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在課堂學(xué)習(xí)中，我們注重的是先驗(yàn)知識(shí)、顯性知識(shí)、命題知識(shí)。然而，讓我們?cè)诳蒲泻蛯?shí)際工作中走向成功的，是進(jìn)一步獲取后驗(yàn)知識(shí)、隱性知識(shí)、非命題知識(shí)。除自學(xué)或自我摸索外，給我們講授前三種知識(shí)的，是老師，給我們傳授后三種知識(shí)的，是導(dǎo)師。那么，這幾種知識(shí)到底是指什么？下面就給出答案。關(guān)于什么是，確切地說(shuō)，不同類(lèi)型的知識(shí)有如此多的分歧，以至于一個(gè)人們都認(rèn)可的“主清單”根本不存在。這是因?yàn)橹R(shí)是純粹的哲學(xué)定義；爭(zhēng)論跨越了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)，爭(zhēng)吵掩蓋了事實(shí)，每個(gè)人對(duì)什么是知識(shí)和什么不是知識(shí)都有不同的看法。 There is so much disagreement over what are, exactly, the different types of knowledge that an agreed upon “master list” simply does not exist. This is because knowledge is purely philosophical; debates span centuries, arguments supersede fact and everyone has a different opinion about what is, or is not, knowledge. 下面是一份關(guān)于不同類(lèi)型的知識(shí)和知識(shí)理論的主清單。當(dāng)然，人們并不都會(huì)認(rèn)同這種分類(lèi)）。通過(guò)自己盤(pán)點(diǎn)這種令人生畏的分類(lèi)，將本文新確立的“知識(shí)”據(jù)為己有，并獲取屬于自己的更可信的知識(shí)。 What follows is a master list (although, of course, it won’t be agreed upon) of the different types of knowledge and theories of knowledge that are out there. Turn this new-found “knowledge” on yourself with this awesome class on how to take inventory of yourself and gain authentic self-knowlege. 
第一類(lèi)是先驗(yàn)證知識(shí) 先驗(yàn)和后驗(yàn)是認(rèn)識(shí)論（知識(shí)研究）的兩個(gè)原始術(shù)語(yǔ)。先驗(yàn)的字面意思是“從以前”或“從更早”。這是因?yàn)橄闰?yàn)知識(shí)取決于一個(gè)人可以從世界中導(dǎo)出什么，而不需要去經(jīng)歷它。這被稱(chēng)之為推理。當(dāng)然，一定程度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是形成先驗(yàn)知識(shí)所必需的。 A priori and and a posteriori are two of the original terms in epistemology (the study ofknowledge). A priori literally means “from before” or “fromearlier.” This is because a priori knowledge depends upon whata person can derive from the world without needing to experience it. This isbetter known as reasoning. Of course, a degree of experience isnecessary upon which a priori knowledge can take shape.讓我們看一個(gè)例子。如果你在一個(gè)沒(méi)有窗戶的封閉房間里，有人問(wèn)你天氣怎么樣，你就無(wú)法用任何程度的真實(shí)答案來(lái)回答他們。假如你能回答，那么你當(dāng)時(shí)肯定不會(huì)擁有某一關(guān)于此問(wèn)題的先驗(yàn)知識(shí)。簡(jiǎn)言之，你應(yīng)當(dāng)不可能在此情形下推理出知識(shí)性答案。 Let’s look at an example. If you were ina closed room with no windows and someone asked you what the weather was like, you would not be able to answer them with any degree of truth. If you did, then you certainly would not be in possession of a priori knowledge. It would simply be impossible to use reasoning to produce a knowledgable answer.另一方面，如果房間里有一塊黑板，有人寫(xiě)下了方程式4+6=？，那么你可以找到答案，而不必找到四個(gè)實(shí)際物體再加上另外六個(gè)實(shí)際物體來(lái)數(shù)出答案。你會(huì)知道答案是10，而不需要經(jīng)歷現(xiàn)實(shí)過(guò)程來(lái)理解。事實(shí)上，數(shù)學(xué)方程是先驗(yàn)知識(shí)最常見(jiàn)的例子之一。 On the other hand, if there were a chalkboard in the room and someone wrote the equation 4 + 6 = ? onthe board, then you could find the answer without physically finding four objects and adding six more objects to them and then counting them. You would know the answer is 10 without needing a real world experience to understand it. In fact, mathematical equations are one of the most popular examples of apriori knowledge.
