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高考英語大綱規(guī)定的24個(gè)語法梳理(三)

 花好月圓sb3rxi 2019-08-15

★ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表現(xiàn)在

⒈ 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

如:My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼鏡。

He often goes to the cinema. 他經(jīng)常去看電影。

注意:詢問某人的習(xí)慣時(shí),有時(shí)還可用ever。

如:“Do you ever eat meat?”“你吃肉嗎?”

“No, I never eat meat.”“從不吃肉?!?/span>

⒉ 表示現(xiàn)在(或經(jīng)常性)的情況或狀態(tài)。

如:Mother is ill. 母親病了。

He is always like that. 他總是那樣。

He likes living in the country. 他喜歡住在鄉(xiāng)下。

We need a lot of money. 我們需要一大筆錢。

⒊ 表示現(xiàn)在的能力、特征、職業(yè)等。

如:He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。

Mr.Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法語。

⒋ 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言以及不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。

如:Summer follows spring. 春去夏來。

Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。

The earth turns around the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

2
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來

⒈ 當(dāng)主句為將來時(shí)態(tài)或表示將來意義時(shí),時(shí)間和條件的狀語從句必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。

如:I'll write to her when I have time. 我有空會(huì)給她寫信。

Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前關(guān)燈。

If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果趕緊走我們可能趕得上公共汽車。

Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困難請(qǐng)告訴我。

 除表示時(shí)間和條件的狀語從句外,表示讓步、相似、比例的從句也必須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。

如:I'll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪兒,我就跟著去哪兒。

Whatever you say, I won't pay. 無論你說什么,我都不會(huì)付錢。

Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 無論我們幫他與否,他都會(huì)失敗。

I'll have a good time whether I win or lose. 贏也好,輸也好,我都將會(huì)玩好。

The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就會(huì)越胖。

② 另外,當(dāng)主句為用將來時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),定語從句也通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。

如:I'll give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都給你。

You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何東西你都可以拿去。

Everyone who comes first will get a present. 每個(gè)先來的人都可得到一份禮物。

⒉ 按照英語習(xí)慣,一個(gè)句子中若主要?jiǎng)釉~已經(jīng)表明了所談?wù)搫?dòng)作的時(shí)間,那么與之相關(guān)的其他動(dòng)詞就不必再次指明同一時(shí)間,而往往使用一個(gè)比較簡單的時(shí)態(tài),如用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí)等。比較。

如:This discovery means that we will spend less on food.這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著我們將減少在食品上的花費(fèi)。

This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著我們將減少在食品上的花費(fèi)。

⒊ 在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(弄清楚),take care(注意,當(dāng)心),be careful(注意,當(dāng)心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that從句中通常也只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。

如:Take care that it does not occur again. 注意別再發(fā)生這樣的事。

We must take care that no one sees us. 我們必須注意別讓人看見我們。

Make sure you come back soon. 你要保證快點(diǎn)回來。

Be careful that you don’t hurt her feelings. 當(dāng)心別傷了她的感情。

Watch that the baby doesn’t go near the heater. 注意別讓寶寶接近加熱器。

Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答題前要注意仔細(xì)閱讀考題。

★ 一般過去時(shí)
1
概念

一般過去時(shí)用來表示過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)以及過去習(xí)慣性、反復(fù)性的動(dòng)作。謂語動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的過去式,常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如 yesterday 昨天、last night昨晚、last week上周、last year去年、…ago等。

2
結(jié)構(gòu)

⒈ Be動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)

在沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句子中使用be 動(dòng)詞am is的過去式為was,are的過去式為were,was是表示單數(shù),were是表示復(fù)數(shù)。

肯定句式:主語+be(was,were)其它

否定句式:主語+be(was,were)+not其它

一般疑問句:Be(was,were)主語+其它?

⒉ 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)態(tài)肯定句要使用動(dòng)詞的過去式,否定句和疑問句要使用助動(dòng)詞did.

肯定句式:主語+動(dòng)詞(過去式)+其它

否定句式:主語+didn't+動(dòng)詞(原形)+其它(did not=didn't)

一般疑問句:Did+主語+動(dòng)詞(原形)+其它(do,does的過去時(shí)均為did)

注:did和didn't是構(gòu)成一般過去時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞,其特點(diǎn)是要在其后跟動(dòng)詞的原形。

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規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式

⒈ 一般情況下,在動(dòng)詞原形后面加-ed

如:looked,played,started,visited,stayed

⒉ 以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,在詞尾直接加-d

如:lived,closed,liked,loved,tasted

⒊ 以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先將y改為i再加-ed

study→studied,try→tried,cry-→cried,copy→copied,carry-→carried

⒋ 以重讀閉音節(jié)(即輔音+元音+輔音)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾,未尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞,要先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母后,再加-ed

如:stop→stopped,plan→planned

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不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式需特殊記憶

⒈ is→was, am→was, are→were, do→did, have→had

⒉ begin→began, ring→rang, run-→ran, drink→drank, sing→sang, swim→swam, sit→sat, give→gave, make→made, come-→came, eat→ate

⒊ write→wrote, speak→spoke, drive→drove, choose→chose, tell→told, ride→rode, shoot→shot, get→got, win→won, forget→forgot, shake→shook, take→took, stand→stood

⒋ go→went, meet→met, sleep-→slept, sweep→swept, spell→spelt, feel→felt,keep→kept, spend→spent, bend→bent

⒌ know→knew, fly→flew, blow→blew, grow→grew, throw→threw, draw→drew, 特別注意:glow→glowed

⒍ teach→taught, catch→caught, buy→bought, fight→fought, think→thought

⒎ find→found, hear→heard, say-→said, lie→lay, see→saw, learn→learnt, mean→meant

⒏ put→put, read→read, cut→cut, let-→let

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一般過去時(shí)的用法

⒈ 表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)常有明確的時(shí)間狀語,如yesterday,last night,some years ago,in 1890等,以及由when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

如:Tom didn't come to class yesterday.湯姆昨天沒來上課。

We went to dance last night.昨晚我們?nèi)ヌ枇恕?/span>

Hello! I didn't know you were in London.How long have you been here?喂!我不知道你在倫敦。你來多久了?

