每篇文章都有一定的寫作目的，作者往往期待讀者讀了文章后知道應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣去做某些事情或按某種方式思考問題。這層意思通常并不是在文章申明確表達(dá)出來，而是隱含在文章之中。這就要求讀者在閱讀過程中去溝通外現(xiàn)的和內(nèi)含的，已述的和未述的含義。這就需要仔細(xì)的閱讀和認(rèn)真的思考，在通盤理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去領(lǐng)會作者的言外之意，去掌握語言的微妙之處，真正欣賞和理解閱讀的東西；閱讀中的推論是很常見的，我們所讀的一切幾乎都可以做出程度不同的推論。

    凡推斷出的內(nèi)容在文章中都沒有明確敘述，但卻暗含在文字之中。因此在進(jìn)行推斷時，必須以有關(guān)的文字部分作為推理的前提和依據(jù)。所謂推斷，指根據(jù)推測而加以判斷；而推測總是根據(jù)已知的信息推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推理的有關(guān)文字部分可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精確的推斷，必須注意以下四點(diǎn)。

    1．細(xì)心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各個方面。

    2．分析已知的信息，用正確的觀點(diǎn)，借助于一些常識，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本質(zhì)。

    3．注意詞、句子的本義和與之有關(guān)的其他意義。   

    4．根據(jù)己知信息，即短文或有關(guān)的文字部分，做出的推斷必須與作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的觀點(diǎn)取代作者的原意。   

    推理判斷往往包括數(shù)據(jù)事實推斷，常識推斷，邏輯結(jié)論以及推斷作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度、傾；向等幾種類型。   

1．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)事實推斷：這種推斷常常針對某一個或幾個具體細(xì)節(jié)。是比較簡單的推斷。首先在原文中找到據(jù)以推理的有關(guān)文字部分，對與數(shù)字有關(guān)的推斷，只需簡單推算，即可得出結(jié)果。對與事實有關(guān)的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。   

例題：

       House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955:

     Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was         as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it.

   A. about ten times  B. twice      C. 150 percent      D. fifteen times

2)Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利潤)of______.

  A. ￡2,900      B. ￡8,典型例題￡7,典型例題  D. ￡18,典型例題Of all the tenants,who earned most?

  A. The Whites.       B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black.       D. Mr White.

4)When did Mrs Black buy the house?

  A. 1971.           B. 1972      C. 1968.            D. 1959

5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace

  A. for four years                  B. for nine years

  C. between 1971 and 1972           D. before 1955

6)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______.

    A．￡28，000    B．￡18，000  C．￡30，000    D．￡25，100

    以上各題的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1題的正確答案須從“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例題￡2，000，”“…inl972，the house is valued at￡30，000；”這兩句話推知，D項對。第2題的正確答案應(yīng)從“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500'得知D項對。第3題的正確答案應(yīng)從“…Jane Grey sold for￡2，000．  Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr￡22，950．”推知，MrsBlack獲利最多。第4題須從“Mrs Bosena Black…and sold it nine years…NOW four years later，inl972…．”得知Mrs Black是在1959年買的房子，故D項為正確答案。第5題可從“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for￡2，000．”推知D項正確。第6題須從“Mrs Bowena Black．．．￡4，900”“．．．the house is valued at￡30，000”兩句話推知D項為正確答案。

    2．常識推斷：有些時候，文章里并沒有提供任何可據(jù)以推斷的材料，或雖有提供，但卻不足以推出正確的未知事實。這時便須根據(jù)平常積累的有關(guān)知識來進(jìn)行推斷。

     例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

    If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard.   B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool.   B. To make it brittl

 從文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”這一信息還不足以推出正確答案。然后根據(jù)物理常識，在制造各種工具時，往往采取淬火這一工藝，其目的是使金屬變硬以便制成鋒利的工具。即可推出選項A為正確答案。

    3．邏輯結(jié)論：這類推斷比前兩種困難得多。在閱讀過程中，讀者必須對文章的全部事實或細(xì)節(jié)作通盤考慮，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。結(jié)論是根據(jù)事實作出的惟一決定。要想從一個句子，一個段落或一篇文章中得出正確的結(jié)論，讀者必須學(xué)會善于思考，不斷提高自己的邏輯思維能力。

 例  Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however.