第二類(lèi)是后驗(yàn)知識(shí) 自然地，從字面上看，后驗(yàn)的意思是“從更晚的事物”或“從后來(lái)的事物”。這是指，參考你以往的體驗(yàn)，并使用不一樣的推理（歸納）來(lái)獲得知識(shí)。這種知識(shí)的獲得過(guò)程是這樣的，首先是得到體驗(yàn)（哲學(xué)的重要思想是通過(guò)五種感官獲得的），然后通過(guò)邏輯和反思從中獲得理解。在哲學(xué)中，這一術(shù)語(yǔ)有時(shí)與基于觀察的知識(shí)（empirical knowledge）互換使用。 Naturally, then, a posteriori literally means “from what comes later” or “from what comes after.” This is a reference to experience and using a different kind of reasoning (inductive) to gain knowledge. This kind of knowledge is gained by first having an experience (and the important idea in philosophy is that it is acquired through the five senses) and then using logic and reflection to derive understanding from it. In philosophy, this term is sometimes used interchangeably with empirical knowledge, which is knowledge based on observation.人們認(rèn)為先驗(yàn)知識(shí)比后驗(yàn)知識(shí)更可靠。這似乎有悖常理，因?yàn)樵谇耙环N情況下，人們只是坐在房間里，根據(jù)碎片化的事實(shí)證據(jù)來(lái)獲取知識(shí)，而在后一種情況下，人們?cè)谶@個(gè)世界上有著真實(shí)的經(jīng)歷。但問(wèn)題就在于這個(gè)事實(shí)：每個(gè)人的經(jīng)歷都是主觀的，會(huì)得到不同解釋。這是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的主題，你應(yīng)當(dāng)可以從閱讀本篇關(guān)于知識(shí)問(wèn)題以及如何識(shí)別和使用它們的文章得到關(guān)于后驗(yàn)知識(shí)的啟發(fā)。相反，數(shù)學(xué)方程就是定律（即不依賴主觀判斷的知識(shí)）。 It is believed that apriori knowledge is more reliable than a posteriori knowledge.This might seem counter-intuitive, since in the former case someone can just sit inside of a room and base their knowledge on factual evidence while in the latter case someone is having real experiences in the world. But the problemlies in this very fact: everyone’s experiences are subjective and open to interpretation. This is a very complex subject and you might find it illuminating to read this post on knowledge issues and how to identify and use them. A mathematical equation, on the other hand, is law.
第三類(lèi)是顯性知識(shí) 現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)進(jìn)入顯性和隱性知識(shí)的范疇。正如你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)注意到的，知識(shí)類(lèi)型往往是成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的，并且常常是相互對(duì)立的。顯式知識(shí)類(lèi)似于先驗(yàn)知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗交蚋煽?。顯性知識(shí)是通過(guò)媒介記錄和傳播的知識(shí)。它構(gòu)成我們的圖書(shū)館和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。所包含內(nèi)容的細(xì)節(jié)不如如何包含內(nèi)容那么重要。從科學(xué)到藝術(shù)的任何東西都可能有可以用顯性知識(shí)表達(dá)的元素。 Now we are entering the realm of explicit and tacit knowledge. As you have noticed by now, types of knowledgetend to come in pairs and are often antitheses of each other. Explicitknowledge is similar to a priori knowledge in that it is moreformal or perhaps more reliable. Explicit knowledge is knowledge that isrecorded and communicated through mediums. It is our libraries and databases.The specifics of what is contained is less important than how it is contained. Anything from the sciences to the arts can have elements that can be expressed in explicit knowledge. 顯性知識(shí)的定義特征是，它可以很容易、迅速地從一個(gè)人傳遞到另一個(gè)人，或傳遞到另外一萬(wàn)人或一百億人。它也傾向于有系統(tǒng)地組織起來(lái)。例如，一本關(guān)于美國(guó)建國(guó)的歷史教科書(shū)將采用按時(shí)間順序排列的方法，因?yàn)檫@將允許知識(shí)通過(guò)一個(gè)遞進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)建立在自己的基礎(chǔ)上；在這種情況下，是時(shí)間。 The defining feature of explicitknowledge is that it can be easily and quickly transmitted from one individual to another, or to another ten-thousand or ten-billion. It also tends to beorganized systematically. For example, a history textbook on the founding ofAmerica would take a chronological approach as this would allow knowledge to build upon itself through a progressive system; in this case, time.