⒉ 表示過去的習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與always,often,usually,seldom等表示頻度的副詞連用。

如:Then I was in the countryside,I often called on my old friends there.我在鄉(xiāng)村里,經(jīng)常去拜訪那里的朋友。

I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.我上學(xué)時(shí)每周去看一場電影。

注意:表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,還可用used to 或would加動(dòng)詞原形表示。

如:When I stayed at Aunt Liu's,she would tell me about the great changes which had taken place in the village since liberation.當(dāng)我住在劉大娘家時(shí),她常常告訴我解放以來農(nóng)村發(fā)生的巨大變化。

She used to go for a walk after supper,but now she prefers to stay at home.她過去晚飯后總出去散步,但現(xiàn)在她卻真歡呆在家里。

⒊ 用來代替過去將來時(shí)。

在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中,常用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)。

如:They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him他們說如果聽到什么關(guān)于他的消息,就通知我們。

He promised that when he went to the bookstore,he would buy me a book.他答應(yīng)去書店時(shí)為我買本書。

He said he would not go if it rained.他說如果天下雨就不去了。

They told us that they would not leave until she came back.他們告訴我們,直到她回來他們才會(huì)離開。

★ 一般將來時(shí)

一般將來時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或?qū)砟骋欢螘r(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

1
一般將來時(shí)的三種意義

⒈ 預(yù)測(cè)(prediction):表示說話人認(rèn)為將會(huì)發(fā)生某件事,即是表示猜測(cè)將來某事發(fā)生的可能性

如:It will rain later.一會(huì)會(huì)下雨。

⒉ 事先計(jì)劃(future plan):表示說話人在頭腦里已經(jīng)做定將來要做某件事

如:My holiday is so long ,I am going to travel.

⒊ 意愿(willingness):表示說話人既不是預(yù)計(jì)某事將會(huì)發(fā)生,也不是預(yù)計(jì)經(jīng)過考慮決定將做某事,而是在說話的時(shí)刻立即估出決斷表明他將去做某事

如:Someone is knocking at the door.

I will go and open it.

2
一般將來時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

將來時(shí)常常和表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。英式英語第一人稱用shall,第二、三人稱用will,而美式英語則不管什么人稱,一律用will。

如:tomorrow(明天),next week(下周),from now on(從現(xiàn)在開始);in the future(將來)等。

⒈ 主語+be going to do表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。

⒉ 主語+shall/will +do sth其否定式 shall not 和will not的縮寫式分別為shan't和won't。

⒊ be 主語+to do 表示客觀安排或受人指示做某事或已安排好要在將來發(fā)生的事,是比較正式的用法。

如:They are to go on a strike on July 8

She is to be married next month.

You are to finish your homework before you go to play.

⒋ 主語+be about to do,意為馬上作某事,不能與tomorrow,next week等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用,意思為“正要,馬上就要”。

如:The train is about to leave.

Sally has her hand on the doorknob.She is about to open the door.

⒌ 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞(如:go,come,leave,start,arrive等),可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。

如:Uncle Wang is coming.王叔叔就要來了。

They're leaving for Beijing.他們即將前往北京。

3
一般將來時(shí)的用法

⒈ 預(yù)測(cè)

① will表將來預(yù)測(cè)。我們對(duì)will 非常熟悉,因?yàn)樗ǔ1蛔鳛橐话銓頃r(shí)態(tài)的代言人。其最典型的用法就是對(duì)未來進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)會(huì)發(fā)生什么。

美國《時(shí)代》周刊在其網(wǎng)站發(fā)布了對(duì)21世紀(jì)做出各種展望預(yù)測(cè),下面是一些例子:

Will we travel to the stars?我們能夠進(jìn)行星際旅行嗎?

Will we clone a dinosaur?我們能克隆恐龍嗎?

Will the brain understand itself? 大腦能理解自己嗎?

Will we live on Mar?我們會(huì)生活在火星嗎?

Will women still need men?女人還需要男人嗎?

Will China be Number One?中國會(huì)成為全球霸主嗎?

② be going to表示將來預(yù)測(cè)

如:Look at those black clouds, and there is going to rain. 這滿天的鳥云,要下雨了!

Its not going to snow again tomorrow, is it? The weather forecast says it will be warm all week.明天不會(huì)再下雪了吧。天氣預(yù)報(bào)說這一周都會(huì)很暖和的。

③ Will do和be going to do都有表示預(yù)測(cè),但be going to do比 will do有更多的證據(jù)支持,而且事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間更近,will 所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間可近可遠(yuǎn)。由于be going to是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的形式,因此,它所表示的對(duì)將來行為的預(yù)測(cè)往往暗示與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,而且是在說話后不久就將發(fā)生的。所以當(dāng)有現(xiàn)在的證據(jù)可以支持預(yù)測(cè)時(shí),或者說根據(jù)目前的明顯跡象來推斷某件事將要發(fā)生時(shí),我們就要用be going to,而不宜用will do.

