中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會胰腺病學專業(yè)委員會 通信作者:李兆申,海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,上海200433,Email:zhsl@vip.163.com; 金震東,海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科, 上海200433,Email:zhendjin@126.com;李汛,蘭州大學第一醫(yī)院外科,蘭州730013,Email:lxdr21@126.com 胰腺囊性腫瘤(pancreatic cystic neoplasm,PCN)是指源于胰腺導管上皮和(或)間質(zhì)組織的囊性腫瘤性病變,主要包括黏液性囊性腫瘤(mucinous cystic neoplasm,MCN)、導管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN)、漿液性囊腺瘤(serous cystic neoplasm,SCN)、實性假乳頭狀腫瘤(solid pseudopapillary neoplasm,SPN)和囊性神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(cystic neuroendocrine tumour,cNET)。部分PCN存在惡變?yōu)橐认賹Ч芟侔┑娘L險,因此其鑒別診斷具有重要的臨床意義。對PCN患者進行隨訪的主要目的是緩解臨床癥狀和(或)預防惡性腫瘤發(fā)生,同時避免臨床上的過度治療?,F(xiàn)國際上基于PCN癥狀和腫瘤風險的監(jiān)測及手術指征的指南主要包括2015年美國胃腸病學會(2015 AGA)指南[1]、2017年國際胰腺病學會(2017 IAP)指南[2]、2018年歐洲胰腺囊性腫瘤研究小組(2018 ESG)指南[3]和2018年美國胃腸病學院(2018 ACG)指南[4];但上述國際指南在我國應用尚存在諸多現(xiàn)實問題,而國內(nèi)缺乏相應指南或共識,導致PCN臨床診斷標準不一、缺乏規(guī)范的問題較為突出。為此,由國家消化病臨床醫(yī)學研究中心(上海)和中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會胰腺病學專業(yè)委員會牽頭,組織消化內(nèi)鏡、胰腺外科和影像介入等領域的專家,依據(jù)已發(fā)表的國內(nèi)外文獻,并結(jié)合專家意見,采用改良Delphi法,通過多輪投票與集體討論的方式,根據(jù)PCN臨床癥狀、影像或內(nèi)鏡診斷以及隨訪策略等12個臨床問題,共提出了17條推薦意見(表1)。由海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科成立指南起草小組對指南進行起草和修訂,最終制訂了本指南。本指南基于推薦意見分級的評估、制定及評價(grading of recommendation assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)方法,將證據(jù)質(zhì)量分為高(A)、中(B)、低(C)、極低(D)4個等級,將推薦意見分為強、弱2個級別。 大多數(shù)PCN無癥狀,需謹慎地將癥狀歸結(jié)于PCN所致。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:D;推薦強度:弱) 大多數(shù)PCN為偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),且約51.1%患者缺乏典型的胰腺疾病相關癥狀如腹痛、黃疸和血糖異常[5?7]。腹痛的發(fā)生可能與主胰管受累的IPMN產(chǎn)生大量黏蛋白有關。這些患者的主胰管可因黏蛋白堵塞進而產(chǎn)生胰腺炎,引起上腹部不適、急性腹痛伴腰背部放射痛以及血清淀粉酶升高等。進行性的炎癥改變也可導致胰腺永久性結(jié)構損傷,使得其內(nèi)分泌和外分泌功能受損。繼發(fā)于主胰管阻塞和纖維化的胰腺萎縮會產(chǎn)生內(nèi)分泌和外分泌不足。PCN還可對膽總管產(chǎn)生外源性壓迫導致膽汁流出道梗阻,產(chǎn)生黃疸。黃疸還可繼發(fā)于黏蛋白堵塞膽總管或腫瘤直接侵犯膽總管。黃疸和腹痛的發(fā)生主要與晚期腫瘤有關,但亦可發(fā)生于惡性程度低的PCN患者中。 表1 中國胰腺囊性病灶診斷共識問題及推薦意見
注:PCN為胰腺囊性腫瘤;EUS為超聲內(nèi)鏡檢查術;EUS?FNA/FNB為超聲內(nèi)鏡引導下細針穿刺抽吸/活檢;EUS?TTNB為超聲內(nèi)鏡引導經(jīng)穿刺針活檢鉗活檢術;nCLE為細針型共聚焦激光顯微內(nèi)鏡;CE?EUS為對比增強EUS;MD?IPMN為主胰管型胰腺導管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤;MT?IPMN為混合型胰腺導管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤;MRI為磁共振成像;MCN為黏液性囊腺瘤;SCN為漿液性囊腺瘤;MRCP為磁共振胰膽管造影 大部分偶發(fā)性PCN患者無明顯癥狀,但在外科手術病例中有癥狀PCN患者的比例較高,為50%~84%[5,7?8],其中產(chǎn)黏液PCN是最常見類型[9]。