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英語八大時(shí)態(tài)： 01一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞原形 1. 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常與表頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用： She often speaks English. I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2. 表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征、職業(yè)、能力、感覺等： He seems to feel a bit down today. He works as a driver. 3. 表示真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)或用于格言警句中： Shanghai lies in the east of China. Columbus proved that the earth is round. Where there is a will, there is a way. 4. 表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動(dòng)作： Here comes the bus! 5. 表示將來 1) 表按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng)、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的趨向動(dòng)詞），可以與表示未來的時(shí)間狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是：飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通狀況。如： The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon. How often does the shuttle bus run? 2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中常使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來發(fā)生的事情： When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me. I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy. 02一般過去時(shí) 標(biāo)志：動(dòng)詞過去式 *閉音節(jié)：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果發(fā)字母本來的音則稱為開音節(jié)，否則稱為閉音節(jié)。 1. 表示過去某時(shí)所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等）。如： Jim rang you just now. Liu Ying was in America last year. 2. 表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，特別是used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過去常常。如： When I was a kid, I often played football in the street. She used to visit her mother once a week. *注意區(qū)分sb. used to do sth.（某人過去常常做某事，此處to是動(dòng)詞不定式標(biāo)志符號(hào)）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人習(xí)慣于某物/做某事，此處to是介詞）。 3. 代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。此用法僅適用于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, would。如： I wondered if you could have a word with me. I hoped you could help me with my English. Would you mind my sitting here? 4. 虛擬語氣中用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用句型有： It is time that sb. did sth. “某人該做某事了” would rather sb. did sth. “寧愿某人做某事” 03一般將來時(shí) 標(biāo)志：will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形 1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如： We shall have a lot of rain next month. My husband will come back in a few days. 2. 表示傾向性和習(xí)慣性： Fish will die without water. When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt. 3. 一般將來時(shí)的幾種句式結(jié)構(gòu)辨析： 1) will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形 多用于表達(dá)主觀愿望或必定會(huì)發(fā)生的事情（“將會(huì)如何”） *shall作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)一般只用于第一人稱 2) be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事： It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today. 3) be to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作： He is to visit Japan next year. We are to discuss the report on Monday. 4) be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，意為“馬上要做某事”，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語，如： The plane is about to start. Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you. 04現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 標(biāo)志：be + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 1. 表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作： She is writing a letter upstairs. Who are you waiting for? It is raining hard. 2. 表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行）： I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel. 3. 表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如： John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid. He is always thinking of others first. 4. 表示將來 1) 表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如： Uncle Wang is coming. They're leaving for Beijing. 2) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)正在發(fā)生的事情。如： Please drop in when you are passing my way. If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up. 05過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 標(biāo)志：was / were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 1. 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)中常用的時(shí)間狀語有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如： I was having a talk with Lucy at that time. They were watching TV at home last night. 2. 表示過去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，往往包含說話者贊揚(yáng)、責(zé)備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如： My brother was always losing his keys. 3. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去某時(shí)刻將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，僅適用于部分趨向動(dòng)詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如： He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)有一個(gè)主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景（一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生）： Granny fell asleep when she was reading. It was raining when they left the station. 06現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 標(biāo)志：have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 1. 表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生并已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況（表示“已完成”）。如： He has left the city. （結(jié)果：他目前不在這個(gè)城市） Someone has broken the window. （結(jié)果：窗戶破了） 2. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去（表示“未完成”）。 I have been busy since last week. He has taught in our school for 30 years. I’ve finished half so far. 注意 瞬間動(dòng)詞通常是不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結(jié)構(gòu)則可以。如： She hasn’t seen you for ages. His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week. 3. 表示過去到現(xiàn)在為止反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如： I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company. 4. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如： I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park. 5. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見詞語 能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有： 1) since 自從 I have been there many times since the war. We haven’t seen each other since last week. We have been friends ever since. 2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中 I’ve been ill for the past three weeks. Great changes have take place in the last ten years. I have been here (for) the last/past month. 3) so far 到目前為止 We haven’t had any trouble so far. So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless. 4) up to/until now 到現(xiàn)在為止 Up to now he’s been quiet. Up to now, the work has been easy. I have heard nothing from him up till now. Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees. 5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次… It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here. It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public. It is the second time (that) I have met him today. 6) This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) + that … 這是最… This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系； 而一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。如： I have seen this film. （我已經(jīng)看過了這部電影） I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的這部電影） 2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆沒有時(shí)間狀語； 而一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。 3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示持續(xù)時(shí)一般使用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（如live, teach, work, know等）； 而一般過去時(shí)常使用瞬間動(dòng)詞（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如： He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring. My grandfather bought the car five years ago. 7. 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)辨析 1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)，這是錯(cuò)誤的。如： (×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。 (√) He has been dead for two years. (√) He died two years ago. (×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。 (√) The film has been on for 10 minutes. (√) The film began 10 minutes ago. (×) She has married for three years. 她結(jié)婚有三年了。 (√) She has been married for three years. (√) She married Mike three years ago. 2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，但have been to表示去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了），have gone to表示到某地去了（現(xiàn)在還沒回來）。如： She has been to Paris (three times). She has gone to Paris. 07過去完成時(shí) 標(biāo)志：had + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 1. 表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。如： By the end of last week he had finished the work. He had left when I arrived. 2. 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如： We had not seen each other since I left Beijing. The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema. 3. 某些表意向的動(dòng)詞（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的過去完成時(shí)表示主語未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、希望、打算。如： I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. 4. （虛擬語氣）在條件狀體從句或wish / would rather等后面的從句中，使用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的主觀愿望。如： The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come. I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day. 5. 過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí) 1) 基本區(qū)別：過去完成時(shí)表示以過去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，而一般過去時(shí)只表示以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如： He studied there two years ago.他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)（離現(xiàn)在兩年） He said he had studied there two years before.他說他兩年前在那兒學(xué)習(xí)過。（離他說話時(shí)兩年） 2) 特別注意：兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如果按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或者用then, and, but等連詞連接時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。如： When she saw the mouse, she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 08過去將來時(shí) 標(biāo)志：would + 動(dòng)詞原形 1. 表示從過去某一時(shí)間來看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般用于主句為過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。如： He said he would come here next Friday. I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 2. 表示過去的動(dòng)作習(xí)慣或傾向： The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything. When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am. 3. 用于虛擬語氣中： If I were you, I would not do that. If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 4. 過去將來時(shí)的其他形式 1) was / were going to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如： He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 2) was / were to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如： The building was to be completed next month. Li Lei was to arrive soon. 3) was / were about to + 動(dòng)詞原形。如： We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)。本文版權(quán)歸原創(chuàng)作者所有。若侵聯(lián)刪。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? |
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