如:Look at the time. I am going to miss my bus.

Don't worry, I will drive you to the stop.And if the bus has already left, I can get you to your apartment.

The traffic is terrible. We are going to be date. by the time we get to the airport, bob's plane will already have arrived, and he will be wondering where we are.這顯然是說話人在車?yán)?,看著?dāng)時(shí)路上擁堵的交通狀況,做出了要遲到的預(yù)測(cè)。

You look very pale. I am sure you are going to go sick.你看起來很蒼白,我想你肯定是要生病了。你看起來臉色蒼白是生病的跡象。

④ be going to do往往還表示當(dāng)前已有跡象表明說話者無力控制的即將發(fā)生的行為。

如:Help! I am going to fall!救命呀,我要掉下去了。

Oh,my dear!They are going to drive into that tree.

Hurry up!The cup is going to drop.

⑤ will 用于在某種條件下某事才會(huì)發(fā)生的情況。所以,在帶有條件或時(shí)間狀語從句的主句中,我們通常用will 表示預(yù)測(cè),而不用be going to。

如:You will feel better,when you take this medicine.吃了這些藥,你就會(huì)感覺好些的。

If you don't hurry up,he won't wait for you any more.

If you speak more, your English will be better and better.

Be going to do除了有推測(cè)的意思,我們最熟悉的一個(gè)用法就是常用它來表示計(jì)劃或打算。說話人已經(jīng)在頭腦里早做出決定將來要做某件事,并且往往還含有已經(jīng)為這一行為做了某些準(zhǔn)備的意思。又因?yàn)橹挥腥瞬拍苡兄饔^的思維意識(shí)去對(duì)將來的行為做出計(jì)劃,因此,be going to do表示計(jì)劃或打算時(shí),為人稱主語。人稱主語既有推測(cè)的用法,也有表示計(jì)劃與打算。如果是非人稱主語,be going to不會(huì)是表示計(jì)劃打算,而是推測(cè)。

如:The tree is going to fall down,as the wind is so strong.

Look!The book is going to be burnt.

Do you mind turning the TV off?I am going to make along distance call,it is hard to hear if the TV is on.你介意把電視關(guān)掉?我想打個(gè)長途電話,電視開著很難聽清楚。

She have just bought a computer,she is going to learn how to surf online.

He made a lot of mistakes in his study, his mom is going to be very angry.

⑥ Be going to do表示說話人對(duì)未來行動(dòng)的計(jì)劃或打算,通常是經(jīng)常事先考慮并含有已經(jīng)為這一行動(dòng)做了某些準(zhǔn)備的意思。will do表示意愿,表示在說話的時(shí)刻立即做出決定將去做某事,事先并沒有經(jīng)過考慮,更沒有為這一活動(dòng)做出事先的準(zhǔn)備。

如:A:Why are you taking the camera?

B:I am going to take some pics.

A:the box is too heavy

B:I will help you to carry it.

A:I have left my watch upstairs.

B:I'll get it for you.

⑦ 當(dāng)機(jī)立斷的決定,我們只能用will來表達(dá)。這一般是表示說話人事先并不知道,而是隨著談話的進(jìn)展,在得知了新信息之后才做出的決定。這不是在預(yù)測(cè),更不是在預(yù)先計(jì)劃。

比較總結(jié)如下:

如:Husband:There isn't any milk in the fridge.

wife:I will buy some after work.

用will表明這是當(dāng)機(jī)立斷的決定,指丈夫先發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有牛奶,告訴她之后,她才決定去買奶。

Husband:There isn't any milk left in the fridge.

wife:I am going to buy some after work.

用be going to表明這是預(yù)先計(jì)劃好的決定。意指她先發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有牛奶,并已經(jīng)決定去買牛奶,然后她丈夫才發(fā)現(xiàn)。

★ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(The Present Indefinite)表示現(xiàn)在成為習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Present Continuous)則表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

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現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

肯定句:主語 + am/is/are + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

否定句:主語 + am/is/are + not + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

疑問句:Am/Is/Are + 主語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞……?

疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + am/is/are + 主語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞……?

2
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句

句型:主語 + am/is/are + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

構(gòu)成方式:

如:They are cleaning the house.他們?cè)诖驋呶葑印?br>

He is brushing his teeth.他正在刷牙。

Mother is waiting for me.母親在等我。

3
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句

句型:主語 + am/is/are + not + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句是在助動(dòng)詞am/is/are后加not:

如:I'm not doing anything right now.我現(xiàn)在沒做什么事情。

She is not dancing, but doing exercise.她不是在跳舞,而是在鍛煉。

4
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的疑問句

一般疑問句句型:Am/Is/Are + 主語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞……?

回答方式:Yes,主語 + am/is/are.

No,主語 + am/is/are + not.

⒈ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的疑問句是將助動(dòng)詞am/is/are置于主語之前(大寫am/is/are的第一個(gè)字母),在句尾加問號(hào),這種語序是倒裝語序。

如:Are you leaving already? 你這么早就要走了嗎?

—Is it raining now? 現(xiàn)在下雨嗎?

—Yes,it is./No,it isn't. 是的,在下雨。/不,不下了。

—Are they helping the old lady? 他們?cè)趲椭@位老婦人嗎? 

—Yes,they are./No,they aren't.是的。/不,沒幫助她。

⒉ 特殊疑問句句型:疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + am/is/are + 主語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞……?