一項納入了13項研究的薈萃分析評估了癥狀和IPMN惡變的關系[10],顯示癥狀和IPMN惡變之間的相關性較弱(OR=1.6,95%CI:1.0~2.6)。一項納入134例手術患者的研究結(jié)果顯示,PCN最常見癥狀為腹痛(69%),其次為體重減輕(38%)、胰腺炎(36%)、黃疸(18%)、背痛(18%)、腹部包塊(5%)和餐后飽脹(4%)[5]。在這些PCN手術患者當中,44%發(fā)生胰腺炎,且最初被誤診為假性囊腫,提示PCN可引起急性胰腺炎,因此對于40歲以上患有急性胰腺炎和囊腫的患者需謹慎評估。 大多數(shù)PCN不引起癥狀,因此針對非特異性癥狀需要仔細地進行臨床鑒別。2018年ACG指南指出,應謹慎地將癥狀歸因于PCN所致[4]。本指南建議患者癥狀和體征是PCN患者初診的重要依據(jù),但其診斷準確性較低,不建議僅根據(jù)癥狀和體征來診斷PCN,應結(jié)合其他診斷工具或手段綜合判斷。 MRI檢查是診斷PCN的首選方法。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:A;推薦級別:強) 無論腫瘤內(nèi)為黏液或者漿液,P0CN均為液體成分。MRI的T2加權成像(T2 weighted imaging,T2WI)對液體成分極為敏感,表現(xiàn)為高信號,增加了PCN陽性檢出率。其次,MRI另一個優(yōu)勢序列是磁共振胰膽管成像(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP),其利用水的長T2特性,采用T2權重極重的T2WI序列,即選擇較長的回波時間(500 ms以上),所采集圖像的信號來自于水樣結(jié)構,主要顯示胰管、膽管及其分支結(jié)構等,是判斷PCN與胰管關系的最佳序列。其中三維MRCP(3D?MRCP)掃描還可通過后期重建,充分顯示病變與胰管關系,有利于分支胰管型IPMN與其他PCN的鑒別。再次,MRI具有較好的軟組織分辨度,尤其是T1加權成像(T1 weighted imaging,T1WI),對發(fā)現(xiàn)PCN內(nèi)的壁結(jié)節(jié)具有較強的優(yōu)勢,結(jié)合對比劑注射后的強化特征,可以判斷PCN是否有惡變傾向。最后,MRI中的彌散加權成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)是一種無創(chuàng)性評價生物體內(nèi)水分子擴散運動狀態(tài)的成像技術,它為組織成像對比提供了新的角度和技術,對判斷PCN有無惡變傾向提供有力證據(jù),是SCN與胰腺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤鑒別的重要序列。 多項研究結(jié)果表明[11?33],CT診斷PCN的準確率為39%~61.4%,MRI診斷PCN的準確率為50%~86%;在PCN良惡性鑒別方面,CT的準確率為61.9%~80%,MRI的準確率為55.6%~87%;PET?CT診斷惡性囊性病變的靈敏度為85.7%~100%,準確率為88%~95%。另外,2021年一項納入17項研究的薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,MRI和CT鑒別PCN良惡性的靈敏度(P=0.822)和特異度(P=0.096)差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。兩項針對觀察者間一致性的研究結(jié)果顯示,MRI在區(qū)分不同類型PCN方面的觀察者間一致性為中等[19,34]。同時,不同的研究結(jié)果表明,MRI聯(lián)合CT相比任何單一影像學檢查可增加PCN診斷的準確率[13,22]。考慮到CT和MRI目前在我國各級醫(yī)療單位較為普及且費用經(jīng)濟,因此亦推薦有條件的單位可聯(lián)合多種影像學手段評估PCN,以增加其診斷準確率。 影像學如提示存在腫瘤最大徑≥3 cm、壁結(jié)節(jié)>5 mm、囊壁增厚或強化、主胰管擴張>5 mm、胰管截斷伴遠側(cè)胰腺萎縮、淋巴結(jié)腫大、CA19?9升高、腫瘤增長速度≥5 mm/2年等高危征象時,建議行EUS進一步評估。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:D;推薦級別:弱) EUS聯(lián)合其他影像學檢查可提高PCN的診斷準確率。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:D;推薦級別:弱) EUS可實時動態(tài)近距離對PCN進行精細掃查,能夠較好地顯示分隔、壁結(jié)節(jié)等囊腔內(nèi)結(jié)構以及血流情況,并可經(jīng)超聲內(nèi)鏡引導下細針穿刺抽吸/活檢(EUS?guided fine needle aspiration/biopsy,EUS?FNA/FNB)行囊液細胞學及生物化學分析,對PCN的診斷和鑒別診斷具有重要意義。如PCN具有可疑或高危的臨床或影像學征象(即壁結(jié)節(jié)、胰管擴張或囊壁增厚伴強化),則EUS可作為其他影像學檢查的輔助手段,以指導患者的個體化治療。因EUS為侵入性檢查,因此不建議將EUS作為診斷明確且無相關高危征象囊腫的首選檢查方法。 研究表明,EUS鑒別良惡性PCN的準確率與MRI和CT相當(65%~96%)[35?36];而多項研究顯示EUS相比其他影像學技術如MRI或CT在診斷諸如壁結(jié)節(jié)、分隔等方面更有優(yōu)勢[12,14,35]。