高考英語閱讀理解專題（二）推理判斷題

1．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)、事實(shí)推斷題：    

【典型練習(xí)】：   

 House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955:

Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. in l972，the house is valued at￡30，000.

1.The price of the house was         as high in 1972 as in the year Jane Grey sold it.

      A. about ten times        B. twice         C. 150 percent        D. fifteen times

2.Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利潤)of______.

A. ￡2,900         B. ￡8         C.￡7            D. ￡18

3.Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace         

     A. for four years                          B. for nine years      

    C. between 1971 and 1972       D. before 1955

4.If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______.

         A．￡28，000      B．￡18，000       C．￡30，000        D．￡25，100

【解  析】 ：第1題, 從“In 1955，Jane Grey sold for ￡2，000，”“…in l972，the house is valued at￡30，000；”句話推知，D項(xiàng)對(duì)。

第2題，從“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500 '得知D項(xiàng)對(duì)。

第3題，從“In l955，Jane Grey so1d it for ￡2，000．”推知D項(xiàng)正確。

第4題，從“Mrs Bowena Black．．．￡4，900”“．．．the house is valued at￡30，000”兩句推知D項(xiàng)為答案。

【歸納、小結(jié)】 ：在文中找到有關(guān)文字部分，與數(shù)字有關(guān)的，“列表法”、“推算法”，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，作簡單推算即可；與事實(shí)有關(guān)的，加以分析，悟出字里行間的意思。

2．常識(shí)推斷題：

【典型例題】：

 Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass.

Q: Why do people put hot metal in water?

A. To make it hard.           B. To make it soft.       

C. To make it cool.           D. To make it brittl

        文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”這一信息還不足以推出正確答案。然后根據(jù)物理常識(shí)，在制造各種工具時(shí)，往往采取淬火這一工藝，其目的是使金屬變硬以便制成鋒利的工具。即可推出A為正確答案。

【歸納、小結(jié)】：結(jié)合文中信息和常識(shí)來進(jìn)行推斷。

3．邏輯結(jié)論題：

找出短文的主題句或相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)，作出合乎邏輯的推斷。

【主要題型】：

     1.It can be inferred from the passage that．．．/We can infer from the passage that_______.

     2.What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?/ The writer suggests that_______

3. The underlined sentenced in the second paragraph implied（暗示，意指） that _____ /The story implies that      

4.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? /It can be concluded from the passage that _____./ From the passage ,we can conclude that      

【典型例題】：

Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however.

   Q:  The story suggests that tubing________.

    A. should not be done in moving water         B. is done mainly by truck drivers

    C. costs a lot of money                                   D. can be dangerous

 解析：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容：數(shù)百人乘坐著舊卡車，輪胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，顛簸而可怕，可推知這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)是十分危險(xiǎn)的。D項(xiàng)為正確答案。

4.寫作意圖、目的題。

1.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?/ The passage is intended to（想，打算，目的）        

2.What does the author probably mean by…? /By the first sentence of the passage，the author means that      

【典型例題】：（2014廣東D篇）

   Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) . Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.

   Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.

   The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海灘搜尋) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1, 600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.

   As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.

45. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?

A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution.

B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.

C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.

D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.

【文章大意】本文介紹了.海洋專家Curtis Ebbesmeyer通過研究海上漂流物的方法來研究洋流，接著就對(duì)此方法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)說明。

45. 【答案】C  根據(jù)文章第一段第3句，海洋專家Curtis Ebbesmeyer通過研究海上漂流物的方法來研究洋流，接著就對(duì)此進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)說明。故本文是為了解釋這一獨(dú)特的研究洋流的方法，C項(xiàng)正確。

5、人物性格、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度推測題：

準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的思想觀點(diǎn)；特別注意描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言，以及表達(dá)感情、態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)的詞語。特別注意作者在文章中的措詞，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞；結(jié)合有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識(shí)來識(shí)別評(píng)價(jià)。如果是議論文，抓住作者的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)；如果是記敘文，注意作者總結(jié)性的文字。

例：The NBA now has a serious image problem; more than any other sport, it’s pulled in two opposite directions. As it’s been for years, whites make up a majority of the fans; blacks make up a majority of the players. And as those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling(不斷上升的) paychecks, they’ve exercised their influence to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image.

…

The NBA has the potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both sides together in cheering some of the best athletes of any color. But it’s a fragile bridge indeed, where every black or white element apparently forces out its ethnic(種族的) opposite. And it’s not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested in crossing over.