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問句是將疑問代詞/疑問副詞等置于助動(dòng)詞am/is/are之前(am/is/are的第一個(gè)字母無需大寫),和一般疑問句差不多;這種語序是倒裝語序。就主語提問時(shí),將疑問代詞或帶有疑問限定詞的名詞詞組置于助動(dòng)詞am/is/are之前,在句尾加問號(hào),這種語序是陳述句語序。

如:—Who are you waiting for? 你在等誰? 

—I'm not waiting for anybody.我沒在等誰。

—What are you doing? 你在干什么? 

—I'm just tying up my shoelaces.我在系鞋帶。

—What are you looking for? 你在尋找什么? 

—I'm looking for my keys.我在找鑰匙。

—What time are you coming back? 你打算什么時(shí)候回來?

—I'm not sure what time I'm coming back. 我不能肯定我將在什么時(shí)候回來。

—What's your brother planning to do tomorrow? 你兄弟明天打算做什么?

—He can't decide what to do. 他還沒定要做什么。

—Where are you going? 你到哪去?

—I'm going home. 我回家去。

—How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣?

—I don't feel very well this morning. 今天早上我感覺不太舒服。

由于使用了be動(dòng)詞,因此進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句和疑問句的構(gòu)成方式與be動(dòng)詞的否定句和疑問句的構(gòu)成方式相同。

5
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

⒈ 表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常和now連用,有時(shí)和動(dòng)詞如look,listen等連用,表示“現(xiàn)在”這一概念。

如:Listen! Birds are singing.聽!鳥在歌唱。

Look! he train is just getting into the station.看!火車進(jìn)站啦。

He is reading now.他在看書。

The house is being painted.房子正在上油漆。

② 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作,不一定指說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。常和at present(目前),this week(本周),these days(這幾天)等時(shí)間狀語連用。

如:We're looking for a house to rent for the summer.我們?cè)谡乙粭澐孔酉胱庖粋€(gè)夏天。

Are you trying to find a furnished house? 你是想找一棟有家具的房子嗎?

What courses are you studying this term? 你這學(xué)期學(xué)哪幾門課?

⒉ 表示當(dāng)前的動(dòng)向

如:People are getting less tolerant of smoking these days.如今人們對(duì)吸煙較為難以容忍了。

Houses are costing more these days.如今房價(jià)越來越貴了。

She is resembling her mother more and more as the years go by.隨著年齡的增長,她越來越像她母親了。

⒊ 表示事先計(jì)劃好的動(dòng)作(指將來)。表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃將進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或?yàn)閷戆才藕玫幕顒?dòng),通常需要一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語。

如:We are spending next summer in England.我們將要在英國度過明年夏天。

I'm getting married tomorrow.我明天就要結(jié)婚了。

用arrive(到達(dá)),come(到來),go(走、離去),leave(離開)等動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)描寫行程安排,有“將到達(dá)”和“將離去”的意思

如:He's arriving tomorrow morning on the 7:30 train.明天早上他將乘7時(shí)30分的火車到達(dá)。

Christmas is coming soon.圣誕節(jié)很快就到了。

I'm leaving England and going to live in Spain.我將離開英國去西班牙定居。

⒋ 重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。副詞always(表示屢次),repeatedly(再三地),forever(老是、不斷地)等可與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用,表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。

如:She's always helping people.她經(jīng)常幫助別人。

He's always causing trouble.他總是在制造麻煩。

The little boy is forever asking questions.這小男孩老是沒完沒了地問問題。

6
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

⒈ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作。

如:—Do you ever eat meat? 你平常吃肉嗎?

—No,I never eat meat. 不,我從不吃肉。(習(xí)慣、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作)

I'm eating meat now.我正在吃肉。(暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作)

My brother always forgets to wash behind his ears.我弟弟老是忘記洗耳后根的地方。

⒉ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)說話人的某種感情色彩,與always,forever連用。

如:Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.我們的防盜報(bào)警器不知怎么常常失靈。(含有抱怨的意思)

You are always forgetting the important thing.你總是把重要的事情忘掉。(表達(dá)不滿情緒)

How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣? (比How do you feel today? 顯得更親切些。)

★ 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Past Continuous)主要表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由be動(dòng)詞的過去式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。

1
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

肯定句:主語+was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞……

否定句:主語+was/were+not+現(xiàn)在分詞……

疑問句:Was/Were+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞……?

疑問代詞/疑問副詞+was/were+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞……?

2
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句

句型:主語+was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞……

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成方式:

如:All the pupils were writing their homework in the classroom then.那時(shí),所有的小學(xué)生都在教室里寫作業(yè)。

By the time we got there,it was already getting dark.等我們趕到那里時(shí),天已經(jīng)黑下來了。

3
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句

句型:主語+was/were+not+現(xiàn)在分詞...

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句是在助動(dòng)詞was/were后加not,后接現(xiàn)在分詞。

如:They were not playing basketball,but playing volleyball.他們不是在打籃球,而是打排球。

4
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問句

句型:Was/Were+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞...?

回答方式:Yes,主語+was/were...

No,主語+was/were+not...

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問句是將助動(dòng)詞was/were置于主語之前(大寫was/were的第一個(gè)字母),在句尾加問號(hào);這種語序是主語和謂語倒裝語序

如:—Were you having dinner when they came?他們來的時(shí)候,你們是否在吃飯?

—Yes,we were./No,we weren't.是的,在吃飯。/不,不在吃飯。

5
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問句

⒈ 句型:疑問代詞(主語)+was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞……?

疑問代詞/疑問副詞+was/were+主語+現(xiàn)在分詞……?

