A
a
/
ei
/
face
late
name
plane
take
/
A
/
bad
glad
lamp
plan
/
C
/
quality quantity
want
wash
watch
what
/
B:
/
father
rather
非重讀 /
E
/
about
again
awake
china
breakfast important
非重讀 / i
/
accurate
advantage
comrade courage damage
message
palace passage
private separate
village
voltage
在名詞、形容詞、副詞詞尾
非重讀 /
ei
/
celebrate
dictate
radiate separate
在動詞詞尾
aff
/
B:f
/
staff
aft
/ B:f t
/
after
craft
draft
ai/ay
/ ei
/
brain
claim
faint
main
wait
day
may
play
say
非重讀 / i
/
mountain
portrait
holiday
Sunday
air
/
Z[
/
chair
fair
hair
pair
stair
al
/
C:
/
chalk
talk
walk
all
ball
call
wall
/
C:l
/
also
false
salt
/
B:
/
calf
half
balm
calm
palm
-an-
/
B:n
/
command
dance
plant
ar
/
B:
/
bar
car
dark
far
lark
/
C:
/
dwarf
quarter
war
ward
warm
warp
非重讀 /E
/
collar
grammar
particular
polar
sugar
are
/
Z[
/
care
dare
fare
rare
spare
stare
-ask
/ B:sk
/
ask
flask
task
-asp
/
B:sp
/
grasp
-ass
/ B:s
/
brass
class
glass
pass
-ast
/
B:st
/
blast
fast
last
past
-ath
/ B:W
/
bath
path
augh
/ C:
/
caught
daughter
taught
au/aw
/
C:
/
author
cause
fault
launch
awful
claw
dawn
law
paw
saw
B
b
/
b
/
bee
blast
C
c
/
k
/
cake
cloth
cook
cross
cut
/
s
/
cell
cite
city
cycle
cc
/
ks
/
accent
accept
accident
succeed
/
k
/
acclaim
according
accuse
occupy
ch-
/
tF
/
chalk
change
choose church
/
k
/
anchor
character
chemistry
chloride
echo
psychology
school
stomach
/
F
/
chauffeur
chef
-cia- -cie-
-cio-
/
FE
/
efficient
sufficient
delicious
precious
electrician
social
special technician
ck
/
k
/
deck
kick
neck
pack
stick
D
d
/
d
/
decide
deed
dive
do
duty
dge
/ dV
/
badge
bridge
judge
lodge
ridge
E
e
/ i:
/
he
theme
these
we
/
e
/
best
desk
egg
pen
well
yes
非重讀 /
E
/
excellent
open
sentence
silent
非重讀 / i
/
decide
event
explain
repeat
actress
careless
darkness
tallest
wanted
ea
/ i:
/
clean
lease
meat
peace
tea
/
e
/
bread
dead
head
lead
/ ei
/
break
great
/ iE
/
idea
ear
/ iE
/
dear
fear
hear
spear
tear
wear
/ Z[
/
bear
pear
wear
/ [:
/
early
heard
learn
pearl
ee
/ i:
/
green
meet
see
steel
three
eer
/ i[
/
beer
cheer
deer
engineer
pioneer
ei
/ ai
/
either
height
neither
ei/ie
/ i:
/
ceiling
receive
brief
field
niece
piece
thief
yield
eigh
/ ei
/
eight
freight
neighbor
el
/ ([)l
/
level
em
/ ([)m
/
problem
en
/ ([)n
/
element
even
open
seven
student
er
/ [:
/
certain
her
nerve
person
serve
非重讀 / [
/
conversation
paper
perform teacher worker
ere
/ i[
/
adhere here
merely
/ Z[