   The story suggests that tubing________.

   A. should not be done in moving water

   B. is done mainly by truck drivers

   C. costs a lot of money

   D. can be dangerous

 根據(jù)文中內(nèi)容數(shù)百人乘坐著舊卡車，輪胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，顛簸而可怕，可推知這項運(yùn)動是十分危險的。D項為正確答案。

4．推斷作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度，文章的語氣等：這類推斷要求對論述對象持何種態(tài)度、思想傾向作出判斷。如作者對所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊成，還是反對，對記敘或描寫的人或事等是喜歡，或是厭惡；是同情或是冷漠。作者的這種態(tài)度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間，或者流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此要做好這類推斷須綜觀全文，掌握主題思想，并以此為推理的前提，還要注意文章的措辭，把握文章論述的基調(diào)。

 例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.

     Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes.

     Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know."

     I don't know Mm Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?

Does she have problems? I wonder.

1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs  character?

  A. He is a very wise man.

  B. He plans everything well.

  C. He is moral and upright.

  D. He is very satisfied with himself.

2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff?

  A. She probably obeys her husband in everything.

  B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband.

  C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.

  D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband.

3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff?

  A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand.

  B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.

  C. He feels pity for Mr Neff.

  D. He does not like Mr Neff.

     以上各題的答案均沒有直接表述在短文里，必須從字里行間悟出作者的言外之意。本文記敘的是一位一貫正確的人Mr Neff。根據(jù)這一主題，可推知他對自己的一切都很滿意。第 1題選項D為正確答案。從Mr Neff事事正確，而Mr Neff又鮮為人知出發(fā)，可得出結(jié)論 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服從于她丈夫這一事實，故第2題A為正確項。盡管短文中沒有直接陳述作者對MrNeff這一人物的態(tài)度，但從主題思想和某些措辭中仍可悟出作者對Mr Neff很討厭這一事實。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一詞，并還寫到．．．Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes．”等來暗示他對Mr Neff的厭惡之情，故第3題D為正確答案。

    在閱讀理解題中，有關(guān)針對段落或短文的特定細(xì)節(jié)、主題思想、常識，以及作者的寫作態(tài)度、目的等的推斷題，常見題型有：

1. We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example... ) that_______.

2. The writer suggests that_______.

3. From the passage (paragraph, story... ), we can tell_______.

4. The passage implies, but does not directly state that_______.

5. We may conclude from the passage that_______.

6. The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_______.

7. The tone of the passage is_______.

Ⅰ高考最新熱門題

1.(典型例題

Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile isand, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles west of its nearest neighour, ST. Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discov- ered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將)of the same name in 15典型例題settled in 1810, the isand belongs to Great Britain and has a population of few hundred.

     Coming in a close second--and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land--is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.

     The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around ther 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.

On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.

1. It can be learned from the text that the island of tristan da Cunha_______.

   A. was named after its discoverer

   B. got its name from Holland settlers

   C. was named by the British govenment

   D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records

2. Wich of the following is most famous for moai?

   A. Tristan da Cunha.         B. Pitcairn Island

   C. Easter Island.            D. St. Helena.

3. Which country does Easter Island belong to?

  A. Britain.         B. Hollland.

  C. Portugal.        D. Chile

命題目的與解題技巧：本文的命題目的考查學(xué)生推理判斷能力。做這類題的技巧在于：首先在原文中找到據(jù)以推理的有關(guān)文字部分，借助于一些常識，然后加以分析推理，最終作出判斷。  

解析：本文介紹了TristandaCunha島的來歷，地理位置及人們的生活狀況。

答案：1．A  這是一道推斷題。從第一段第三句，這小島名字是以島嶼發(fā)現(xiàn)者的名字來命名的。

    2．C  這理一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，可從第二段、第三段，尤其是第三段第二句找到，Easterlsland(復(fù)活節(jié)島)是智利在南太平洋上的一個小島。

3．D  這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，可從第四段找到。請留意該段中的On Easter Sunday(在復(fù)活節(jié)上)，暗示了Easter Island (復(fù)活節(jié)島)。此外，該段有on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土)的字樣，就很容易判斷出該哪一個答案了。

2.(典型例題

      Garmes will rock to the sound of a cancan dance this year when Moulin Rouge by the Australian director Baz Luhnnann opens the French film festival (電影節(jié)) in May. The musical stars Nicole Kidman as a singer, and John Leguizamo as the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. It will be competing for the Paime d'Or, the festival's top prize.  The festival runs to May 21.