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問句是將疑問代詞/疑問副詞置于助動(dòng)詞was/were之前(was/were的第一個(gè)字母無需大寫),和一般疑問句差不多,在句尾加問號(hào);這種語序是主語和謂語倒裝語序。就主語提問時(shí),將疑問代詞或帶有疑問限定詞的名詞詞組置于助動(dòng)詞was/were之前,在句尾加問號(hào);這種語序是陳述句語序:

 如:—Who was singing last night?昨晚是誰在唱歌?

—Tom was singing last night.(就主語提問)是湯姆。

 —What was she doing when he called?當(dāng)他來訪時(shí),她在做什么?

—She was reading when he called.她在看書。(就賓語提問)

What was that man doing in your room?那個(gè)男人在你房間里做什么?(就賓語提問)

⒉ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成方式的比較:

6
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

⒈ 表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

常和表示過去時(shí)間的狀語如then(那時(shí)),at this(that)time(在這時(shí)/那時(shí)),yesterday(昨天),last year(去年)等連用。但在不少情況下,沒有表示時(shí)間的狀語,此時(shí)需通過上下文來表示。

 如:What were you doing at about 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon?昨天下午4點(diǎn)鐘左右你在做什么?

—I was listening to music.我在聽音樂。

Jane was working on her homework last night.簡昨晚在寫作業(yè)。

⒉ 在某事(動(dòng)作)發(fā)生前開始的動(dòng)作

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)經(jīng)常在一個(gè)句子里使用。用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于主句,亦可用于從句。

如:Just as I was leaving the house,the telephone rang.我正要出門,電話鈴響了。(用于從句)

He broke his leg when he was playing football.他踢足球的時(shí)候把腿傷了。(用于從句)

She was reading when he called.他來訪時(shí),她正在看書。(用于主句)

⒊ 表示同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

如:While you were writing letters,I was reading a book.你寫信的時(shí)候,我在看書。

While we were having breakfast,John was talking on the telephone.我們吃早飯的時(shí)候,約翰在打電話。

⒋ 表示過去將來的動(dòng)作

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)亦可表示從過去某時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常用在間接引語中。

如:She was leaving early the next morning.第二天一早她就要離開此地了。(從過去某時(shí)間看)

She asked whether he was coming back for lunch.她問他晚飯是否回家來吃。(用于間接引語中)

We were coming to see you,but it rained(so we didn't).我們本預(yù)備來看你,只是下雨了。

⒌ 表示客氣的詢問

用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)比用一般過去時(shí)更客氣,更不肯定。

如:I was wondering about it.我對(duì)那事感到疑惑。

I was wondering how to get there quickly/where to spend the weekend.我想知道怎樣才能迅速到達(dá)那里/在何處度周末。

7
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。一般過去時(shí)表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作,即用一般過去時(shí)只表示有過這件事或比較短暫的動(dòng)作:

如:He talked to his girlfriend on the phone yesterday.昨天他和女朋友通過電話。

He was talking to his girlfriend on the phone when I came in.我進(jìn)來時(shí),他在和女朋友通電話。

It rained yesterday.昨天下過雨。(不一定是一整天)

★ 過去將來時(shí)
1
過去將來時(shí)的定義

過去將來時(shí)主要用于表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)候看來即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

如:He said he would come here next Friday. 他說他下周星期五來這兒。

I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道當(dāng)我們陷入困境時(shí)它會(huì)幫助我們。

2
過去將來時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

⒈ would + 動(dòng)詞原形。

如:She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告訴我們說她將一切努力在本期趕上其他同學(xué)們。

When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 過去當(dāng)你請(qǐng)她幫忙時(shí),他絕不會(huì)拒絕。

⒉ was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。

如:He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告訴我說他要參加那次會(huì)議。

He said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 他說將要拍我去火車站接她。

⒊ was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形。

如:The building was to be completed next month. 這座建筑改在下個(gè)月竣工。

Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。

⒋ was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。

如:We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. 就在我們要離開時(shí),天突然下起了大雨。

He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中飯的時(shí)候,門鈴響起來了。

⒌ was / were +現(xiàn)在分詞。

如:He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。

We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我們接到通知說領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們很快要來我們學(xué)校。

3
過去將來時(shí)的用法

⒈ 過去將來時(shí),一般用于主句為過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。

如:He said he would stay with us. 他說他要與我們呆在一起。

He said he would never go there again. 他說他絕不會(huì)再去那兒。

⒉ 過去將來時(shí),用于虛擬語氣中。

如:If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的話,我就不會(huì)那樣做。

If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 如果他在這兒,他就會(huì)向我們展示該如何做了。

4
拓展

was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形;was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形;was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形等結(jié)構(gòu)都可表達(dá)當(dāng)時(shí)一種未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖或打算。

如:The conference was going to be held the next month. 會(huì)議下個(gè)月開。

We were to have our class at eight. 八點(diǎn)我們?cè)撋险n了。

I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in. 就在我要告訴他時(shí),吳東進(jìn)來了。

★ 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Future Continuous)表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某一階段內(nèi)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。將來進(jìn)行時(shí)由“shall/will + be動(dòng)詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。shall用于第一人稱,will用于各種人稱。

1
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)由shall be+現(xiàn)在分詞(第一人稱),will be+現(xiàn)在分詞(第二、三人稱)構(gòu)成。

肯定句:主語 + shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

否定句:主語 + shall/will + not + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

疑問句:Shall/Will + 主語 + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞…….?

疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + shall/will + 主語 + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞……?

