01、事故類(lèi)型

What the type of casualty

非常嚴(yán)重的海上傷亡事故：一水被錨機(jī)爆炸的碎片擊中

Very serious marine casualty: able seaman struck by debris from exploding windlassMotor

02、事故經(jīng)過(guò)

What happened?   

一艘總噸39000的散貨船在港口主管機(jī)關(guān)指定的錨位錨泊，等待泊位裝煤。第二天，主管機(jī)關(guān)指示該船將其錨位向南移，然后該船重新拋錨，拋?zhàn)箦^七節(jié)甲板。該錨地53米深的海床是由細(xì)沙和貝殼組成的混合物。

While waiting for its berth to load a cargo of coal, a 39,000 GT bulk carrier anchored in a designated anchoring position as provided by the port authority. The next day the port authority instructed the vessel to shift its anchor position further south, and the vessel then re-anchored and brought up to seven shackles on deck on its port anchor. The nature of the sea-bed at a depth of 53 metres was a mixture of fine sand and shells.

兩天后，該船仍在錨地的時(shí)候，海上風(fēng)速增加到6級(jí)，海浪約為2-3米。大副被派去檢查錨鏈。大副報(bào)告說(shuō)，錨機(jī)上有灰塵，錨鏈有受力的情況，船艏的制鏈器也彎曲了。

Two days later, while still at anchor the wind speed increased to Force 6. Sea swell was about 2-3 metres. The chief mate was sent to check on the anchor cable. The officer reported dust coming out of the windlass, there was excessive weight on the anchor cable and the bow securing pin was bent.

右舷錨的船艏制鏈器被用來(lái)替換左舷錨鏈上的制鏈器，后者也在不久后彎曲了。然后船舶制作了一根不銹鋼桿來(lái)代替新彎曲的制鏈器。

The bow securing pin from the starboard anchor was used to replace the one on the port anchor cable, which also got bent shortly afterwards. A stainless steel rod was then fabricated on board to replace the newly bent pin.

在夜間，被要求檢查錨鏈狀況的值班駕駛員報(bào)告說(shuō)，該船與最近船舶的距離正在縮短，并確認(rèn)本船正在走錨。于是呼叫了機(jī)艙備車(chē)。錨機(jī)的液壓動(dòng)力裝置被打開(kāi)，大副和六名船員在艏樓準(zhǔn)備起錨。當(dāng)錨鏈垂直時(shí)，船長(zhǎng)使用主機(jī)（半速前進(jìn)），使本船駛離附近船舶。當(dāng)該船前進(jìn)時(shí)，錨鏈向后，拖錨前進(jìn)。隨后，錨鏈?zhǔn)芰p小，錨鏈又回到了垂直的狀態(tài)，起錨重新開(kāi)始。船長(zhǎng)隨后通知主管機(jī)關(guān)打算轉(zhuǎn)移拋錨的位置。

At night time the duty officer, who was asked to check on the condition of the cable, reported that the distance from the nearest ship was reducing and confirmed that own vessel was dragging anchor. Stations were called and main engines were prepared. The hydraulic powerpack for the windlass was switched on. The chief officer, along with six crew at the forecastle,prepared to heave the anchor. As the cable was up and down, the master used the engines(half ahead) to keep the vessel away from dragging onto the nearby ship. The anchor cablelay astern as the vessel moved ahead and dredged on its anchor. Subsequently, moderateweight came on the cable and the cable came back to up and down. Heaving of the anchorresumed. The master then notified the port authority of his intention to shift the anchor position.

隨后，錨鏈的方向在不斷的發(fā)生變化。在某一時(shí)刻，當(dāng)錨鏈向船尾傾斜時(shí)，錨無(wú)法再向上升起。在繼續(xù)嘗試起錨的過(guò)程中，船員看到左舷錨機(jī)發(fā)出火花。錨機(jī)操作員一水旋緊錨鏈剎車(chē)。不久之后，錨機(jī)馬達(dá)發(fā)生爆炸，爆炸產(chǎn)生的飛濺碎片擊中了該水手的脖子和下巴。

Subsequently, the lay of the anchor cable changed from up and down to ahead medium stay to abeam short stay to astern. At some point when the cable was leading astern the anchorcould not be heaved up any further. As the attempt to heave the anchor continued, the crew saw sparks flying out of the port windlass. The windlass operator, an able seaman, applied the brake on the anchor cable. Soon after, the windlass motor exploded and flying debris from the explosion hit the windlass operator on his neck and jaw.