一項多中心的前瞻性觀察性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當MRI和EUS聯(lián)用時,相比單獨使用任一種檢查方式對鑒別IPMN或MCN合并惡變的靈敏度更高[37]。另一項更大規(guī)模的回顧性研究顯示,當EUS聯(lián)合使用CT或MRI時可增加診斷的準確率[17]。而2021年一項納入17項研究的薈萃分析顯示在鑒別PCN良惡性方面,EUS(75%)相比MRI(80%)的特異度較低[33]。2017年IAP指南指出影像學提示存在擔憂特征(worrisome feature)的PCN患者建議行EUS評估。本指南建議對具有高危征象的PCN可行EUS評估。EUS聯(lián)合不同影像學檢查可提高PCN的診斷準確率。 對于影像學檢查不能確定性質(zhì)的PCN或EUS?FNA/FNB可能改變治療策略時,建議行EUS?FNA/FNB。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 迄今為止,各指南對于PCN行EUS?FNA/FNB的適應證并未統(tǒng)一。2015年AGA發(fā)布的指南推薦對于至少有2項惡性高危因素的PCN行EUS?FNA[1]。2018年ESG指南將EUS?FNA在可能改變PCN治療策略的情況下則定義為適應證[3];而影像學診斷明確或有外科手術適應證的PCN則不應行EUS?FNA。2018年ACG指南推薦PCN診斷不明、而EUS?FNA可改變疾病診斷時行EUS?FNA[4]。一項納入40項研究、共5 124例PCN患者的薈萃分析認為EUS?FNA是診斷PCN的安全的方法,且不良事件發(fā)生率相對較低,僅為2.66%,且大多數(shù)不良事件為輕微的、自限性的,不需要醫(yī)療干預[38]。另一項多中心、隨機、非劣效性臨床研究認為,接受EUS?FNA的PCN患者感染風險較低。與未使用預防性抗生素的患者比較,感染發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[39]。綜合以上證據(jù)及《中國內(nèi)鏡超聲引導下細針穿刺抽吸/活檢術應用指南(2021,上海)》[40],本指南推薦影像學檢查如CT、MRI或EUS難以明確PCN性質(zhì)的情況下,且EUS?FNA/FNB可以改變治療策略時則考慮行EUS?FNA/FNB。 囊液分析如拉絲試驗、細胞學指標、淀粉酶、CEA、葡萄糖檢測及KRAS/GNAS基因突變分析可用于鑒別PCN類型。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 通過EUS?FNA可獲取PCN囊液,囊液拉絲試驗、生物化學指標分析、腫瘤標志物檢測、基因分子檢測等有助于明確病變性質(zhì)和分型及鑒別病變良惡性。 拉絲試驗是鑒別黏液性和非黏液性PCN的一項操作簡單方便的方法。黏液性PCN通常含有高度黏稠的囊液[41?44]。該試驗即在拇指和食指之間放置一滴囊液并拉伸,如囊液拉長>3.5 mm提示拉絲試驗陽性,即PCN為黏液性,其靈敏度和特異度分別為58%和95%[42?43]。拉絲試驗的缺陷主要是觀察者間一致性存在較大差異[45]。 EUS?FNA囊液細胞學分析可提高PCN診斷的準確率[46],但診斷靈敏度低,即使在脫落細胞中未檢出惡性腫瘤細胞,也不可能完全排除惡性[47]。一項對937例患者的薈萃分析表明,囊液細胞學診斷PCN的靈敏度為63%,特異度為88%[48]。另一項薈萃分析結(jié)果提示,細胞學檢查的靈敏度和特異度分別為51%和94%[49]。 囊液淀粉酶水平可作為一個排他性診斷的指標,即低水平囊液淀粉酶(<250 IU/L)可以排除98%假性囊腫[50]。 囊液CEA水平鑒別黏液和非黏液性PCN的準確率為60%~86%,高水平的囊液CEA往往提示黏液性PCN[50?51]?,F(xiàn)行指南如2017年IAP、2017年ESGE、2018年ESG指南均推薦臨界值水平為192 ng/mL;但該值的界定僅基于一項納入112例患者的前瞻性研究[52]。2018年一項系統(tǒng)回顧顯示CEA閾值為20 ng/mL時,其特異度和靈敏度分別為91%和93%[53]。將該值水平提高(>800 ng/mL)或降低(5 ng/mL),其對IPMN或MCN和非黏液性PCN診斷的特異度可提高到95%以上,但靈敏度降低至50%[50]。其他囊液蛋白生物標志物包括CA72?4、CA125、CA19?9或CA15?3診斷PCN的準確率均低于CEA,因此未作為常規(guī)使用[50]。 囊液葡萄糖在鑒別黏液和非黏液性PCN方面有較高的準確性,且葡萄糖檢測經(jīng)濟、快速,應作為臨床常規(guī)檢測手段。囊內(nèi)葡萄糖濃度低可預測黏液性PCN,而高濃度葡萄糖則提示漿液性PCN。2021年一項研究顯示囊液葡萄糖濃度<50 mg/dL診斷黏液性PCN的靈敏度明顯高于CEA水平>192 ng/mL的患者(93.6%比54.8%)[54]。一項包含7項研究566例患者的薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,較低囊液葡萄糖濃度(臨界值<50 mg/dL)區(qū)分黏液性和非黏液性PCN的靈敏度為90.1%,特異度為85.3%[55]。最新的一項薈萃分析包含8項研究609例PCN患者,結(jié)果顯示,囊液葡萄糖較CEA診斷黏液和非黏液性PCN靈敏度更高(91%比56%),聯(lián)合囊液CEA和葡萄糖檢測可提高診斷的準確率[56]。 大多數(shù)指南認為分子標志物檢測一般用于科研而非臨床。