     The American actor Tommy Lee Jones, 54, has married his longtime girlfriend. Dawn Maria Laurel, 36, in a private wedding in San Antonio. "It wasn't a big todo,' said Fred Biery, a U. S. District Judge who performed the service. He refused to discuss things further. "These are very private people," he said.

     Loretta Lynn is being treated for a very bad cold in Tennessee and will miss several appearances. The country singer, 65, was admitted to a hospital near her home in Hurricane Mills. "She is in good condition, but the doctors are watching her closely," a spokeswoman said.

The French-Algerian singer Enrico Macias was named a United Nations peace messenger. Enrico joins eight other people who act as goodwill envoys(使者) for the United Nations, among them are the writer Elie Wiesel and the basketball player Magic Johnson.

1. We can learn from the text that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is_______.

   A. a figure in a film

   B. a dancer in a show

   C. a country singer

   D. a prize winner

2. We know from the text that_______.

   A. Moulin Rouge won the top prize in a film festival

   B. Loretta Lynn is under the doctors' care

   D. eight people serve as the UN goodwill envoys

   D. Fred Biery was Tommy Lee Jones's assistant

3. This text most probably appears in_______.

   A. a book on film stars

   B. a film review in a magazine

   C. a newspaper

   D. a notice

Passage 1 (典型例題

Giving Back Fair Way

     The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of- ficial photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappoint- ed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough in- structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won.  "No one would have known, "said Woburn's instructor, Bob Doraru For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision." The prize wasn't ours to take. '

"Coin Stars"

"College students are lazy, but they also want to help" says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her" Change for Change" effort has collected $ 40,000 for charities (慈善機(jī)構(gòu)) , which were decided upon by students. Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9. 5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89.

1. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?

   A. Took photos of Doran.

   B. Had a meeting with Doran.

   C. Returned the prize to the organizer.

   D. Apologized to Woburn High Schook

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。獲獎隊的教練自己發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤，而且決定這個獎不能拿，那么接下來推斷肯定是要把獎送回去。

2. Greg Rota's decision shows that he was _______.

   A. honest          B. polite

   C. careful         D. friendly

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。從Greg Rota自己發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤到?jīng)Q定把獎送回，表明他性格中的誠實。因此答案為honest．

3. The underlined word "Change" in the second paragraph means_______.

   A. Idea           B. Decision

   C. Cups           D. Coins

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：考查猜測詞義的能力。Change for Change中的第一個change指的是“零錢”，第二個change是表示“變化”。兩個change在一起肯定意思不同，關(guān)鍵在于首先應(yīng)該明白change的不同含義，再根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行判斷。因為募集的零錢都捐給了慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，改變了其他一些人的生活。所以介詞for后面的change應(yīng)該是目的表“變化”，那么第一個就是“零錢”。

4. What did the school officials do after receiving the check from Mr. LeBermuth?

   A They tried to find out why he gave them the money.

   B. They went to Belgium to pay their respects to him.

   C. They dug out the records that were buried underground.

   D. They decided to offer their students free room and board.

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：考查對文章事實細(xì)節(jié)的理解，依據(jù)是第三段文字的第二句話。

5. Jacques LBermuth gave the money to the school because_______.

   A. the school asked for it

   B. he had no need for that much money

   C. the school had helped him in the past

   D. he wanted to be remembered by the students

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：考查根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理判斷的能力。學(xué)校在Jacques LeB-ermuth困難的時候幫助過他，所以他寄來950萬美元的支票回報學(xué)校。

Pssage 2 (典型例題

      It was an early September day, cool and bright and just  right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10-mile race over a course (路線) with a few high hills. Still, I felt energetic; despite the hills it was going to be a fine run.

