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《科學(xué)美國人》授權(quán)發(fā)布 Republishing Authorized by Scientific American 你是否想過，為什么在人群中 ever wonder why even in a crowd 當(dāng)有人受了欺負(fù)，似乎沒有人愿意挺身而出 no one seems to step in when someone is bullied 似乎也沒有人去幫助身體出現(xiàn)不適的人 Or help someone that is feeling unwell 答案是：旁觀者效應(yīng) the answer is the bystander effect 旁觀者效應(yīng)是一種奇怪的心理現(xiàn)象 The bystander effect is a strange psychological phenomenon 事發(fā)周圍的人越多 the more people there are around 旁觀者介入緊急情況的可能性就越小 the less likely bystanders are to intervene in an emergency situation 有一種解釋說，眾多的旁觀者導(dǎo)致責(zé)任分散效應(yīng) one explanation is that the diffusion of responsibility among multiple bystanders 會(huì)使每個(gè)旁觀者認(rèn)為其他人會(huì)站出來采取行動(dòng) leads each person to believe someone else will stand forward and take action 如果旁觀者認(rèn)為其他人更有能力，則會(huì)使責(zé)任分散效應(yīng)更為增強(qiáng) the effect is likely also bolstered by bystanders assuming other people 例如認(rèn)為醫(yī)生或者警察等人更有資格提供幫助 such as doctors or police officers are more qualified to help 這種效應(yīng)使得旁觀者害怕受到傷害，或者擔(dān)心自己的介入是多余的 fearing harm and worrying their intervention will be unneeded or unwanted 單獨(dú)的旁觀者比成群的旁觀者更有可能注意到受害者 Lone bystanders are more likely to notice a victim than bystanders in groups 這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)人們聚在一起時(shí) this is because when people are together 社會(huì)規(guī)范決定了我們更關(guān)注彼此 social norms dictate that we focus on each other 而對周圍事物的注意力則會(huì)減弱 and pay less attention to our surroundings 一旦旁觀者確實(shí)注意到了受害者 once a bystander does notice the victim 他們也會(huì)去觀察周圍人對此事的態(tài)度 they might look at other people nearby to interpret the situation 如果沒有人做出反應(yīng) if no one else is reacting 旁觀者也會(huì)照樣什么也不做 the bystander might conform and do nothing 旁觀者也許會(huì)認(rèn)為 there may be a assumption 其他的旁觀者更有能力處理狀況 that the other bystanders have more knowledge about the given situation 并且認(rèn)為其他人正在采取恰當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng) and are behaving appropriately 如果旁觀者認(rèn)為情況確實(shí)緊急 if the bystander does deem the situation in emergency 并且覺得應(yīng)該有人采取行動(dòng) and think someone should do something 那么旁觀者就不得不審視一下他們的個(gè)人責(zé)任 they then have to contemplate their personal responsibility 如此，他們的責(zé)任感和同情心也許會(huì)增強(qiáng) feelings of obligation and empathy could be increased 如果旁觀者有過醫(yī)療或者自我防衛(wèi)的訓(xùn)練 if the bystander has medical or self-defense training 如果他們認(rèn)識受害者 if they know the victim 并且認(rèn)為受害者應(yīng)該得到幫助 and if they believe the victim deserves help 那實(shí)際上他們最終會(huì)決定提供幫助 the final step is actually deciding to help 要么直接參與救助，要么聯(lián)系相關(guān)部門 either by intervening directly or contacting the authorities 這樣一來，旁觀者效應(yīng)最終就被克服了 finally the bystander effect has been overcome 然而最近的一份研究表明 however a recent study suggests 在職場中，旁觀者效應(yīng)會(huì)阻礙下級的想法、顧慮和意見 the bystander effect can prevent ideas，concerns and opinions 傳達(dá)到上級管理層 from reaching upper management in the workplace 如果一個(gè)員工確信某個(gè)信息已經(jīng)廣為人知 if an employee is confident that information is widely known 并且已在其他員工中引起議論 And discussed among other employees 這樣，由于責(zé)任的分散 A diffusion of responsibility lowers the chance 使得他們將信息上報(bào)給管理者的可能性會(huì)降低 that they will tell their manager the information 研究者將這種現(xiàn)象稱作“聲音旁觀者效應(yīng)” researchers call this The Voice Bystander Effect 這里是科學(xué)美國人 From Scientific American 我是蒂姆·帕爾米耶里 I'm Tim Palmieri |
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