2018年ACG指南建議在囊性疾病分型診斷不確定的情況下,當檢測結(jié)果可能改變治療時,可以考慮使用分子標志物[4]。目前已對囊液中的DNA、RNA、蛋白質(zhì)和代謝組學標志物分析進行了應用,其中大多數(shù)仍處于早期開發(fā)階段,尚未轉(zhuǎn)化為臨床實踐。一項薈萃分析(6項研究、785例PCN患者)結(jié)果顯示,囊液KRAS、GNAS基因雙重突變診斷黏液性PCN的靈敏度、特異度、準確率分別為75%、99%、97%,診斷IPMN的靈敏度、特異度、準確率分別為94%、91%和97%[56]。但由于基因檢測成本高,部分醫(yī)療機構受資源、設備的限制,KRAS/GNAS等基因突變分析未列為常規(guī)應用。本指南建議對某些PCN診斷不明,但明確診斷可能改變治療時,可考慮使用高度敏感的技術對突變基因進行分析。 EUS?TTNB相比EUS?FNA能顯著提高PCN的診斷效能,同時EUS?TTNB不良事件發(fā)生率較低。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:B;推薦強度:弱) EUS?TTNB是通過19 G穿刺針插入一種切割式微活檢鉗,抓取囊壁組織以進行細胞組織學分析的一項技術。目前,該項技術是胰腺囊性病變的研究熱點。多項研究結(jié)果顯示,EUS?TTNB相比FNA能夠顯著提高鑒別PCN類型的診斷效能,另外EUS?TTNB與術后病理的診斷一致性相比FNA也明顯增加[57?63]。EUS?TTNB相關不良事件發(fā)生率各家報道不一。其中主要包括囊壁內(nèi)出血和胰腺炎,發(fā)生率為5%和2.3%[61?62]。以上不良事件大多數(shù)呈自限性,通常不需要額外的醫(yī)療干預。因此,從目前研究結(jié)果來看,EUS?TTNB在區(qū)別PCN類型、甄別良惡性方面相比FNA具有獨到優(yōu)勢,應用前景良好。 nCLE應使用于擬行手術治療而無法排除SCN的PCN患者。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:B;推薦強度:弱) nCLE(也稱為細針型共聚焦)是將顯微鏡成像與內(nèi)鏡整合在一起的新型技術,可通過穿刺針(目前最細為19 G)活檢孔道的共聚焦探頭,實時觀察囊腫內(nèi)壁細胞水平的結(jié)構,達到近似活體病理診斷的目的。nCLE觀察到表面血管網(wǎng)、腺上皮和微絨毛結(jié)構分別提示SCN、MCN和IPMN診斷。多項回顧性分析和前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)nCLE在鑒別胰腺漿液性腫瘤和黏液性腫瘤(包括IPMN和MCN)方面價值較高。2022年的兩項薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,nCLE診斷PCN的靈敏度為85%~90%,特異度為96%~99%[67?68]。一項研究顯示如能通過nCLE準確找出SCN,可以減少23%的手術干預、0.4%的手術死亡以及27%的醫(yī)療支出[69]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)nCLE與微活檢鉗囊壁活檢相比診斷效能相當,但診斷率更高[70]。 nCLE最常見的并發(fā)癥是急性胰腺炎和囊內(nèi)出血,早期報道發(fā)生率在7%~9%[71?72],近年來可以控制在1%~3%[67?68]。對于準備行手術治療的PCN患者,如無法排除SCN的可能,應行nCLE觀察,如能找到典型的表面血管網(wǎng)結(jié)構,可以確診SCN,從而避免不必要的手術。 目前的nCLE研究即使是前瞻性的,入組患者能獲得病理診斷的比例大多不高(低于50%),確切診斷無法獲知,一定程度上削弱了研究結(jié)果的可靠性。因此,2018年ESG指南指出應進行更多相關的研究以提供有力的證據(jù)來證實nCLE的價值[3]。本指南推薦nCLE可應用于擬行手術治療而無法排除SCN的PCN患者,以避免不必要的手術。 CE?EUS可顯示病變血供,建議使用CE?EUS進一步評估壁結(jié)節(jié),亦有助于評估囊內(nèi)血管和分隔。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:B;推薦強度:弱) CE?EUS上出現(xiàn)壁結(jié)節(jié)、實性腫塊或分隔的過度強化,需警惕病變惡變可能,應考慮對病變處進行EUS?FNA。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:B;推薦強度:弱) 1995年Kato等[73]首次報道了腹腔干內(nèi)注入二氧化碳進行CE?EUS掃查的研究。隨著各種可用于對比增強多普勒EUS的對比劑被開發(fā),對比增強諧波EUS(contrast harmonic?EUS,CH?EUS)于2008年問世[74]。CE?EUS對比劑一般由直徑2~5 μm充滿氣體的微泡組成,外包磷脂或脂質(zhì)外殼[75]。經(jīng)外周靜脈給藥后,對比劑中的微泡受超聲波的破壞或擊打產(chǎn)生共振,從而產(chǎn)生超聲圖像中的高信號,偽影非常低。CE?EUS對胰腺實性和囊性病變的定性以及對胰腺癌的分期與對病變血管的評估至關重要,尤其對于PCN,CE?EUS可增加壁結(jié)節(jié)和其他非增強固體成分(即黏液塊或碎片)在超聲顯示圖中的差別。它不僅可以顯示最小的細節(jié)如小間隔,還可以觀察微氣泡在毛細血管床的運動,因此CE?EUS能以非常高的分辨率檢測到囊性病變的囊壁或結(jié)節(jié)的血管[76?77]。