/
there
where
eu/ew
/ ju:
/
feudal
neutral
chew
dew
few
new
ew
/
u:
/
blew
crew
drew
Jew
threw
ey
/ ei
/
grey
prey
they
非重讀 / i
/
money
valley
F
f
/
f
/
far
few
fir
for
fun
calf
knife
life
scarf
wolf
G
g
/
g
/
gave
go
goat
big
leg
tag
/ dV
/
gem
giant
courage
large
technology
gh
/
f
/
cough
enough
laugh
rough
tough
gn
/
n
/
campaign
design
foreign
sign
gu(e)
/
g
/
guess
guest
guide
language
league
plague
H
h
/
h
/
hare
head
high
horse
house
/不發(fā)音/
honor
hour
exhaust
exhibit
rhyme
I
i/y
/
ai
/
like
nice
time
my
why
try
i
非重讀
/ai
/
criticize exercise
modernize
realize
在動詞詞尾
y
非重讀
/ai
/
beautify classify
occupy satisfy
在動詞詞尾
i/y
/
i
/
is
it
milk
myth
sick
wish
give
live
非重讀 / i
/
active
city
happy
office
morning
非重讀 /
E
/
beautiful
holiday possible
ie
/ ai
/
die
lie
pie
tie
ia/ie/io /
aiE
/
bias
dialogue
reliable
quiet
science
society
riot
violet
violent
ei/ie
/
i:
/
ceiling
receive
brief
field
niece
piece
thief
yield
-ild
/ aild
/
child
mild
wild
-ind
/ aind
/
blind
find
kind
ig/igh
/ ai
/
sign
design
bright
light
night
sigh
io/iou
非重讀 /
iE
/
curious
furious
patriot
period
ir
/
[:
/
bird
dirt
first
girl
thirst
非重讀 / [
/
circumference
ire/yre /
aiE
/
admire
fire
hire
require
tire
tyre
wire
J
j
/
dV
/
jacket
job
join
July
just
K
k
/
k
/
kettle
key
kitchen
kite
kn
/
n
/
knee
knife
knit
know
L
l
/
l
/
lay
leave
light
loss
lust
bottle
castle
little
tall
title
will
M
m
/
m
/
man
meet
mice
more
much
dime
dome
bottom room
-mb
/
m
/
bomb
climb
comb tomb
mn
/
m
/
autumn condemn
solemn
(在詞尾)
N
n
/
n
/
name
nickname
niece
nose
cotton
fatten
lantern
kn
/
n
/
knee
knit
know
ng/nk
/N(g/k)
/
bang
cling
English
finger
ring
thing
tongue
bank
rink
think
uncle
O
o
/
Eu
/
bone
home
joke
no
smoke
so
非重讀
/Eu
/
phono
photo
piano
potato
radio
tomato
/
C
/
drop
got
hot
lot
odd
/
u:
/
do
move
to
who
/
Q
/
come
some
done
one
son
brother
mother
dove
glove
love
非重讀 / [
/
consider
produce second
seldom today
oa
/
Eu
/
boat
coat
load
road
soap
oe
/
Eu
/
doe
foe
hoe
toe
oar
/
C:
/
board
coarse
hoarse
roar
soar
oi/oy
/
Ci
/
boil
coin
hoist
moist
point
voice
annoy
boy
joy
ploy
toy
-old
/ Euld
/
bold
cold
fold
old
oo
/
u
/
foot
good
stood
book
brook
cook
look
took
/
u:
/
boot
food
moon
school
spoon
too
tooth
/
Q
/
blood
flood
oor
/
C:
/
door
floor
or
/
C:
/
cord
fork
lord
morning
portion
/
[:
/
word
work
world
worship
非重讀 / [
/
doctor
director
effort
forget
motor
ore
/
C:
/
core