其他船員停止了對(duì)錨機(jī)的供電，并重新制動(dòng)。船員們對(duì)受傷水手進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)急救和傷口的按壓。船長(zhǎng)請(qǐng)求醫(yī)療援助。一小時(shí)后，受傷的水手不再有反應(yīng)，隨后被救護(hù)人員宣布死亡。之后用右舷錨機(jī)將左舷的錨吊了起來(lái)。發(fā)現(xiàn)錨與海床上一條廢棄的錨鏈攪在了一起。

The power to the windlass was stopped by the other crew and the brake was re-applied.On-site first aid and pressure to the wound of the injured operator were applied by the crew.The master requested medical assistance. An hour later the injured operator stoppedresponding and was declared deceased by paramedics an hour thereafter.The port anchor was subsequently heaved up using the motor from the starboard windlass.The anchor was noted to be fouled with an abandoned anchor chain on the sea-bed.

03、事故原因

Why did it happen?

左舷錨起液壓馬達(dá)反向操作會(huì)導(dǎo)致液壓馬達(dá)內(nèi)部因正向流量作用造成壓力嚴(yán)重上升，從而使液壓馬達(dá)爆炸。

Operation of the port windlass hydraulic motor in the reverse direction would have resulted in severe rise of hydraulic pressure inside the motor due to the positive displacement pumping action, causing the motor to explode.

由于拖拽錨鏈，船舶在惡劣條件下劇烈晃動(dòng)和傾斜造成的沖擊載荷，鏈條與船體摩擦造成的摩擦力，以及被遺棄的錨鏈纏繞，都超過(guò)了錨機(jī)的負(fù)荷。

The loading capacity of the windlass was exceeded due to dragging anchor,shock loading due to heavy rolling and pitching of the vessel in severe conditions,frictional force due to chain rubbing against the hull and fouling of the anchor by an abandoned anchor chain.

船長(zhǎng)沒(méi)有充分評(píng)估錨地未來(lái)的天氣狀況，沒(méi)有在天氣惡化前做好起錨的準(zhǔn)備。

The master had not fully assessed the future weather conditions at the anchorage to prepare for heaving the anchor before the weather worsened.

錨機(jī)制造商沒(méi)有在現(xiàn)有船舶的錨機(jī)周?chē)峁┤魏伟踩雷o(hù)裝置來(lái)保護(hù)船員。然而，在新的船舶上卻提供了這些防護(hù)裝置。

The windlass manufacturer had not provided any safety guards around the windlass on existing vessels to protect the crew. These however had been provided on new vessels.

04、事故啟示

What can we learn? 

在船上進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)呐嘤?xùn)和熟悉是必要的，以確保正確的處理錨機(jī)，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是諸如走錨、惡劣的天氣條件、錨有污垢等情況下，可能會(huì)對(duì)錨機(jī)設(shè)備造成過(guò)大的負(fù)荷。

Appropriate training and familiarization on board is necessary to ensure thecorrect handling procedure for the anchor windlass and vessel, with specialemphasis on circumstances such as anchor dragging, adverse weatherconditions, anchor fouling, etc. which may place excessive load on the windlassequipment.

惡劣的天氣條件會(huì)給錨機(jī)馬達(dá)帶來(lái)過(guò)大的負(fù)荷，船員應(yīng)及時(shí)采取適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)防措施以避免這種負(fù)荷。

Severe weather conditions can place excessive loads on the windlass motor and ship's crew should take appropriate precautions in a timely manner to avoid such loads.

物理防護(hù)裝置可以保護(hù)船員免受錨機(jī)液壓馬達(dá)潛在爆炸的影響。

Physical guards may protect crew from potential explosion of a windlass hydraulic motor.

05、本文對(duì)誰(shuí)有用？

Who may benefit? 

海員、船東、船舶經(jīng)營(yíng)人。

Seafarers, shipowners, ship managers.