PCN中可觀察到壁結(jié)節(jié)血管,而發(fā)育不良的胰腺囊腫(dysontogenetic pancreatic cysts)和假性囊腫中則觀察不到此類現(xiàn)象。2013年的一項前瞻性研究評估了17例因IPMN伴壁結(jié)節(jié)而接受手術切除患者的CE?EUS結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)CE?EUS檢測IPMN壁結(jié)節(jié)的靈敏度、特異度和準確率分別為100%、80%和92%,而對比增強多排CT的靈敏度及特異度分別為58%和100%[78]。2016年一項回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在通過CT、MRI或EUS檢查后,427例分支胰管型IPMN患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)21例病變存在壁結(jié)節(jié),CE?EUS顯示其中14例患者中壁結(jié)節(jié)為無血供模式,3例為等血供模式,4例為富血供模式,未發(fā)現(xiàn)病變表現(xiàn)為乏血供模式。14例顯示為無血供模式的患者最終被診斷患有帶黏液栓的IPMN,避免了不必要的手術[79]。2019年發(fā)表的一項前瞻性研究共納入82例經(jīng)手術病理證實為PCN的患者,將CE?EUS對PCN分類的診斷準確率與CT、MRI和EUS分別進行了比較,結(jié)果顯示,CE?EUS在識別PCN方面較CT(92.3%比76.9%)、MRI(93.0%比78.9%)、EUS(92.7%比84.2%)準確率更高,且良惡性病變的增強模式差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。將增強模式作為惡性病變診斷標準,靈敏度、特異度和準確率分別為80%、65.3%和67.1%[80]。另一項薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,CE?EUS的集合靈敏度為88.2%(95%CI:0.827~0.925),特異度為79.1%(95%CI:0.745~0.833),診斷準確率為89.6%(95%CI:0.834~0.958);若使用CH?EUS進行分析,則集合靈敏度可增加到97.0%(95%CI:0.925~0.992),特異度增加到90.4%(95%CI:0.852~0.942),診斷準確率增加到95.6%(95%CI:0.926~0.987)[81]。因此,與CT、MRI和常規(guī)EUS相比,CE?EUS在區(qū)分PCN方面的效果更好,可以檢測出真正的壁結(jié)節(jié),假陰性率低,正逐漸成為診斷PCN的一項重要影像技術[82]。 CE?EUS還有助于評估結(jié)節(jié)形態(tài)學特征,進而預測腫瘤惡性程度(腺瘤與癌變)。Ohno等[83]研究將觀察到的壁結(jié)節(jié)根據(jù)CE?EUS檢查結(jié)果分為4種類型:低乳頭狀結(jié)節(jié)、息肉狀結(jié)節(jié)、乳頭狀結(jié)節(jié)和浸潤性結(jié)節(jié)。多變量Logistic回歸分析顯示乳頭狀或浸潤性結(jié)節(jié)(OR=10.8,95%CI:2.75~56.1)及有癥狀的IPMN(OR=4.31,95%CI:1.37~14.7)是惡性IPMN的獨立風險因素;CE?EUS上存在乳頭狀和浸潤性結(jié)節(jié)預測惡性IPMN的靈敏度為60%,特異度為92.9%,準確率為75.9%,提示CE?EUS可通過檢測和評估壁結(jié)節(jié)大小及形態(tài)特征,確保預測惡性腫瘤的最佳性能[84]。對于胰腺手術后的監(jiān)測,2018年的一項單中心回顧性研究通過對IPMN手術切除后患者的術后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),CE?EUS檢測到了最初在對比度增強CT或EUS?FNA上漏掉的小病灶[85]。 總體而言,由于CE?EUS在評估壁結(jié)節(jié)方面的良好能力,CE?EUS可用于進一步評估可疑的壁結(jié)節(jié)和囊性病灶內(nèi)的血管及分隔。CE?EUS上出現(xiàn)壁結(jié)節(jié)、實性腫塊或分隔的過度強化,需警惕其惡變可能,應考慮對病變處進行EUS?FNA。但由于觀察者之間的不一致性產(chǎn)生的影響不容忽視,還需進一步的研究來驗證CE?EUS的效用以擴大其在PCN管理中的應用。 合并高危征象或臨床難以鑒別的主胰管型IPMN或混合型IPMN推薦行胰管鏡檢查。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 2007年單人操作胰管鏡系統(tǒng)被首次報道[86]。胰管鏡的獨特優(yōu)勢在于可直接觀察主胰管并可以進行組織學活檢?,F(xiàn)行胰管鏡系統(tǒng)可通過十二指腸鏡的工作通道,且胰管鏡本身自帶活檢工作通道,可直視下通過活檢鉗進行組織病理學取材。胰管鏡用于診斷目的主要有兩個適應證:(1)直視下觀察IPMN同時獲得組織病理學[87]。(2)用于胰管的觀察以鑒別良惡性疾病,有助于決定手術切除范圍[88]。 多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胰管鏡在IPMN診斷、評估嚴重程度方面具有一定的價值[89?94]。