第四類(lèi)是隱性知識(shí) 我應(yīng)該注意到，隱性知識(shí)是20世紀(jì)50年代才提出的一種相對(duì)較新的理論，雖然顯性知識(shí)很容易從一個(gè)人傳播到另一個(gè)人，但隱性知識(shí)恰恰相反。通過(guò)任何媒介交流隱性知識(shí)，即使不是不可能，也是極其困難的。 I should note that tacit knowledge is a relatively new theory introduced only as recently as the 1950s. Whereasexplicit knowledge is very easy to communicate and transfer from one individualto another, tacit knowledge is precisely the opposite. It is extremelydifficult, if not impossible, to communicate tacit knowledge through any medium.例如，關(guān)于美國(guó)建國(guó)的教科書(shū)可以教授事實(shí)（或我們認(rèn)為是事實(shí)的東西），但是一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)的音樂(lè)家不能真正地交流他們的知識(shí)；換句話說(shuō)，他們不能告訴別人如何演奏樂(lè)器，從而使得別人將立即擁有這些知識(shí)。這種知識(shí)的獲得程度必須遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出理論。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，隱性知識(shí)最接近于后驗(yàn)知識(shí)，因?yàn)樗荒芡ㄟ^(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得。 For example, the textbook on the founding of America can teach facts (or things we believe to be facts), butsomeone who is an expert musician can not truly communicate their knowledge; inother words, they can not tell someone how to play the instrument and the person will immediately possess that knowledge. That knowledge must be acquiredto a degree that goes far, far beyond theory. In this sense, tacit knowledge wouldmost closely resemble a posteriori knowledge, as it can only beachieved through experience.隱性知識(shí)最大的困難是知道什么時(shí)候有用，以及弄清楚如何使它變得可用。隱性知識(shí)只能通過(guò)持續(xù)和廣泛的關(guān)系或接觸（例如從職業(yè)音樂(lè)家那里學(xué)習(xí)）來(lái)交流。但即使在這種情況下，也不會(huì)有真正的知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移。通常有兩種形式的知識(shí)誕生，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都必須填補(bǔ)不確定的空白（如技能、捷徑、節(jié)奏等）。 The biggest difficult of tacit knowledgeis knowing when it is useful and figuring out how to make it usable. Tacit knowledge can only be communicated through consistent andextensive relationships or contact (such as taking lessons from a professionalmusician). But even in this cases there will not be a true transfer of knowledge. Usually two forms of knowledge are born, as each person must fill incertain blanks (such as skill, short-cuts, rhythms, etc.). 
第五類(lèi)是命題知識(shí) 我們的最后一對(duì)知識(shí)理論是命題知識(shí)和非命題知識(shí)，這兩種理論與已經(jīng)討論過(guò)的其他一些理論有相似之處。命題知識(shí)是迄今為止最奇怪的定義，因?yàn)槿藗兺ǔＵJ(rèn)為，它是可以在命題中字面表達(dá)的知識(shí)；也就是說(shuō)，在陳述句（使用它的另一個(gè)名稱(chēng)）或指示性命題中。 Our last pair of knowledge theories are propositional and non-propositional knowledge, both of which share similarities with some of the other theories already discussed. Propositional knowledge has the oddest definition yet, as it is commonly held that it is knowledge that can literally be expressed in propositions; that is, in declarative sentences (to use its other name) or indicative propositions.命題知識(shí)與先驗(yàn)知識(shí)和顯性知識(shí)沒(méi)有太大區(qū)別。關(guān)鍵的屬性是知道某事是真實(shí)的。同樣，數(shù)學(xué)方程可以是命題知識(shí)的一個(gè)例子，因?yàn)樗菍?duì)某事的知識(shí)，而不是對(duì)如何做某事的知識(shí)。 Propositional knowledge is not so different from a priori and explicit knowledge. The key attribute is knowing that something is true. Again, mathematical equations could be an example of propositional knowledge, because it is knowledge of something, as opposed to knowledge of how to do something. 最好的例子是將命題知識(shí)與我們下一種形式的知識(shí)，非命題知識(shí)或程序性知識(shí)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。讓我們以一本教科書(shū)/手冊(cè)/教學(xué)小冊(cè)子為例，它包含了如何編寫(xiě)計(jì)算機(jī)程序的信息。命題知識(shí)就是簡(jiǎn)單地知道某事或?qū)δ呈掠兴私狻Ｒ虼?，如果你閱讀和/或記憶課本或手冊(cè)，那么你就會(huì)知道如何編寫(xiě)計(jì)算機(jī)程序的步驟。你甚至可以用陳述句或指示性命題的形式向別人重復(fù)這些步驟。然而，你可能已經(jīng)記住了每一個(gè)單詞，卻不知道如何實(shí)際給一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)編程。這就是需要引入非命題或程序性知識(shí)的原因。 The best example is one that contrasts propositional knowledge with our next form of knowledge, non-propositional or procedural knowledge. Let’s use a textbook/manual/instructional pamphlet that has information on how to program a computer as our example. Propositional knowledge is simply knowing something or having knowledge of something. So if you read and/or memorized the textbook or manual, then you would know the steps on how to program a computer. You could even repeat these steps to someone else in the form of declarative sentences or indicative propositions. However, you may have memorized every word yet have no idea how to actually program a computer. That is where non-propositional or procedural knowledge comes in.