      Just ahead of me was Peggy Mimno, a teacher from Mount  Kisco, New York. She too was running easily, moving along at my speed. The pace(步速) felt comfortable, so 1 decided to stay where I was; why pay attention to pace when she was setting such a nice one? I'd overtake (追上) her later on when she tired.

     So I ran behind her. The course headed north for five miles, wandered west for a hilly mile, then turned south again along a winding road. The race was getting harder. We had four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work.

     Peggy overtook a young runner. She seemed to know him, for they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him. Their exchange worried me. You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good, and Peggy plainly was.

      Still, I was close enough to overtake her if she tired, so I didn't give up hope completely. We were getting nearer to a long  punishing hill now and it would be the test. We were a mile from the finish line, so whatever happened on the hill would almost certainly determine who crossed it first.

      As I moved up the hill, my attention wandered for a few minutes. When I looked up, Peggy was moving away--first five yards, then ten, then more. Finally it was clear that there was no hope of catching her. She beat me soundly.

There is an important lesson in that race.  Women are thought to be weaker, slower and not nearly as skilled in sport. Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly showed, the similarities between men and women runners are more important than the differences. I have run with a number of women, and I can say that it is often hard work.

1. What did the writer think of the race in the beginning?

    A. It would be hard work.          

    C. It would be an easy race.

    C. It would be a test of his strength.

    D. It would be a good learning experience.

答案: B  指導(dǎo)：首先要審清題干，注意題干中的inthebeginning。

  本文第一段、第二段中的一些詞如energetic，a fine run，running easily，comfortable等都反映出作者開始認(rèn)為這場比賽不會很難。

2. What worried the writer when Peggy greeted the young runner?

    A. Peggy overtook the young runner.

    B. Peggy was running energetically.

    C. Peggy was laughing at the writer.

    D. Peggy paid no attention to the writer.

答案: B  指導(dǎo)：由第四段倒數(shù)第一句"You don't chat during a race unless you are feeling good”可知作者認(rèn)為：你在比賽中聊天表示你感覺很好。而上句peggy恰恰在比賽中聊天反映出作者認(rèn)為Peggy在比賽中的感覺，作為Peggy的對手，他當(dāng)然很擔(dān)心。

3. By saying" a long, punishing hill"(Paragraph 5) , the writer implies that_______.

   A. Peggy would fail to reach the hilltop

   B. men are more skilled at climbing hills

   C. overtaking Peggy would be easy

   D. climbing the hill would be a demanding task

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：下句中的test一詞，能夠反映作者當(dāng)時的感覺，所以D為最佳選項。

4. What lesson does the writer learn from the race?

    A. Women are as good as men in sport.

    B. Women are better at climbing hills.

    C. He should have more training in a cross-country race.

    D. He should set a quicker pace at the beginning of a race.

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：文章倒數(shù)第一段倒數(shù)第一、二句是做此題的關(guān)鍵句。

Passage3 (典型例題

     Deserts are found where there is little rainfall or where rain for a whole year falls in only a few weeks' time. Ten inches of rain may be enough for many plants to survive (存活) if the rain is spread throughout the year. If it falls within one or two months and the rest of the year is dry, those plants may die and a desert may form.

Sand begins as tiny pieces of rock that get smaller and smaller as wind and weather wear them down. Sand dunes (沙丘) are formed as winds move the sand across the desert. Bit by bit, the dunes grow over the years, always moving with the winds and changing the shape. Most of them are only a few feet tall, but they can grow to be several hundred feet high.     

There is, however, much more to a desert than sand. In the deserts of the southwestern United States, cliffs (懸崖) and deep valleys were formed from thick mud that once lay beneath a sea more than millions of years ago. Over the centuries, the water dried up. Wind, sand, rain, heat and cold all wore away at the remaining rocks.  The faces of the desert mountains are always changing--very, very slowly--as these forces of nature continue to work on the rock.

Most deserts have a surprising variety of life. There are plants, animals and insects that have adapted to life in the deserr. During the heat of the day, a visitor may see very few signs of living things, but as the air begins to cool in the evening, the desert comes to life. As the sun begins to rise again in the sky, the desert once again becomes quiet and lonely.