2018年一項納入31例患者的多中心回顧性研究結(jié)果顯示,胰管鏡在42%的CT或EUS陰性的患者中有陽性發(fā)現(xiàn)[90]。2014年一項納入41例患者的前瞻性研究結(jié)果顯示,胰管鏡可為多數(shù)患者提供額外的診斷信息并可影響76%的臨床決策[89]。2022年一項薈萃分析顯示IPMN患者行胰管鏡檢查的診斷準確率高,且能夠改變13%~62%的手術決策[93];但該項薈萃分析亦指出,胰管鏡檢查的不良事件發(fā)生率約為12%,其中約10%為術后胰腺炎。 2018年ESG指南指出應行更多研究來驗證胰管鏡在IPMN中的作用,故不推薦用于臨床。因此本指南建議胰管鏡應在有經(jīng)驗的大型臨床醫(yī)學中心進行。合并高危征象或臨床難以鑒別的主胰管型IPMN或混合型IPMN推薦行胰管鏡檢查。鑒于觀察者之間的一致性存在差異,亟待更多高質(zhì)量的國內(nèi)研究來驗證胰管鏡在IPMN中的效用。 診斷考慮為MCN或IPMN的無癥狀性PCN且具備手術條件的患者應列為隨訪對象。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 惡變風險極低的SCN患者建議根據(jù)癥狀進行隨訪。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 目前尚無前瞻性研究顯示PCN隨訪可能會改變PCN惡變所致死亡率[95],因此,隨訪的作用對預后的影響仍未被證實。但有充分證據(jù)顯示MCN和IPMN具惡變傾向,且高級別內(nèi)瘤變或早期胰腺癌患者行手術切除可提高生存率,提示PCN患者在隨訪中可能獲益[96?98]。6項來自美國、日本、中國的觀察性研究(5項回顧性、1項前瞻性),樣本量分別為888例、10 506例、109例、557例、245例、1 404例[96?101],結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)均有一定比例的MCN和IPMN的術后病理提示合并高級別內(nèi)瘤變或浸潤性癌。另有研究顯示分支胰管型IPMN隨時間進展惡變的發(fā)生風險增高,5年的惡變發(fā)生率為3.3%,而15年則可達到15%[100]。2016年一項系統(tǒng)回顧分析結(jié)果顯示,MCN的術后標本中0~34%為惡性,行手術切除后五年生存率約為60%[102];但在腫瘤直徑<4 cm的MCN中僅有0.03%為惡性。良性MCN術后未見復發(fā),提示MCN術后標本為良性者無需進一步隨訪。 與SCN相關的3項研究[103?105]中有2項顯示SCN的惡變風險較低,其中一項來自多國家的回顧性研究共納入2 622例SCN患者,顯示僅3例(0.1%)出現(xiàn)惡變;術后死亡率為0.6%,與SCN相關的死亡率為0.1%。另一項來自美國的回顧性研究共分析了193例SCN患者的病理標本,亦提示SCN惡變所致的死亡罕見。而2019年墨西哥一項納入31例SCN的回顧性研究結(jié)果顯示,SCN在行EUS的隨訪過程中可能出現(xiàn)體積增大,因此建議應對無癥狀SCN患者進行隨訪以觀察其體積增大情況。 PCN種類多樣,各類型的PCN惡變風險不一,且隨訪帶給患者一定的心理負擔和經(jīng)濟負擔,因此需重點鑒別惡變風險較高的PCN。而目前各指南對隨訪對象的納入標準略有差異。ACG和ESG指南建議將無癥狀的MCN和IPMN且可耐受手術的患者列為隨訪對象;而AGA和IAP指南則建議所有MCN患者均應接受手術治療。MCN或IPMN的無癥狀性PCN且具備手術條件的患者應列為隨訪對象。對于SCN,ESG指南推薦對影像學提示為SCN的無癥狀患者隨訪1年,1年后則根據(jù)癥狀進行隨訪。而ACG指南則不推薦對診斷明確的SCN進行隨訪。本指南推薦對SCN患者根據(jù)癥狀進行隨訪。 MRI聯(lián)合MRCP可作為IPMN或MCN的隨訪檢查方法。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:A;推薦級別:強) EUS或CT可作為存在MRI禁忌患者的隨訪檢查方法。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 多項研究對隨訪人群的檢查方法進行了探討[20,22,25,33,106?113]。多數(shù)研究顯示MRI和CT在評估PCN高危征象或惡變的診斷效能相當,且采用增強MRI相比平掃MRI的靈敏度更高。另一項回顧性研究顯示MRI和EUS用于確定PCN與胰管關系的診斷準確率相當,分別為93.1%和93.0%,評估良惡性PCN的診斷準確率分別為90.2%和92.3%,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義。 對IPMN或MCN監(jiān)測的最佳檢查手段現(xiàn)各指南尚無一致意見。一般來說,MRI或MRCP推薦用于PCN的監(jiān)測,因其無電離輻射,且能清晰顯示胰管、強化壁結(jié)節(jié)或內(nèi)部分隔。行增強MRI需使用釓劑,而在隨訪過程中反復使用釓劑使其可能在大腦中蓄積[114]。已有部分研究顯示平掃或增強MRI均不影響隨訪過程制定臨床診治方案,且兩者在區(qū)分PCN良惡性方面差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[115?116]。因此,本指南推薦隨訪過程中可采用平掃MRI,如有必要則可進一步選擇增強MRI進行評估。對無法行MRI或MRCP的患者可選擇CT或EUS作為隨訪監(jiān)測手段。 