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句子是什么?
句子是用一個或者多個單詞組成的基本表意單位,也是最高一級的語法單位.
英語句子只有6個組成部分,根據(jù)他們的含義,作用,相互關系,給他們?nèi)∶麨?主語,謂語,賓語,賓補,狀語,定語.也叫做6種句子成份.
一．主語：
主語(subject) 是一個句子的主題( theme)， 是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首?？捎米髦髡Z的有單詞、短語、從句乃至句子。
1．名詞作主語。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵樹倒下橫在路上。)
Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。)
2．代詞用作主語。如：You’re not far wrong. (你差不多對了)。
He told a joke but it fell flat. (他說了個笑話，但沒有引人發(fā)笑
3．數(shù)詞用作主語。如：Three is enough. 三個就夠了。
Four from seven leaves three. 7減4余3。
4．名詞化的形容詞用作主語。
The idle are forced to work. 懶漢被迫勞動。
Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。
5．副詞用作主語。如：Now is the time. 現(xiàn)在是時候了。
Carefully does it. 小心就行。
6．名詞化的介詞作主語。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.
我們必須承受人生之沉浮。
7．不定式用作主語。 如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一個問題。
It would be nice to see him again.
如能見到他，那將是一件愉快的事。
8． 動名詞用作主語。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸煙對你有害。
Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.
看電影是樂事， 制作影片則是苦事。
9． 名詞化的過去分詞用作主語。如：The disabled are to receive more money.
殘疾人將得到更多的救濟金。
The deceased died of old age.
死者死于年老。
10. 介詞短語用作主語。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很遠。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.
從延安到南泥灣要三個小時。
11.從句用作主語。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.
你無論什么時候準備好都行。
Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to.
不能說薩利要走因而我們也得走。
12.句子用作主語。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句問候語。
二．謂語
謂語(predicate) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語（助動詞或情態(tài)動詞＋主要動詞）構成。
1．由簡單的動詞構成。
(1). What happened? 發(fā)生了什么事？
(2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。
(3). The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飛機是十點起飛的。
2．由動詞短語構成的謂語。
(1). I am reading. 我在看書。
(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 這半天你在干什么來著？
(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。
3．英語常用某些動作名詞代替表動態(tài)的謂語動詞，表生動。這種動作名詞之前常用沒有多大意義的動詞have, get, take, give 等。如：
(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam）
(2). Take a look at that! 你看看那個！（take a look 代替了 look）
(3). He gave a sigh. 他嘆了口氣。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）
(4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震動。（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，徹底的)）
三．表語
表語的功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說是一種主語補語。它位于聯(lián)系動詞之后，與之構成所謂的系表結構。在系表結構鐘，聯(lián)系動詞只是形式上的謂語，二真正起謂語作用的則是表語。可以作表語的詞有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。
1．The wedding was that Sunday. 婚禮是在那個星期天舉行的。（名詞）
2．So that’s that. 就是這樣。（代詞）
3．We are seven. 我們一共7人。（數(shù)詞）
4．Are you busy? 你有空嗎？（形容詞）
5．Are you there? 你在聽嗎？（電話用語）（副詞）
Is anybody in? 里面有人嗎？ （副詞）
6．All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式）
My answer to his threat（威脅） was to hit him on the nose.
我對他的威脅的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式）
7．Complimenting（贊美，祝賀） is lying. 恭維就是說謊。（動名詞）
Is that asking so much? 這是要的高了嗎？（動名詞）
8．I was so much surprised at it. 我對此事感到很驚訝。（過分）
I’m very pleased with what he has done. 我對他所做的很滿意。（過分）
9．She is in good health. 她很健康。（介詞短語）
The show is from seven till ten. 演出時間為7點至10點。（介詞短語）
10．Is that why you were angry? 這就是你發(fā)怒的原因嗎？（從句）
11．This is where I first met her. 這就是我初次與她會面的地方。（從句）
補充：
能做系動詞的實義動詞：
come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表變化的動詞)
fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感觀動詞）
seem, appear (似乎，好像)
例如：
1．Our dream has come true. 我的夢想實現(xiàn)了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等）
2. He fell sick. 他病了。
Keep fit.保重。
Keep作為系動詞還常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry
3．The well ran dry. 這口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等）
4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.