fore
more
shore
store
wore
-ost
/
Eust
/
most
post
ou
/
u:
/
group
youth
ou
/
Q
/
country
rough
touch
tough
trouble young
ou/ow /
Eu
/
soul
shoulder
blow
grow
know
show
snow
非重讀
/Eu
/
sorrow
tomorrow
window yellow
ou/ow /
au
/
about
cloud
doubt
house
loud
mouth
shout
brown
clown
down
now
town
非重讀 / [
/
generous
jealous nervous
ough
/
C:
/
bought
fought
thought
oul
/
u
/
could
should
would
our
/ au[
/
flour
hour
sour
our
/
C:
/
course
court
four
pour
our
/
u[
/
tour
非重讀 /
E
/
colour
labour
neighbour
owe/ower
/auE/
towel
vowel
flower
power
shower
P
p
/
p
/
part
pear
pill
power
cap
clap
deep
peep
ph
/
f
/
paragraph
phonograph
photo
phrase
physics
ps-
/
s
/
pseudo-science
psychology
Q
qu-/q
/ kw
/
quay
question
quick
quite
quotation
R
r
/
r
/
race
read
right
rotten
rude
wr-
/
r
/
write
wring
wrong
S
s
/
s
/
sack
see
sight
slight
soap
start
base
case
(在詞首,在名、形容詞中)
/
z
/
closet
desire
is
reason
visit
(在元音字母之間)
sc
/
s
/
scenario
scene
scent
science scissor
/
sk
/
escape
scarf
scorn
sculpture
sh
/
F
/
shape
sheep
shine
shore
shut
ash
bush
cash
fish
wash
-sia-
/
F[
/
Asian
Russian
-sion
/ VEn
/
decision
occasion
precision
vision
-shion -sion -tion
/ FEn
/
cushion
fashion
aggression
impression
oppression
version
action
dictation fiction
motion
solution
ss
/
s
/
assistant
bless
class
less
lesson
loss
miss
-ssure
/
FE
/
pressure
-st-
/
s
/
castle
fasten
listen
whistle
-sure
/ VE
/
exposure
measure pleasure treasure
sw
/
s
/
answer sword
T
t
/
t
/
take
tell
tooth
beat
taste
what
tch
/
tF
/
catch
latch
match
patch
watch
th
/
W
/
thank
theme
thin
threat
throat
bath
cloth
north
path
tenth
th(e)
/
T
/
than
there
they
those
bathe
breathe
father
rather
weather
-tia-
-tie-
/F[
/
militia
partial
patient potential
-shion -sion -tion
/
FEn
/
cushion
fashion
aggression
impression
version
action
dictation fiction
motion
solution
-stion
/ stFEn
/
combustion
question
suggestion
-ture
/
tFE
/
adventure
capture
culture
expenditure
future
U
u
/ ju:
/
cute
mute
tune
use
/
u:
/
rule
true
flute
June
/
Q
/
but
club
lust
must
shut
sun
/
u
/
bush
full
put
非重讀
/ju
/
communist
instrument
occupy
regular
非重讀
/ju:
/
attribute attitude
contribute
distribute
institute
在名詞和動詞詞尾
非重讀 /
E
/
autumn difficult industry
suggest support suppose
ue
/ (j)u:
/
blue
clue
cue
due
glue
sue
true
ui
/ ju:
/
nuisance
suit
/
u:
/
fruit
juice
recruit
/ (j)u(:)
/
suicide
tuition
fluid
ruin
ur
/
E:
/
burn
fur