EUS分辨率高,可清晰地顯示PCN的結(jié)構細節(jié),且同樣無電離輻射,對胰腺囊性病變的診斷和鑒別診斷可能更有幫助[117]。EUS還允許對囊性病變進行FNA,以進行生物化學、細胞學和分子生物學分析。但EUS更依賴于操作者的經(jīng)驗。CT或MRI聯(lián)合EUS±FNA對PCN的總體診斷準確率分別提高了36%和54%[17]。 推薦無高危征象的IPMN或MCN可根據(jù)病灶大小制定監(jiān)測隨訪策略。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 含高危征象的IPMN或MCN經(jīng)多學科會診(multi?disciplinary treatment,MDT)后未行手術者建議間隔6個月進行MRI隨訪。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:C;推薦級別:弱) 8項研究報道了PCN患者的隨訪周期[10,118?123],其中5項回顧性研究均不同程度顯示病灶大小和增長速度與PCN惡變的風險呈正相關。2項薈萃分析亦顯示病灶長徑>3 cm是IPMN惡變的獨立危險因素。而一項正在進行的名為PACYFIC(pancreatic cyst follow?up:an international collaboration)的大型前瞻性隊列研究(https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/4365)旨在探討PCN的最佳隨訪周期。該研究的主要終點為達到手術適應證的PCN病例數(shù)和PCN惡變(重度異型增生或浸潤性癌)的病例數(shù)。 預防胰腺癌的最佳目標是在PCN為重度異型增生時即手術切除病灶,因此識別PCN合并重度異型增生或浸潤性癌的危險因素至關重要。迄今為止,已有數(shù)個臨床和影像學方面的高危因素被確認。雖略有不同,但大多數(shù)指南認為黃疸、病灶大?。ù蠖鄶?shù)指南推薦病灶長徑≥3 cm)、強化壁結(jié)節(jié)>5 mm、實性成分、細胞學檢查陽性、主胰管擴張≥10 mm為PCN惡變的高危因素,因此也是外科手術的絕對適應證。 一項納入2 297例患者的薈萃分析顯示,強化壁結(jié)節(jié)在IPMN惡變方面的陽性預測值為62%,壁結(jié)節(jié)的大小在預測IPMN惡變方面具有重要意義[84],尤其對分支胰管型IPMN惡變的診斷價值最高[124]。實際上現(xiàn)行指南均推薦壁結(jié)節(jié)是行手術治療的絕對指征。壁結(jié)節(jié)大小的最佳值目前尚無定論。2017年IAP和2018年ESG指南將壁結(jié)節(jié)≥5 mm作為識別高危病變的標準,但該閾值的界定并未經(jīng)大型前瞻性研究驗證。EUS顯示壁結(jié)節(jié)≥5 mm對識別重度異型增生或早期癌變的靈敏度為73%~85%,特異度為71%~100%。通過CE?EUS測量的壁結(jié)節(jié)大小是預測IPMN惡變的危險因素,其標準化均數(shù)差為0.79[84]。 注:PCN指胰腺囊性腫瘤;SCN指漿液性囊腺瘤;MTD指多學科會診;EUS(FNA)指超聲內(nèi)鏡(細針穿刺抽吸);MRI指磁共振成像;MCN指黏液性囊腺瘤;IPMN指胰腺導管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤 圖1 胰腺囊性腫瘤診斷隨訪流程圖 研究顯示病灶增長速度可能比囊腫大小更重要。2021年一項大型回顧性多中心研究納入了包括283例無高危征象的分支胰管型IPMN患者,結(jié)果顯示惡性分支胰管型IPMN的生長速度快于良性分支胰管型IPMN,且生長速度≥2.5 mm/年的癌變風險顯著升高[125]。 一項包含901例患者的回顧性分析顯示,主胰管擴張是IPMN惡變的最佳預測因素。該項研究認為胰管擴張5~7 mm可以作為區(qū)分輕度異型增生和重度異型增生或浸潤性癌的最佳預測因素[126]。一項納入353例PCN患者的大型回顧性研究結(jié)果與現(xiàn)行指南所示危險因素類似,即主胰管>10 mm、壁結(jié)節(jié)、實性成分、CA19?9升高與PCN惡變相關[127]。 總體來說,現(xiàn)今各指南對無高危癥狀或征象的PCN的隨訪沒有統(tǒng)一標準。因此,本指南根據(jù)PCN的不同類型、體積及患者的自身狀況制定了個體化的監(jiān)測隨訪流程(圖1)。2018年ESG指南建議采用EUS/MRI隨訪<4 cm的無高危因素的MCN或IPMN。2018年ACG指南建議根據(jù)囊腫大?。?lt;1 cm、1~2 cm、2~3 cm、>3 cm)采用MRI監(jiān)測MCN或IPMN來制定隨訪策略;術后患者則推薦根據(jù)異型增生程度進行隨訪。2015年AGA指南則推薦如果囊腫<3 cm且無實性成分或主胰管擴張,則行MRI隨訪,如患者適合手術則建議終身隨訪。2017年IAP指南則同樣基于囊腫大?。?lt;1 cm、1~2 cm、2~3 cm和>3 cm)采用CT或MRI和EUS進行隨訪,但該指南的隨訪頻率較其他指南高。IPMN和MCN均可能在穩(wěn)定期后繼續(xù)生長,因此只要患者隨訪意愿強烈或仍適合手術,則應一直隨訪。ESG指南及歐洲神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤指南推薦對<20 mm的cNET進行監(jiān)測。cNET的手術適應證為病灶每年增長速度>5 mm或病灶>20 mm。然而,最佳隨訪手段仍需依賴大規(guī)模前瞻性研究進一步評估。 