現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞work為例,將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定式、否定式和疑問式列表如下:

2
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句

句型:主語 + shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞……

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句由助動(dòng)詞shall/will加助動(dòng)詞be再加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成:

如:Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute! 快!客人就要來了。

We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes.我們將在16分鐘后在巴黎機(jī)場降落。

3
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句

句型:主語 + shall/will + not + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞...

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句是在助動(dòng)詞shall/will之后加not:

如:The train won't be leaving until one.火車1點(diǎn)鐘才開。

Anyhow, you won't be playing for the next few Saturdays.無論如何,后幾個(gè)星期六你不許再玩了。

4
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問句

句型: Shall/Will + 主語 + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞...?

回答方式:Yes,主語 + shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞...

No,主語 + shall/will + not + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞...

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問句是將助動(dòng)詞shall/will置于主語之前(大寫shall/will的第一個(gè)字母),在句尾加問號(hào);這種語序是倒裝語序:

如:—Will you be remaining in the city? 你將來會(huì)留在這個(gè)城市嗎? 

—Yes,I shall be(remaining in the city).是。

—Will they be coming this way? 他們會(huì)順著這條路來嗎?

—No,they won't be(coming this way).不,不會(huì)從這條路來。

—Will you be coming tomorrow? 你明天會(huì)來嗎? 

—I guess so.我想會(huì)來的。

5
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問句

句型:疑問代詞/疑問副詞 + shall/will + 主語 + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞...?

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問句是將疑問代詞或帶有疑問限定詞的名詞詞組置于助動(dòng)詞shall/will之前(shall/will的第一個(gè)字母無需大寫),和一般疑問句差不多;這種語序是倒裝語序。就主語提問時(shí),將疑問代詞或帶有疑問限定詞的名詞詞組置于助動(dòng)詞shall/will之前,在句尾加問號(hào);這種語序是陳述句語序:

如:—Who will be looking after Joe? 誰來照管喬? 

—Don't worry! Mr. Frith will be looking after him. He said he would.別擔(dān)心!弗里斯先生會(huì)照管他的。他說他會(huì)的。

—What time will she be arriving?她什么時(shí)候到達(dá)? 

—She will be arriving at about 8:30 tomorrow morning.她大概明天上午8點(diǎn)半到達(dá)。

—How long will you be staying here?你將在這里住多久?

I'll be staying here for half a year. 我將在這里住半年。

6
將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

⒈ 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某一階段內(nèi)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。一般只用于動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞,不能用于靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞:

如:She'll be leaving at about seven.她將在7點(diǎn)鐘離開。

I'll be waiting for you at the gate.我將在大門口等你。

Be sure to come. We'll be expecting you.一定要來,我們要等你的。

⒉ 表示將來某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

如:I shall be staying here about a week.我將在這里住一星期左右。

He will be working in Geneva during the summer vacation.暑假期間他將在日內(nèi)瓦工作。

We'll be using this book next term.我們下學(xué)期將用這本書。

⒊ 用于現(xiàn)代英語口語中,表示“純粹”的將來該時(shí)態(tài)比一般將來時(shí)顯得語氣委婉:

When will you be visiting us again? 你什么時(shí)候再來拜訪我們? (比較委婉)

When will you visit us again? (一般說法)

He will be attending the lecture this evening.他今晚將要去聽講座。(單純表示將來)

He will attend the lecture this evening.他今晚打算去聽講座。(一般說法,表示意圖)

They will be arriving here tomorrow.他們明天就要到達(dá)此地。(陳述將來的事實(shí))

★ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

⒈ 肯定句:主語+have/has+done重去分詞+其它

如:He has lived in Shenzhen for 4 years.

⒉ 一般疑問句:Have/Has+主語+done (過去分詞)+其它

如:Has he lived in Shenzhen for 4 years?

⒊ 否定句:主語+have/has+not +done(過去分詞)+其它

如:He has not finished his homework.

2
過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法

⒈ 一般情況下,直接在動(dòng)詞原形后面加-ed.

如:work→worked,answer→answered,obey→obeyed,want→wanted

⒉ 以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞只加d.

如:Move→moved,hope→hoped,divide→divided

⒊ 字尾是輔音+y的動(dòng)詞。則將y改i加ed

如:study→studied,tidy→tidied,satisfy→satisfied

⒋ 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,這些詞的末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí),雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加ed.

stop→stopped,regret→regretted,drop→dropped

⒌ 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式與過去分詞分類記憶表

① AAA.(原形,過去式和過去分詞一致)

② ABB(過去式和過去分詞一致)

⑴ 過去式、過去分詞含有-ought

⑵ 過去式、過去分詞含有-aught

⑶ 過去式、過去分詞-t替換原形-d

⑷ 過去式、過去分詞在原形詞尾加-t或-d

⑸ 過去式、過去分詞改為-ept

⑹ 過去式、過去分詞改為-elt

⑺ 過去式、過去分詞改為-aid

⑻ 過去式、過去分詞改為-old

⑼ 過去式、過去分詞改為-ood

⑽ 其它變化

③ ABA(過去式與原形一致)


④ ABC(過去式、過去分詞與原形各不一樣)

⑴ 過去分詞在過去式或原形后加-n或-en

⑵ 三種形式都有變化

3
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)標(biāo)志詞

recently;recent years;these days/years;lately;since;for+段時(shí)間;in the past few years;ever since;in the last five months;up to now;since then;so far;ever;never,yet;once;twice;already;before;just

⒈ already(已經(jīng)):用于肯定句

如:I have already posted the letter.

⒉ yet(已經(jīng)):用于否定句,疑問句

如:He hasn't done his homework yet.