1. Many plants may survive in deserts when_______.

   A. the rain is spread out in a year

   B. the rain falls only in a few weeks

   C. there is little rain in a year

   D. it is dry all the year round .

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：通過第一段內(nèi)容可推出，此外作為中學(xué)生都應(yīng)該有這樣的常識，這題應(yīng)是一個送分題。

2. Sand dunes are formed when_______.

   A. sand piles up gradually

   B. there is plenty of rain in a year

   C. the sea has dried up over the years

   D. pieces of rock get smaller

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：第二段第二句給出了明確答案。

3. The underlined sentence in the third paragraph probably  means that in a desert there is_______.

    A. too much sand

    B. more sand than before

    C. nothing except sand

D. something else besides sand

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：首先理解畫線句子中的more．．．than(與……相比多于，不只是)，然后根據(jù)本段其他句子進(jìn)行推斷。劃線部分在本段是topic sentence，其他的句子是supporting sentence. 如果不明白主題句，可從支撐句中去推斷，反之也是如此。

4. It can be learned from the text that in a desert_______.

   A. there is no rainfall throughout the year

   B. life exists in rough conditions

   C. all sand dunes are a few feet high

   D. rocks are worn away only by wind and heat

答案： B  指導(dǎo)：文章最后一段介紹了一些生活在嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境的沙漠中的生物情況。

Passage 4 (典型例題     Do you want to live another 100 years or more? Some experts say that scientific advances will one day enable humans to last tens of years beyond what is now seen as the natural limit of the human life span.

     "I think we are knocking at the door of immortality (永生) ,' said Michael Zey, a Montclair State University business professor and author of two books on the future. "I think by 2075 we will see it and that's a conservative estimate(保守的估計)."

     At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術(shù))make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past. "There is a great push so that people can live from 120 to 180 years, "he said. "Some have suggested that there is no limit and that people could live to 200 or 300 or 500 years. '

      However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years. Even with healthier lifestyles and less disease, they say failure of the brain and organs will finally lead all humans to death.

Scientists also differ on what kind of life the super aged might live. "It remains to be seen if you pass 120, you know; could you be healthy enough to have good quality of life?" said Leonard Peon, director of the University of Georgia Gerontology Centre "At present people who could get to that point are not in good health at alL'

1. By saying" we are knocking at the door of immortality", Michael Zey means_______.

   A. they believe that there is no limit of living

   B. they are sure to find the truth about long living

   C. they have got some ideas about living forever

   D. they are able to make people live past the present life span

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：immortality的意思為“永生”，所以MichaelZey覺得人可以長生不死。

2. Donald Louria's attitude toward long living is that

   A. people can live from 120 to 180

   B. it is still doubtful how long humans can live

   C. the human body is designed to last about 120 years

   D. it is possible for humans to live longer in the future

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：從第三段Donald的談話可知，他認(rèn)為人可以活120～180歲甚至更久，200～300歲。A項表述不完整。

3. The underlined"it' ( Paragraph 4) refers to _______.

   A. a great push

   B. the idea of living beyond the present life span

   C. the idea of living from 200 to 300 years

   D. the conservative estimate

答案: B指導(dǎo)：全文談的都是人的壽命能否超越現(xiàn)在的期限，故選B.

4. What would be the best tide for this text?

   A. Living Longer or Not

   B. Science, Technology and Long Living

   C. No Limit for Human Life

   D. Healthy Lifestyle and Long Living

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：參考上題指導(dǎo)。

Passage 5 (典型例題

      Who is there among us who hasn't dreamed of having his or her own small ( maybe, several years later, even big) business, and having wonderful freedom, both from a boss and from the time clock: the freedom to make up our own rules for our work, and our own plans--arranging our own hours of work? That way work would be both painless and fun. Or, so we imagine.

     Well, in fact it isn't quite as simple as that. Yes, it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business. But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldn't think of a free day, not to mention flying off for a month's vacation. It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week, and if there is a day off, that day might need to be devoted to accounting(算賬).

But this negative picture doesn't destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful in return--both material and mental--continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States.

