with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)中一種重要的句法現(xiàn)象,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面具有相對(duì)獨(dú)立的特點(diǎn)。多年來(lái)也一直是命題的熱點(diǎn)、重點(diǎn),因此應(yīng)該引起我們的高度重視。眾所周知,with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非?;钴S,雖然它在句子中只作狀語(yǔ),但是可以表示伴隨、方式、原因、結(jié)果等各種復(fù)雜的情況。
現(xiàn)將with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)如下。
一、句法結(jié)構(gòu)
1. with +名詞(代詞)+介詞短語(yǔ)
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand.他手托下巴,坐在那兒沉思。
The old man stood there, with his back against the wall.那位老人背倚著墻站在那里。
Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door.瑪麗*近火爐坐著,背對(duì)著門。
2. with +名詞(代詞)+形容詞
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open.他張大嘴巴凝視著他的朋友。
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.這人抬起頭來(lái),眼里充滿了好奇。
He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold.他站在那兒瑟瑟發(fā)抖,臉都凍紅了。
3. with +名詞(代詞)+副詞
With production up by 60%, the company has had other excellent year.產(chǎn)量上升了60%, 公司又是一個(gè)好年景。
The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on.這位愚蠢的皇帝一絲不掛地行進(jìn)在游行隊(duì)伍中。
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his
head down.這個(gè)淘氣的男孩低著頭站在老師面前。
He put on his socks with the wrong side out.他把襪子穿反了。
4. with +名詞(代詞)+名詞
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet
dog her only companion.她從前總愛在晚上坐著看書,她的寵物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
He died with his daughter yet a school girl.去世的時(shí)候,女兒還是個(gè)中學(xué)生。
5. with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her
child playing beside her.她站在那兒跟朋友閑聊,孩子在旁邊玩。
With you helping me whenever I’m in trouble, I feel
very obliged to you.無(wú)論我什么時(shí)候遇到困難你總是幫助我,真是太感激你了。
6. with +名詞(代詞)+過去分詞
“I think we can leave with our heads held high,”
Eriksson said. “We came out of the toughest group, beat
Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way.”
“我認(rèn)為我們可以高昂著頭離開,”艾里克松說。“我們來(lái)自死亡之組,以一種令人信服的方式擊敗了阿根廷,擊敗了丹麥。”
The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare.這位守門員離開了日本,而他的缺點(diǎn)卻暴露無(wú)遺。
7. with +名詞(代詞)+不定式
With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry.還有十分鐘,你最好快一點(diǎn)。
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed.有你領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們,我們組肯定能成功。
二、句法功能
【作狀語(yǔ)】 with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用作狀語(yǔ),可以表示伴隨、方式、原因、時(shí)間等。
例8 With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed.有瑪麗的幫助,他一定能成功。
【作定語(yǔ)】 主要是用作后置定語(yǔ)。
例9 The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks.這個(gè)女孩來(lái)到了兩岸開滿鮮花的河邊。
三、句法關(guān)系
【主表關(guān)系】 主表關(guān)系這種關(guān)系主要是由with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和其后的形容詞、副詞以及介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。
例10 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 媽媽眼含淚水看著我。
【主謂關(guān)系】這種關(guān)系主要是由with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和其后的現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
例11 With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降臨,我們動(dòng)身回家。
例12 The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.小男孩躺在草地上,兩眼望著天空。
【動(dòng)賓關(guān)系】這種關(guān)系主要是由with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和其后的過去分詞及動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的,前者表示“被動(dòng)、完成”,后者表示“未做、待做”。
例13 With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night.有這么多工作要做,我們不得不徹夜不眠。
四、句法省略:
嘗試過考研的人都知道,考研是對(duì)個(gè)人綜合素質(zhì)的考研,這其中既有對(duì)知識(shí)方面的考察,也有對(duì)能力方面的檢驗(yàn)。既然選定走考研這條路,說明我們對(duì)自己有信心,不管成功與否認(rèn)定了我們有這個(gè)能力。但是知識(shí)方面有個(gè)問題需要注意,那就是考研英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)!在考研大部隊(duì)中英語(yǔ)方面幾乎所有考生都泡在大量的閱讀題海中,真題、模擬題、專家預(yù)測(cè)…只要看見閱讀埋頭就做題,可是卻忽略了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最基本的知識(shí)點(diǎn)-語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。
【省略特征】 with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介詞短語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略,其特點(diǎn)是省去with及介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞修飾詞,也就是:“n + 介詞 + n”。
例14 She ran to the hero, flowers in hand.她手里拿著鮮花跑向這位英雄
With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格表伴隨時(shí),既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)?! ith +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied
C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí),其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題:
當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí),其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞,不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復(fù)合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗號(hào),且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷,本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),其結(jié)構(gòu)為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動(dòng),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B。
如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。