⒊ just(剛剛)

如:They have just left.

⒋ ever(曾經(jīng))

如:Have you ever been to Beijing?

⒌ never(從不)

如:I have never seen him.

⒍ before(以前)

如:Have you seen the film before?

⒎ since(自從.…以來)

如:I've worked in the school since 1999.

⒏ for(長達(dá))

如:He's lived in Shenzhen for 6 years.

⒐ in the past several days/weeks/ years(過去的.…)

⒑ recently(最近)

如:I have not written to my parents recently.

⒒ so far(到目前為止)

如:So far she has learned 5 English songs.

⒓ up to now(到目前為止)

⒔ this morning/month/year(今天早上/這個(gè)月/今年)

4
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

⒈ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,并對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。常與already(已經(jīng)),yet(已經(jīng)),just(剛剛),ever(曾經(jīng))等詞連用。

⒉ Already,yet的用法

already:常用于肯定句中.

yet:常用于否定句,疑問句尾。

如:Someone has broken the window.(窗戶現(xiàn)在是壞的。)

I have already lost the key.(我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙)

I have just cleaned my hands.(手是干凈的)

⒊ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與for,since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語或從句連用.

 since,for的用法:

 since(自……以來)

a. since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)

如:He has stayed here since 5 o'clock.

b. since+時(shí)間段+ago

如:He has stayed here since 5 hours ago.

c. since+從句

⑵ for(長達(dá))

a. for+時(shí)間段

如:He has kept the book for 2 weeks.

She has learned English for 5 years.

He has lived in Beijing since he was born.

Have you stayed here since 3 o'clock?

⒋ have/has been to;have/has gone to;have/has been in

have /has beento 曾經(jīng)去過某地,人已經(jīng)回來了

have /has gone to 去了某地,人還沒回來

have /has been in去了某地并一直待在那

如:我去過上海。I have been to Shanghai twice.

—Where is Jim?

—He has gone to England.(尚未回來)

I have been in Shanghai for three year.我到上海已有三年了。

① 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的”完成用法”

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的”完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束,但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。

例如:He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。

(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過去,但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況…燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”完成用法”的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù),因此,該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時(shí)間狀語(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(如:never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(如:this morning/month/year…today等)連用。

例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?

② 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的”未完成用法'

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的”未完成用法”指的是動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。

例如:He has lived here since 1978/he moved here.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)

I have been in the amy for more than 5 years.部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)

此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(如:upto now,so far到目前為止)等。

例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。

③ 瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和時(shí)間段連用,瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞:把動(dòng)作換成狀態(tài)

例如:他的爺爺已經(jīng)去世2年了。His grandpa has been dead for 2 years.

他離開深圳好長時(shí)間了。He has been away from Shenzhen for a long time.

5
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

⒈ 一般過去時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語基本構(gòu)成是”助動(dòng)詞have /has +過去分詞”。

如:The film started at 7 o'clock.He has been a teacher for many years.

⒉ 一般過去時(shí)通常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。

yesterday,last week,two years ago,just now,in2002等;而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just,already,ever,never等副詞和these days,this week,since...,for.../since…ago/up to now/so far 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。

⒊ 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過去的事情,不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)”現(xiàn)在”產(chǎn)生的影響。

如:He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時(shí)間)

⒋ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。

如:Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)

★ 過去完成時(shí)
1
概念及用法

⒈ 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作,可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句(在復(fù)合句中,由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句叫做時(shí)間狀語從句)來表示,也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。

如:By nine o'clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨天晚上9點(diǎn)鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。

⒉ 表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和for,since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。

如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在車站已經(jīng)等了20分鐘,一輛公共汽車終于來了。

⒊ 敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補(bǔ)充以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常使用過去完成時(shí)。

例:Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天就去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。

⒋ 在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。

如:I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。

She found the key that she had lost.她發(fā)現(xiàn)她失去了的鑰匙。

⒌ 過去完成時(shí)常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。

如:He said that he had known her well.他說他早就很了解她了。

⒍ 狀語從句:在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,“發(fā)生在過去的過去”,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí)。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

如:When I woke up,it had already stopped raining.我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。

注意:如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過去完成時(shí),特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時(shí)可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。

如:After he arrived in England,Marx worked hard to improve his English.

馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語水平。

⒎ 動(dòng)詞think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。

如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來打算去幫忙,但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我們本來希望能來看看你。

⒏ 過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly when…,no sooner than…,It was the first time…等固定句型中。

如:Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他。

It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。

⒐ 過去完成時(shí)可以與時(shí)間狀語before,when,after,by+,until,once,had no sooner…than,yet,already等連用。

如:Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他是我的好朋友。

After he arrived in England,Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到英國后,他努力提高他的英語水平。

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night 到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘,我已經(jīng)讀完這本小說。

2
語法區(qū)別

⒈ 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,以now的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),但側(cè)重對(duì)now產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。

比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語單詞。

I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語單詞。

⒉ 與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

 時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。

比較:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

② 過去完成時(shí)表示過去的過去,不單獨(dú)使用,一般和一般過去式一起使用。

③ 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and或but連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在before,after,as soon as引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。

如:He entered the room,turned on the light and read an evening paper.

3
語法判定

⒈ 由時(shí)間狀語來判定

一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有:

① by+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

如:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

② by the end of+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

如:We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

③ before+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。

如:They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

⒉ 由“過去的過去”來判定

過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:

① 賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。

如:She said that she had seen the film before.

② 狀語從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。

如:After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.

注意:before,after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于before和after本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。

如:After he closed the door,he left the classroom.

表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示”原本……,未能……”

例:We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.