hurt
nurse
surface turn
urge
非重讀 /
E
/
murmur pursue
Saturday
survive
ure
/ (j)uE
/
cure
manure
pure
sure
非重讀 /
E
/
figure
injure
V
v
/
v
/
vary
vest
vibrate
vote
vulnerable
dive
five
give
live
W
w
/
w
/
wary
wear
wipe
wool
wh-
/
w
/
what
while whip
why
/
h
/
who
whole
whom
whose
wr-
/
r
/
write
wrong
wring
sw
/
s
/
answer sword
X
x
/
g
z
/
exact
examine example
exhibition
exist
/
ks
/
export
except
exit
export
Y
y
/
ai
/
cycle
非重讀 /
ai
/
beautify
classify
非重讀 / i
/
city
psychology
clearly
daily
/
j
/
yard
yet
yield
young
youth
Z
z
/
z
/
zest
zoo
zone
ooze
元音、輔音和國際音標(biāo)
說明各個字母或字母組合在什么情況下讀什么音的規(guī)則,稱為讀音規(guī)則。
國際語音學(xué)會制定的用一個符號代表一個音素的音標(biāo),簡稱國際音標(biāo)。
語音的最小單位是音素,
音素有元音和輔音之分。發(fā)音時聲帶振動而氣流在通路上不受阻礙的是元音;不論聲帶振動與否,氣流在通路上受到這種或那種阻礙的都是輔音。元音依發(fā)音時舌面隆起部分位置的前后分為前元音、后元音和中元音。發(fā)音時聲帶不振動的輔音稱為清輔音,聲帶振動的稱為濁輔音。
consonants (輔音): (26)
fricative/friction (摩擦音): (10)
voiceless
/
f
W
s
F
h
/
voiced
/
v
T
z
V
r
/
plosive/stop (爆破音):(6)
voiceless
/
p
t
k
/
voiced
/
b
d
g
/
affricate (破擦音):(6)
voiceless
/
tF
ts
tr
/
voiced
/
dV
dz
dr
/
nasal
(鼻音)(3)
/
m
n
N
/
lateral (舌邊音)(1)
/
l
/
vowel: (20)
front
(前元音)(4)
/
i:
i
e
A
/
central
(中元音)(3)
/
E
E:
Q
/
back(后元音)(5)
/
B:
C
C:
u
u:
/
diphthong(雙元音)(8)
/
ei
ai
Ci
Eu/ou
au
iE
Z[
u[
/
semi-vowel/glide (半元音/滑音)(2)
/
j
w
/
開音節(jié)和閉音節(jié)規(guī)則
1. 開音節(jié):
元音字母在開音節(jié)中讀其字母名稱音,u在字母j, l, r后面發(fā)/u:/。
1) 以元音字母結(jié)尾的音節(jié), 如be, my,no;
2) 以“一個元音字母+(一個)輔音字母+e(不發(fā)音)”結(jié)尾的音節(jié),如age, eve,
ice,
use;
3) 以“(一個)輔音字母+一個元音字母+(一個)輔音字母+e(不發(fā)音)”結(jié)尾的音節(jié),如
dive, fuse, like, name, nose, plate, rule, theme;
4)以“(一個)輔音字母+一個元音字母+不發(fā)音的e”結(jié)尾的音節(jié),也按開音節(jié)讀音:
blue
, due, lie, see, three,
tie
2. 閉音節(jié):元音字母a, e, i/y, o,
u在閉音節(jié)中分別發(fā)音為:/A/或/C/(在字母qu的組合以及字母w后面), /e/,/i/, /C/, /Q/.
1) 以“一個元音字母+(一個)輔音字母”結(jié)尾的音節(jié),如add, at, egg, end, if, it, odd, up,
us
2) 以“(一個)輔音字母+一個元音字母+(一個)輔音字母”結(jié)尾的音節(jié),如
black
, clock, fun, knit, map, net, nod, pump, quality, sit, syrup,
wash;
3) 以“一個元音字母+二個輔音字母+不發(fā)音的e”結(jié)尾的音節(jié),也按閉音節(jié)讀音:
bridge
dense
hence
hinge
plunge
revolve
sense
since
sludge
solve
tinge
twelve
valve
R音節(jié)規(guī)則
“元音+ r”構(gòu)成的音節(jié)叫“R音節(jié)”,重讀“R音節(jié)”的讀音分別為:
1. ar
/ B:
/:
car
hard
mark
part
/ C: /:
war
warm
warp
(在字母w后面)
2.
er
/ E:
/:
deserve
her
serve
verb
3. ir
/ E:
/:
bird
dirty
first
sir
virgin
4.
or
/ C: /:
cork
lord
port
sort
/ E:
/:
word
world
work
worst
(在字母w后面)
5.