1. From the first paragraph, we know that everybedy bopes_______.

   A. to rule others

   B. to be his or her own boss

   C. to get a time clock

   D. to be free from work

答案: B指導(dǎo)：從第一段可得知。

2. Most new business owners have to_______.

   A. work more than 10 hours a day

   B. devote himself to accounting

   C. fly to some places in the world

   D. have a day off in a week

答案: A  從句中“h is not unusual for new business owners to works eventy or eighty hours a week"可知一天工作十多個小時。

3. The expression "negative picture" nxet probably means_______.

   A. a terrible experience

   B. a poor picture

   C. limited freedom

   D. unpleasant situations

答案: D指導(dǎo)：根據(jù)第二段可知negmive picture means unpleasant situations．

4. The beautiful hopes will never be destroyed because_______.

   A. people love beautiful things by nature

   B. people have a strong desire to seek personal gains

   C. small businesses make big money each year in the US

   D. small businesses have advantages over big companies

答案: B指導(dǎo)：從最后一段可知此答案。

Ⅱ題點(diǎn)經(jīng)典類型題

1.(典型例題卷)

Letter to Editor of TV Weekly Dear Sir/Madam,

     I read Alison Burnham's review of When we were 12, and I do not agree with her. I thought the programme was wonder- ful--I found the old news pictures really interesting--they helped to bring to life the stories the people were telling.

     The programme reminds me of many things from my own childhood. For example, one day when I was about five, I was going to school on the bus by myself (this was the late 1960s).  My mother had given me exactly the right money for a return ticket. I held out my hand with the money in it--one big coin on top of one little coin. The bus conductor took the big top coin only and she gave me a ticket, but it was a pink one for a single journey. I needed a white one for a return journey, but I was too frightened to say anything. When school finished for the day, I couldn't catch the bus home--I had to walk. As a grown-up, whenever I've been in a situation where I need to say something or take some action, this early memory of my bus ride comes back to me, and I'm able to take control of the situation.

I would like to say to the director, Bret Ctfrysler, carry on making this kind of programme. Too much TV these days is quiz shows and so-called "reality programmes". I appreciate the human story that can make me laugh and cry. Yours faithfully, Chris Daniels

1. What is Chris Daniels' purpose of writing this letter.

   A. To persuade Bret Chrysler to turn away from quiz shows.

   B. To entertain other readers with old news pictures.

   C. To express his appreciation of the programme.

   D. To have his story told on the programme.

2. Chris Daniels tells the story about the bus ticket to_______.

    A. describe how painful his early experience was

    B. draw a direct response from Alison Burnham

    C. show how the programme made him think

    D. teach the readers of TV Weekly a lesson

3. According to the passage, Chris Daniels had to walk home  because_______.

    A. he hadn't got a return ticket

    B. he had lost his bus ticket

    C. he didn't like big crowds

    D. he missed the bus home

4. What does Chris Daniels now think about his experience on  the bus?

   A. He should have told the conductor then.

   B. He should have been well treated.

   C. He regrets going to school alone.

   D. He wishes it hadn't happened.

【解析】  本文是作者為感謝TVWeekly節(jié)目而給編輯寫的一封信，信中談到自己童年時的真實經(jīng)歷和感受。

答案: 1．C主旨大意題．從開頭第一段第二句“It houughtthe programme was wonderful.., they helped to bring to life the stories the people were telling"和文章最后一句 "I appreciate the human story that can make me laugh and ery"可判斷作者是十分感激的。

2．C 推斷題。第二段中作者敘述自己童年的經(jīng)歷和感受,一切都是"The programme reminds me of many things from my own childhood."

3. A 細(xì)節(jié)題。 --可從文中第二段直接找到答案： but it was a pink one for as ingle journey...  I couldn't catch the bus home... I had to walk.

4. A 細(xì)節(jié)推斷題目。由第二段最后一句：: As a grown-up,whenever I've been in a situation where I need to say something or take some action, this early... "可以推知A為最佳選項。

Passage 1 (名校聯(lián)考八)

      Sport not only is physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism fromcoaches, parents, and oth- er teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount ofanxiety or stress for young athletes (運(yùn)動員). Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological (心理上的), and research has indicated (暗示) that it can lead to bum out. Bum out has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

     The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable ex- periences can take place.  Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperatewith others, make friends, and gain oth- er social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷) in themselves.