第六類(lèi)是非命題知識(shí) 非命題知識(shí)（也就是程序性知識(shí)，但我決定使用“非命題”，因?yàn)樗恰懊}”的一個(gè)更明顯的對(duì)立面）是可以使用的知識(shí)；它可以應(yīng)用于某些事件，比如問(wèn)題。程序性知識(shí)不同于命題性知識(shí)，它是通過(guò)“做”獲得的；命題性知識(shí)是通過(guò)更保守的學(xué)習(xí)形式獲得的。 Non-propositional knowledge (which isbetter known as procedural knowledge, but I decided to use “non-propositional”because it is a more obvious antithesis to “propositional”) is knowledge thatcan be used; it can be applied to something, such as a problem.Procedural knowledge differs from propositional knowledge in that it isacquired “by doing”; propositional knowledge is acquired by more conservativeforms of learning.程序性知識(shí)的一個(gè)重要特征是它可以在法庭上主張。換句話說(shuō)，開(kāi)發(fā)自己的程序或方法的公司可以將其作為知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)加以保護(hù)。當(dāng)然，它們可以被出售、保護(hù)、出租等。 One of the defining characteristics of procedural knowledge is that it can be claimed in a court of law. In otherwords, companies that develop their own procedures or methods can protect themas intellectual property. They can then, of course, be sold, protected, leased,etc.程序性知識(shí)有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。顯然，實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)是極其寶貴的；從字面上講，它可以用來(lái)就業(yè)。我們今天看到的是，經(jīng)驗(yàn)（程序）正在超越教育（命題）。當(dāng)然，教育是偉大的，但經(jīng)驗(yàn)決定了一個(gè)人能夠完成什么。所以，一個(gè)“知道”如何編寫(xiě)代碼的人幾乎沒(méi)有“編寫(xiě)”或“已經(jīng)編寫(xiě)”代碼的人有價(jià)值。但也有人認(rèn)為，這是一把雙刃劍，因?yàn)槭炀毸璧慕?jīng)驗(yàn)程度限制了我們的多樣性范圍。 Procedural knowledge has manyadvantages. Obviously, hands-on experience is extremely valuable; literally so,as it can be used to obtain employment. We are seeing this today as experience(procedural) is eclipsing education (propositional). Sure, education is great,but experience is what defines what a person is capable of accomplishing. Sosomeone who “knows” how to write code is not nearly as valuable as someone who“writes” or “has written” code. However, some people believe that this is adouble-edged sword, as the degree of experience required to become proficient limits us to a relatively narrow field of variety.但是沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)在價(jià)值。這通常比命題知識(shí)更準(zhǔn)確，因?yàn)樗?lèi)似于科學(xué)方法；假設(shè)被測(cè)試，觀察被使用，結(jié)果被推進(jìn)。 But nobody can deny the intrinsic andreal value of experience. This is often more accurate than propositionalknowledge because it is more akin to the scientific method; hypotheses are tested, observation is used, and progress results.原文，Udemy Editor，The 6 Types Of Knowledge: From A Priori To Procedural ，F(xiàn)ebruary 2020
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