ur
/ E:
/:
curb
fur
nurse
purse
非重讀“R音節(jié)”的讀音均為/ E /:
circumference
factor
grammar
meter
murmur
solar
survival tractor
under
重讀-re音節(jié),
即“元音+re”音節(jié)和“元音+r+元音”音節(jié)的規(guī)則
在多音節(jié)詞中,如果“元音+r” 之后仍為元音字母,則“元音+r+元音”也多按-re音節(jié)讀音,讀法如下:
1)
are讀作/Z[/:
care
dare
fare
hare
square
ware
ar(+元)讀作/Z[r/:
variable
various
vary
wary
2)
ere多讀作/i[/:
adhere
here
mere
revere
severe
er(+元)讀作/i[r/:
imperialist
material
period
serious
3)
ire讀作/aiE/:
faire
hire
require
tire
tyre
ire
ir(+元)讀作/aiEr/:
miry(泥濘的)
siren
spiral
spiry(尖塔狀的)
4)
ore讀作/C:/:
before
bore
core
more
score
store
or(+元)讀作/C:r/:
boring
glorious
glory
story
5)
ure讀作/juE/:
cure
lure
manure
pure
secure
ur(+元)讀作/juEr/: curious
durable
during
fury
“雙r音節(jié)”規(guī)則
在多音節(jié)詞中,若重讀R音節(jié)后在出現(xiàn)一個r,即“元音+rr+元音”,
則r前面的元音字母不再按重讀R音節(jié)讀音,而按重讀閉音節(jié)讀音:
barrel
carry
cirrus
current
curry
ferrous
ferry
furrow
garret
harrow
herring
horror
hurry
lorry
merry
mirror
sorry
squirrel
stirrup
tomorrow
比較:
burden
carbon
circle
ferment harden internal morning
porter
purpose skirting
音節(jié)
英語單詞由一個或幾個音節(jié)組成,音節(jié)是說話時最小的語音片斷,
每個音節(jié)常由一個元音加一個或幾個輔音組成,但單獨(dú)一個元音也可以構(gòu)成一個音節(jié),少數(shù)輔音如/
m
n l /,雖沒有元音的幫助也能與前面的一個輔音構(gòu)成一個非重讀音節(jié)。
單詞重音
1. 雙音節(jié)詞重讀音節(jié)中的元音字母有一定的讀音規(guī)則:
1) 英語雙音節(jié)詞的重音多數(shù)在第一個音節(jié)上:
par’ty
stu’dent
2) 在兩個音節(jié)的分界線上如果只有一個輔音字母(r除外), 這個字母歸右邊的音節(jié), 第一音節(jié)按重讀開音節(jié)讀音:
stu’dent
o’pen
la’bour
slo’gan
3) 分界線上有兩個輔音字母(第一個不是r), 這兩個輔音字母分別劃歸左右兩個音節(jié), 第一個音節(jié)按重讀閉音節(jié)讀音:
com’rade
con’cert
les’son
let’ter
mem’ber
4) 分界線上有兩個輔音字母, 第一個是r, 這兩個字母可分別劃歸左右兩音節(jié),
第一音節(jié)按重讀r音節(jié)(這條規(guī)則也適用于多音節(jié)詞):
cor’ner
por’trait
但如果分界線上的兩個輔音字母是rr, 左邊的重讀音節(jié)按閉音節(jié)讀音:
car’ry
cur’rent
sor’ry
5) 帶有前綴a-, be-, con-, de-, dis-, en-, mis-, per-, pre-, pro-,
re-, trans-, un-等的雙音節(jié)詞,一般在第二個音節(jié)重讀:
aboard’
awake’
beside’
behalf’
condemn’
condense’
connect’
decide’
disclose’
discuss’
disease’
enlarge’
enrich’
mistake’
misuse’
perform’
permit’
prepare’
produce’
renew’
repair’
report’
rewrite’
transfer’
transform’
transmit’
unkind’
unknown’