一個瘦個子似乎比他的實際高度要高些。
四．賓語
賓語（object）在句中主要充當動作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。如：
Our team beat all the others. 我們的球隊打敗了所有其他球隊。
可以用作賓語的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。
1．Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯嗎？（名詞）
2．They won’t hurt us. 他們不會傷害我們。（代詞）
3．If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（數(shù)詞）。
4．I shall do my possible. 我將盡力而為。（名詞化形容詞）
5．He left there last week. 他上個星期離開了那里。（副詞）
6．Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要離開家嗎？（不定式）
7．He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的).
他從不做使人感到意外的事。（名詞化的分詞）
8．Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思嗎？（從句）
擴展：
賓語中有些動詞需要兩個同等的賓語，即直接賓語(direct object)與間接賓語(indirect object)。直接賓語一般指動作的承受者，間接賓語指動作所向的或所為的人和物（多指人），具有這種雙賓語的及物動詞叫做與格動詞(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用，通常放在直接賓語之前。如：I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個職位。
五．補語
補語（complement）是一種補足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補語（subject complement）,補足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補語（object complement）.
(1). 容詞用作主語補語是常置于主語之前，后有逗號。
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。
有時可以置于主語之后，前后都有逗號，與非限定性定語相似。如：
The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.
那人不可置疑地殘酷，不聽取他們的懇求。
(2).可以用做賓語補語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等
1.They named the child Jimmy. 他們將孩子命名為吉米。（名詞用作并與補語）
2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.
我的母親面很嫩，你會以為她是我的姐姐（名詞短語作賓語補語）
3. He boiled the egg hard. 她將雞蛋煮老了。（形容詞用作賓語補語）
3.I found the book very interesting.我發(fā)現(xiàn)那本書很有趣。（形容詞短語用作賓補）
4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.
同志們要白求恩大夫隱蔽一下。（不定式用作賓語補語）
5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把這個叫做拆東墻補西墻。（動名作賓補
6.Don’t take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是當然的事。
六．定語
定語是用來說明名詞（代詞）的品質與特征的詞或一組詞。可用作定語的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句和句子等。
1．形容詞用作定語是大量的。
（1）. She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音樂家。
（2）. He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定語）
2. 名詞用作定語。如
（1）. A baby girl 女嬰
（2）. well water 井水
(3). Sports car 雙座輕型汽車
（4）. A fool’s paradise 夢幻的天堂
2．代詞作定語。
（1）. Your hair needs cutting. 你該理發(fā)了。（物主代詞用作定語）
（2）. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人負責就是無人負責。
（不定代詞所有格作定語）
3．數(shù)詞作定語
（1）. There’s only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。
（2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance.
現(xiàn)在就干吧，你可能再沒有機會了。
基數(shù)詞用作后置定語： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949
4. 副詞充當定語時常后置，如：
the room above 樓上的房間 the world today 今日世界
the way out 出路 a day off 休息日
5．不定式用作定語
（1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘記了答應寫信的事。
（2）. That’s the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。
6．動名詞用作定語.
A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠藥
eating implements 吃飯用具 learning method 學習方法
7．分詞充當定語
a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者
a retired worker 一個退休工人 a faded flower 一朵謝了的花
7．介詞短語用作定語。
（1）. This is a map of China. 這是一幅中國地圖。
（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.
他那兇暴的目光說明得再清楚不過了。
8．從句用作定語，即定語從句
The car that’s parked outside is mine. 停在外面的車是我的。
Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.
我在外面看見你的汽車了，它給另一輛車撞了。
七．同謂語
當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，一個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋另一個句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同謂語（appositive）.這兩個句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔任，同謂語通常皆放在其說明的名詞（代詞）之后。
1．名詞用作同謂語是大量的。
（1）. We have two children, a boy and a girl.我們有兩個孩子，一男一女。
（2）We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我們中國人民決心將中國建成一個強大的繁榮的國家。
2．代詞用作同謂語。
（1）。They all wanted to see him. 他們都想見他。
（2）。Let’s you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱們倆去工作吧。
3．數(shù)詞用作同謂語。
（1）。Are you two ready?你們倆準備好了嗎？
（2）。They two went, we three stayed behind.他們倆去了，我們?nèi)齻€留了下來。
4．不定式與動名詞用作同謂語。
（1）。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他們最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提議遭到了某些人的反對。
（2）。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.