Q: The author’s attitude towards the NBA culture could be described as____.

A. supportive  B. doubtfulC. criticalD. neutral

【主要題型】：

1. .In the author’s opinion,        /What is the author’s opinion about       

2.What’s the attitude of the author towards…?

【典型例題】：（2010年天津卷D篇，有刪減，保留原題號(hào)）

Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?

And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推論)to that: if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?

54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?

A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.

B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.

C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.

D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.

解析：在第二段，作者用了兩個(gè)疑問句和一個(gè)否定句，對(duì) “a good excuse” 的懷疑態(tài)度體現(xiàn)地淋漓盡致。因此選擇D項(xiàng)。

【歸納、小結(jié)】：

①結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度題：通過主題句把握寫作意圖，結(jié)合文章措詞（特別是表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)的詞語），推斷出作者的“言外之意”和未言明的思想內(nèi)涵。

②對(duì)于作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題，不要把自己的態(tài)度摻入其中，當(dāng)作者沒有明確表態(tài)時(shí)，根據(jù)詞語的褒貶性（常用的褒義詞：positive,  support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring, great, wonderful, beautiful, fantastic; 常用的貶義詞: disgusting, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointed, awful; 常用的中性詞：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent（矛盾的）, neutral, apathetic（無動(dòng)于衷的）, humor, disinterested. ）去判斷。

6、預(yù)測想象題：

把握作者的寫作思路（如：按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過描寫；按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來敘述），做出科學(xué)的、合情合理的預(yù)測。

【主要題型】：

1.What would the author probably discuss in the passage that follows?

2.What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on?

【典型例題】：

With the past in mind, preparations for 2006 season included sweeping changes on both the technical and personal sides. The management at Toyota Motorsport GmbH was restructed, with John Howett moving from Toyota Motor Marketing Europe to become President, thus enabling the company founder, Ove Anderson, more time to concentrate the operation of the race team at the track. Anderson’s value as an inspirational leader was one of the team’s biggest asserts(財(cái)富) in 2005.

Q: What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on?

A. Preparations for the 2006 season.          B. The value of Ove Anderson

C. How to improve the European market?      D. Changes on technical side

分析：本段第一句介紹球隊(duì)備戰(zhàn)2006賽季經(jīng)歷了技術(shù)和人事安排上的巨大變化，緊接著陳述集體的人事安排，因此，下問應(yīng)介紹技術(shù)層面的變化，所以，正確答案是D。

【歸納、小結(jié)】：把握作者的寫作思路，作出科學(xué)的預(yù)測。

7、細(xì)節(jié)推斷題

抓住關(guān)鍵詞，吃透相關(guān)信息，借助一定的常識(shí)，進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷。

【典型例題】：（2006浙江金華十校聯(lián)）

Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always evil and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern skill has changed this. Either man will end war, or war will end man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons(核武器) that cause the greatest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeeded in stopping war, there would be no danger for us. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not by contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by talking in accordance with agreed rules of law. It is not easy to change old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.

Some people hold completely false attitudes towards how to prevent war. In fact, they are willing to go to war in support of them. However the movements of the world opinion during the past two years has changed very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a common belief that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course, very difficulit problems remain in the international world but the attitude towards them is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful man who decide whether we shall leave or die, that agreements should be reached, even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be west, but between man and the bomb.

56.From the first paragraph ，we can know that _____.

A. we may face greater threat from weapons

B. chemical weapons are less dangerous than nuclear weapons

C. man’s idea of victory has changed

D. dangerous weapons are forbidden in modern society

58.The author believes that the only way to stop war is to ____

A. stop nuclear weapons    

B. settle international problems through agreements

C. get rid of bacteriological and chemical weapons

D. let the stong side take over the world

60. Which of the following words can best describe the author’s feeling in writing this passage?

A. disappointed         B. doubtrul          C. worried          D. hopeful

分析：本文介紹的是關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭問題，作者說從6000多年前人們開始了第一場戰(zhàn)爭起，戰(zhàn)爭一直與人類歷史并存，近年來隨著著細(xì)菌武器，生化武器的不斷升級(jí)和發(fā)展，人類的生存受到了前所未有的威脅和挑戰(zhàn)，然而在作者看來，戰(zhàn)爭還是有可能會(huì)終止的。

56題選A。第一段：現(xiàn)今對(duì)人類生存威脅最大的是核武器，又說不久以后細(xì)菌武器和生化武器都將威脅人類的生存，由此可推斷出：人類將會(huì)面臨越來越多的危險(xiǎn)的戰(zhàn)爭武器。