2. 有三個以上音節(jié)的詞稱為多音節(jié)詞。多音節(jié)詞的重音多在倒數(shù)第三個音節(jié)上,該音節(jié)中的元音字母多讀短音:
activ’ity
dif’ficult
exper’iment
fam’ily
mon’itor
partic’ular
polit’ical
qual’ity
3. 多音節(jié)詞中的次重音有時落在主重音前的第二個音節(jié)上:
sat7isfac5tory
in7divid’ual
appre7cia’tion
congrat7ula’tion
exam7ina’tion
4. 在以-graphy, -ial, -ian, -iar, -ic(-ical), -ience, -iency,
-ient, -ify, -ion, -itis, -ity, -ive, -logy, -ous(-eous, -ious),
-sion, -tion等后綴結(jié)尾的詞中,重音通常落在它們前面的一個音節(jié)上:
dicta’tion
exhibit’ion
exper’ience famil’iar
histor’ic
ideol’oly
impa’tient
indus’trial
inven’tive
mu’sic
music’ian
opin’ion
ques’tion
repub’lic
situa’tion
sim’plify
5. 在以-ade, -ain, -ee, -eer, -esce, -esque, -ette, -ique, -oo,
-oon等結(jié)尾的詞中,重音常常落到最后一個音節(jié)上:
cartoon’
cigarette’
engineer’
entertain’
examinee’
lemonade’
picturesque’
platoon’
shampoo’
technique’
trainee’
句子重音(sentence stress)
人們在談話中,為了突出某一思想,對傳達(dá)該意思的詞重讀以進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),這就是句子重音。
表意重音(sense
stress)是句子重音中最普通、最基本的重音模式。根據(jù)這一模式,凡是在句子中表示明確概念,即具有較強(qiáng)的詞匯意義的詞都應(yīng)重讀。這類詞主要是實(shí)詞,即名詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞;感嘆詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞等也常常重讀。凡是意義不強(qiáng),在句中主要起造句作用的詞都弱讀,這類詞主要是虛詞,或稱功能詞,虛詞包括冠詞、介詞、連詞、助動詞、人稱代詞、關(guān)系代詞等。
邏輯重音(logical
stess)是一種特殊重音,邏輯重音按說話人的需要,為了對比或暗示,強(qiáng)調(diào)句中某一個或數(shù)個詞,其它詞(不論哪類詞)則統(tǒng)統(tǒng)退居次要地位。
失去爆破
一個爆破音后面緊接著另一個爆破音時,第一個爆破音不發(fā)生爆破,亦即只由有關(guān)發(fā)音器官做好這個音的發(fā)音姿勢,稍停隨即發(fā)后面的爆破音,
這種現(xiàn)象稱為失去爆破:
notebook
a red
pen
Sit down!
爆破音后面緊跟著摩擦音或破擦音時有爆破,但十分輕微:
picture
good student
爆破音在鼻輔音和邊輔音前面有輕微的爆破:
good
morning
Comrade Li
連讀
在一個意群(sense group)
(意思密切相關(guān)的一組詞)中,如果前一個詞以輔音結(jié)尾,后一個以元音開頭,這兩個音有時可以連起來念,這種現(xiàn)象叫做連讀,用符號表示:
What is
this?
It is a pen.
輔音連綴
在英語單詞中常有兩個或更多的輔音連在一起,這種組合叫做輔音連綴,例如maps, grade, desks.
讀輔音連綴時必須注意: (1)第一個輔音要念得輕些,短促些; (2)不要在這些輔音之間加入元音.
主要參考書目:
-- 葆青«英語語音簡明教程» (商務(wù)印書館)
-- 遼寧省工科院校«基礎(chǔ)英語»編寫組 «基礎(chǔ)英語» (人民教育出版社1977.09.02)
-- 許國璋«英語»(第一冊)(外研社1992.09)
-- 張維友«實(shí)用英語知識精要»(湖北教育出版社1996.04)
-- 胡文仲等«College English» (Revised) (第一冊)(外研社1992.06)
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