第一個計劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。
5．Of 短語用作同謂語
The city of Rome 羅馬城 the art of writing 寫作藝術
The vice of smoking 吸煙嗜好
6．從句用同謂語，即同謂語重句
（1）。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
明天放假的消息不確。
（2）。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.
我們不是在調查他是否可信賴的問題。
八．狀語
狀語（adverbial）是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。。如：
1．The girl is improving remarkably. 這個女孩大有進步。
2．可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。
（1）。副詞最常用作狀語，位置比較靈活，可置句末、句首和句中。
He speaks the language badly but read it well.
這種語言，他講得不好，但閱讀能力很強。
Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.
當我們期望旅館的旅客把房門鎖上。
3．狀語按用途來分，可以分為時間、地點、方式、原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等
（1）。時間狀語，多位于句末和句首，有時亦可置于句中
Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?
In China now leads the world.
(2).地點狀語，多置于句末，有時也位于句首和句中。
There are plenty of fish in the sea.
She kissed her mother on the platform(月臺).
（3）。原因狀語，包括表理由的狀語，多置于句末，有時亦可置于句首。
Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.
I eat potatoes because I like them.
(4). 結果狀語，多由不定式、分詞和從句表示，常位于句末。
She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.
She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.
(5). 目的狀語，多由不定式、介詞短語和從句等表示，常位于句末，強調時可以置于句首。
He ran for shelter(隱蔽處).他跑去避雨。
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
(6). 條件狀語。多由短語和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。
We’ll be lucky to get there before dark.
If he were to come, what should we say to him?
(7). 讓步狀語，由短語和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。
For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他盡管有錢，但似乎并不幸福。
He helped me although he didn’t know me.
(8).程度狀語。常由副詞、介詞短語及從句等表示。
The lecture is very interesting.
To what extent would you trust them? 你對他們信任程度如何？
（9）。伴隨狀語，常由短語和獨立主格等表示。對位于句末和句首。
My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.
He stood there ,pipe(煙斗) in mouth.
英語句子成分基礎練習及答案（一）
(一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 (4分，4分鐘)
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二). 選出句中謂語的中心詞 (10分，10分鐘)
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B. did C. whom D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘）
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
A B C D
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
A B C D
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
A B C D
⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
A B C D
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
A B C D
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
A B C D
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
A B C D
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
A B C D
(四) 挑出下列句中的表語 (5分，5分鐘)
① The old man was feeling very tired.
A B C D
② Why is he worried about Jim?
A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
A B C D
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
A B C D
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
A B C D
(五) 挑出下列句中的定語 (6分，6分鐘)
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.
A B C D
② What is your given name?
A B C D
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
A B C D
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
A B C D
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
A B C D
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
A B C D
(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 (6分，6分鐘)
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
A B C D
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
A B C D
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
A B C D
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
A B C D
(七) 挑出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘）
① There was a big smile on her face.
A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
A B C D
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.
A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C D
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
A B C D
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
A B C D
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
A B C D
(八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 (5分，5分鐘)
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
答案
(一) ① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二) ① B ② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C ⑨ A ⑩ A
(三) ① D ② D ③ B ④ A ⑤ B ⑥ D ⑦ C ⑧ D ⑨ A ⑩ D
(四) ①D ②B ③D ④C ⑤B
(五) ① C ② C ③ A ④ B ⑤ B ⑥ D
(六) ① C ② C ③ C ④ C ⑤ D ⑥ B
(七) ① D ② A ③ D ④ D ⑤ A ⑥ D ⑦ C ⑧ D
(八) ① us, 間接賓語 a story, 直接賓語
② me, 間接賓語 a new bike, 直接賓語 ③ us, 間接賓語 history, 直接賓語
④ Tom, 間接賓語 it, 直接賓語 ⑤ me, 間接賓語 message, 直接賓語