李兆申(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),金震東(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),李汛(蘭州大學第一醫(yī)院外科),邊云(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院影像科),陳世耀(復旦大學附屬中山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),程斌(華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬同濟醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),單宏波(廣東省中山大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),丁震(中山大學附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),何愛娜(上海市第六人民醫(yī)院),何妙霞(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院病理科),黃永輝(北京大學第三醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),蔣斐(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),金忱(復旦大學附屬華山醫(yī)院胰腺外科),金鋼(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院胰腺外科),金雪娟(復旦大學附屬中山醫(yī)院復旦大學循證醫(yī)學中心),李鵬(北京友誼醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),李百文(上海市第一人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),李惠凱(解放軍總醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),樓文暉(復旦大學附屬中山醫(yī)院普外科),呂瑛(南京大學醫(yī)學院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),梅俏(安徽醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),孫思予(中國醫(yī)科大學附屬盛消化內(nèi)科),覃山羽(廣西醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),王雯(解放軍部隊聯(lián)勤保障第九〇〇醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),王雷(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),王培軍(同濟醫(yī)院醫(yī)學影像科),王曉艷(中南大學湘雅三醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),楊愛明(北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),姚方(中國醫(yī)學科學院腫瘤醫(yī)院內(nèi)鏡科),姚君(深圳市人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),張敏敏(上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬瑞金醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),張?zhí)剑ū本﹨f(xié)和醫(yī)院普通外科),張筱鳳(杭州市第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)鏡中心),鐘良(復旦大學附屬華山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),祝蔭(南昌大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),鄒曉平(南京大學醫(yī)學院附屬鼓樓醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),唐涌進(中華消化內(nèi)鏡雜志編輯部),呂芳萍(中華胰腺病雜志編輯部) 王雷(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),蔣斐(海軍軍醫(yī)大學第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科),葉曉華(浙江大學醫(yī)學院附屬金華醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科) 利益沖突所有作者聲明不存在利益沖突 參 考 文 獻 [1] Vege SS, Ziring B, Jain R, et al. 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