⒊ 根據(jù)上、下文來判定

如:I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

① 表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作,并往往對(duì)將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。

如:We shall(will)have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到這個(gè)學(xué)期末,我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。

By the time you get home,I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。

② 表示推測(cè),相當(dāng)于'must have done'結(jié)構(gòu)。

如:You will have heard of this,I guess.我猜你已經(jīng)聽說過這件事了。

I am sure that he will have got the information.我相信他一定會(huì)得到這個(gè)信息。

③ 表示某種狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到說話人所提及的時(shí)間。

例:We will have been married a year on June 25th.到6月25日我們倆結(jié)婚就滿1年了。

4
過去完成時(shí)的表達(dá)意

⒈ 表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,并且還將持續(xù)下去。

如:The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中國有2000年的造紙歷史。(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)

I have been learning English since three years ago.自從三年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語。(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)

I have been studying for English since 10 years ago.自從十年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語。(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)

⒉ 表示在說話時(shí)刻之前到現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

如:We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了(人還沒到,如同在電話里說的,還會(huì)繼續(xù)等)

⒊ 有些現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子。

如:They have been living in this city for ten years.

They have lived in this city for ten years.他們?cè)谶@個(gè)城市已經(jīng)住了10年了。(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)

⒋ 大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子。

如:I have been writing a book.(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)我一直在寫一本書。

I have written a book.(動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)我已經(jīng)寫了一本書。

They have been building a bridge.他們一直在造一座橋。(動(dòng)作還將繼續(xù)下去)

They have built a bridge.他們?cè)炝艘蛔鶚颉#▌?dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)

⒌ 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

如:I have known him for years.我認(rèn)識(shí)他已經(jīng)好幾年了。

*I have been knowing……這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還有:love愛,like喜歡,hate討厭,think想等等。

⒍ 一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子也與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子含義相同延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)中使用,句意相同。

如:She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.

She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.

她已經(jīng)睡了6個(gè)小時(shí),到現(xiàn)在還沒有醒來。

⒎ 表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的未完成性

如:It has been raining for 3 days.已經(jīng)下了3天的雨了(現(xiàn)在還沒停止)

5
過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

I/we/they have been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

He/she/it has been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞

6
過去完成時(shí)的基本句型

肯定式:第一人稱+have been doing sth.

疑問式:Have第一人稱+been doing sth?

簡略回答:Yes,第一人稱+have./No,第一人稱+haven't.

肯定式:第三人稱+has been doing sth.

疑問式:Has+第三人稱+been doing sth?

簡略回答:Yes,第三人稱+has./No,第三人稱+hasn't.

★ 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。

如:Those cats have been screaming for hours. 那些貓叫了半天了。

The dollar has been climbing steadily all week. 整個(gè)星期美元一直在穩(wěn)步增值。

2
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have / has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

如:Sales have been dropping off badly. 銷售量一直減少得很厲害。

We’ll have been living here for two years by next Sunday. 到下星期日,我們?cè)谶@里就住了整兩年了。

3
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有哪些主要用法

⒈ 表示“持續(xù)”:

即表示一個(gè)從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這動(dòng)作可能剛剛停止,也可能還在進(jìn)行。

如:She has been pruning the roses. 她一直在修剪玫瑰。

Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 湯姆一直在想辦法給你弄一個(gè)工作許可證。

It has come to our knowledge that you have been cheating the company. 據(jù)我們了解你一直欺騙公司。

The group has been living in a remote corner of the Cambodian jungle. 該部落一直居住在柬埔寨的叢林深處。

⒉ 表示“重復(fù)”

即表示在一段持續(xù)的時(shí)間內(nèi)動(dòng)作的多次重復(fù),而這個(gè)重復(fù)的動(dòng)作在說話時(shí)并不一定在進(jìn)行。

如:We’ve all along been making mistakes like this. 我們一直犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤。

Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the past week. 一星期以來吉姆每天晚上給詹妮打電話。

4
與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行連用的主要時(shí)間狀語

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所用的時(shí)間狀語:all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 時(shí)間段; since +時(shí)間點(diǎn); for + 時(shí)間段等等。

如:He has been working all day. 他整天都在工作。

They have been building the bridge for two month. 兩個(gè)月來他們一直在修橋。

They have been planting trees this month. 這個(gè)月來他們一直在植樹。

Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽車銷量近來一直在下降。

Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期,吉姆天天晚上都給詹妮打電話。

The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year. 自從新年以來,雙方就一直在試圖聯(lián)手。

5
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

⒈ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù),因此,表示動(dòng)作的完成,只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),而不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

如:He has changed his idea. 他改變了想法。

⒉ 在表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)時(shí),雖然既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),也可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行。因此在需要明確表示動(dòng)作還要持續(xù)下去時(shí),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

如:We have been studying here for two years. 我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了兩年了。

⒊ 在許多情況下,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)卻并非如此。

如:He has cleaned the window. 他把窗戶擦干凈了。(動(dòng)作已完成)

He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗戶。(動(dòng)作不一定完成)

⒋ 有些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),一般不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

如:I've known him for many years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他有許多年了。

⒌ 有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如live, work, teach, study等)用兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可以,意思差別不大。

如:I've lived(been living) here for 30 years. 我在這兒住了30年了。

⒍ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的相通性:在表達(dá)一個(gè)從過去開始而現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作時(shí),某些動(dòng)詞既可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),也可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),如expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。

如:你學(xué)習(xí)英語多久了?

正:How long have yon learnt English?

正:How long have you been learning English?


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編輯:小歡

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