all things into consideration, it is still a good car.

Considering that Frank did not have the potential to do the important work well, the boss fired him.鑒于弗蘭克沒有潛力把那件重要的工作做好，老板解雇了他。

3).有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場(chǎng)或態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。

這些短語有：to be honest（老實(shí)說），to be sure (確實(shí))， to be true (真的),

to tell (you) the truth (說實(shí)話)， to cut a long story short （長(zhǎng)話短說），to be frank (with you) （坦率地說），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），to begin with(首先),

to be exact(確切地說),  to do him justice (公平對(duì)待，盡量利用) 等等。

①To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實(shí)話，我犯了一個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤。

②To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment to me. 我對(duì)這個(gè)劇非常失望。

③To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.

情況更糟的是，許多男人都去城市找工資較高的工作，而留下附近村莊的婦女來繼續(xù)承擔(dān)修復(fù)工作。

The car burns more fuel, but ___ all things into consideration, it’s still a good car.

A. taken     B. having taken     C. taking     D. to take (獨(dú)立成分作狀語)

這輛汽車耗油量較大，但是綜合整體情況來看，它仍不失為一部好車。

5．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句。但是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，它有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致(例①)；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語一致(例②)。

①If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 轉(zhuǎn)換為：

Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

如果時(shí)間允許,我們最好周末去度假。

②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 轉(zhuǎn)換為：

Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)城市更美了。

還必須注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語并不總是和主句的主語一致，也可以是主句的其他成分語法上稱作"依著法則"(例1)。

   1). Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.

在城市里搜查小偷，花費(fèi)了警察很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。

（Searching短語的邏輯主語是主句中的policemen）

而如果一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中找不到它的邏輯主語,語法上稱作"懸垂分詞"(例2)。

2). When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots.

(人們)種這些花時(shí)必須小心,不要損壞了花根。

練習(xí)：

1. When the mother returned from outside three years later, her son, (主謂關(guān)系) looking at her, his eyes (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) filled with tears, finally cried out the words (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) hidden in his heart for long.

2. The man was busy preparing lunch in the kitchen, his wife ____ comfortable in the sofa watching TV.

A. seated     B. seating   C. was seated    D. to seat  

3. The weather ____ from very hot to quite cold at the top of the mountain, we decided to bring some warm clothes in case.     

A. Varied    B. varies    C. to vary    D. varying

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)要認(rèn)清：名、代之后副或形。

或是分詞或“介短”，with結(jié)構(gòu)不可輕，

名代二詞是其“主”，句子結(jié)構(gòu)必分明。

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)好掌握，句中作用只一個(gè)：

千變?nèi)f化皆做“狀”，其中意義也不多。
“時(shí)間”“條件”和“原因”，“方式”“伴隨”沒別的。
“狀從”和其前三個(gè)，可以互變不難學(xué)。