58題選B。第二段可知，國際間的合作協(xié)議在制止戰(zhàn)爭中起著非常重要的位置。

60題選D。，第一段最后一句、第二段第4、5句可知，作者對(duì)于戰(zhàn)爭的態(tài)度是憂心忡忡而又對(duì)其結(jié)束充滿希望。

【歸納、小結(jié)】：

①. 根據(jù)題干、選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)識(shí)語，找到原文的相關(guān)信息（仔細(xì)閱讀，注意選項(xiàng)中與原文的

細(xì)致差別），對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，采用同義詞、近義詞替換原文相關(guān)詞匯或正話反說的為正確答案。

②.題干中無線索（如It can be inferred from the passage that     ；It can be concluded from the passage that     等），先掃一下4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)最可能的選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)信息，做出推理；

8.材料來源、讀者對(duì)象推測題：

  【主要題型】：

1.Where would this passage most probably appear?

2.The passage is probably taken from _____.

【典型例題】：

     People are making more and more demands on the world's natural resources. If babies bom in 1991 live for eighty years, the human population of the world may be anything from twice to three times the present total by 2070. In other words, they will have to share what is left of the earth's resources with 15 billion other people. But hopefully there will be an important decrease in the growth of population. What if this does not happen? The answer is that by the time before the babies born in 1991 reach the age of 40 they could be sharing resources with as many as 10 billion other people.

     Limiting the pollution of water and the atmosphere, controlling the output of the chemicals that may be causing the global warming and climate change, and eating less meat may go some to help, but can anyone seriously imagine that these are going to solve the problems of the 'baby class' of 1991 ?

There is no getting away from the fact that people are responsible(5(對(duì)......負(fù)責(zé)) for the present state of the world, and only people can solve the problems. The decisions have to be taken by people as members of national and local governments;as leaders and decision-makers in industry; as scientists and technologists; as professional engineers and designers; as reli- gious (宗教的) leaders and individual citizens.

Q: This short passage is probably taken from _______.

   A. a news report

   B. a guide to the world

   C. an article by a medical worker

   D. a government report

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：據(jù)寫作方式和最后一段所列舉的“人”可知文章是以“呼吁”的語氣寫的，故選A。

【歸納、小結(jié)】：判斷材料來源，主要根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材。一般來說，廣告類，時(shí)事新聞?lì)悾瑠蕵沸侣勵(lì)?，影評(píng)，應(yīng)用文類通常出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙、雜志、海報(bào)上。說明文通常出現(xiàn)在教科書或?qū)嵱眉夹g(shù)手冊里面。判斷讀者對(duì)象，主要通過尋找關(guān)鍵的信息詞。

 9.論證方法題：

【典型例題】：

I receive a lot of emails every time a column is published in 21^st Century. The majority of questions I get are like this: “My English is still very poor, could you please give me some advice?” Since this kind of question is so big and so vague, any answers will be too broad or too general. In fact, asking questions is an art that needs training and practice in itself. And I would like to offer the following tips:

Always contextualize your question. If you really want to ask for advice on something, you need to provide a brief description of how you came up with the question and how you can benefit from asking it. For instance, if you need to improve your English, you need to state the skill area you are in the greatest need of improving, and what difficulties you encounter that cause you so many problems

The second piece of advice is that your question should be focused and specific. By that I mean that you might have a lot of questions, but choose the one that is most important and at the same time the least complicated.

Third, you can practise asking one question in multiple ways. For instance, if you are interested in knowing how you can boost your confidence in speaking, you might consider asking: “I often feel nervous before I ask a question, how can I overcome my anxiety?” “Could you share with me your experience of speaking in front of others?”

Of course, the best way to ask good questions is through the practice of questioning. I highly encourage you to seek opportunities to ask questions. It takes time to be a really good questioner.

Q: How is the text organized?

A．Topic---argument----description

B．Opinion—discussion---explanation

C．Main idea---comparison--- supporting examples

D．Topic ----argument----conclusion

解析：文章一開始就提出中心, 然后進(jìn)行論述, 最后得出結(jié)論。所以答案是D。

【歸納、小結(jié)】：

※ 議論文的主要論證方法有：

①.Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 即“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題”；

②Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea

即“由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)到結(jié)論或者強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn)”。

※ 說明文、夾敘夾議類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)：弄清段落意義和段落之間的關(guān)系即可。