Coaches and parents should also be cautious (小心)that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons.  In today's youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coachesfocus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Pos- hive (正面的) reinforcement (強(qiáng)化) should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive rein- forcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to bum out.

1. An effective way to prevent the bum out of young athletes is_______.

   A. to reduce their mental stress

   B. to increase their sense of success

   C. to make sports less competitive

   D. to make sports more challenging

答案: A指導(dǎo)：這是一篇探討心理、教育問題的議論文。文章討論了體育比賽對年輕人成長所起的作用以及父母、教練及運(yùn)動員應(yīng)該如何正確面對體育比賽，如何使年輕人通過參與競技體育培養(yǎng)健康的心理，學(xué)習(xí)掌握成長中所需的技能。文章第一段第三句“．．．It can lead to burnout，”中，這里it 指代stress，既然burnout是由stress所導(dǎo)致，那么防止burnout 的辦法自然就是減少壓力。B、C、D三項恰恰都會增加運(yùn)動員的精神壓力，從而增加the burnout of young athletes。

2. According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that_______.

   A. it can help them learn more about society

   B. it enables them to find flaws in themselves

   C. it can provide them with valuable experiences

   D. it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves.

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：本題可采用排除法。B、D兩項較易排除，選項A是干擾項。由文章第二段第二、三句"The sport settingis one where valuable experiences can take place．Young ath letesall，for example，learn how to cooperate with Others，make friends，and gain other social skills that will be used throunghouttheirlives"，比較A、C兩項，C項更貼切，故選C項。

3. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes_______.

  A. believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development

  B. without realizing criticism may destroy their self-confidence

  C. in order to make them remember life's lessons

  D. so as to put more pressure on them

答案: B  指導(dǎo)：由文章第二段最后兩句“Coaches and parents should如aware；atalltimes，that their feed back toyougsters can greatly affect their chdren．Youngsters may take thdir parents'and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flaw in themselves"可知選項B符合文意。

4. According to the passage parents and coaches should_______.

     A. pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports

     B. help children to win every game

     C. train children to cope with (應(yīng)付) stress

D.  enable children to understand the positive aspect  of sports

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：B、C項易排除。關(guān)鍵在于對A、D兩項的判斷。本文的主旨是：家長、教練及年輕人應(yīng)如何正確對待體育比賽；要注意比賽的過程而非結(jié)果，要認(rèn)識到年輕人參加運(yùn)動比賽是為了學(xué)習(xí)到寶貴的經(jīng)驗。A項“要注意讓孩子享受運(yùn)動的樂趣”與文章的主旨不符。根據(jù)第三段第二句，可知D項正確。

Passage 2 (東城綜合)

     Advertising gives useful information about which products to buy. But modem advertising does more than gives news about products and services. Today's advertisements, or ads, try to get consumers (消費(fèi)者) to buy certain brands (品牌).  Writers of advertising are so skillful that they can sometimes persuade a consumer to wear a certain kind of clothing, cat a special kind of cereal (麥片) , or see a movie. Consunfers might never even want a product if they did not see or hear advertisements for it.

For example, you probably do not need the newest cereal in the supermarket. There are probably many cereal brands on your kitchen shelves. You may not have space on your shelf for another. But if you see ads about a new cereal that is your extra-tasty and has a free prize in the box, you may want it. Ad- vertising must get attention. To be effective, it must be exciting, entertaining, or provide some pleasure.  The secret of writing good advertising copy is to offer a good idea as well as a product. The idea is what the ad is really selling. One example is an ad that says eating a certain cereal will make a person do well in sports. That cereal brand may sell better if consumers think it offers strength and energy.

1. What is discussed in this passage?

   A. The content of modem advertising.

   B. The skills of modern advertising.

   C. The results of modem advertising.

   D. The writing of modem advertising.

答案: B  指導(dǎo)：本文著重講述了廣告的作用，所以為了起到應(yīng)有的作用，必須有一定的技巧。

2. According to the passage, a good advertisemnt should _______.

   A. be both persuasive and effective

   B. give people useful information

   C. show people a product

   D. show people a new idea of a product

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：由文章第一段第三句"Today's advertisemens，orads，try to get consumers to buy certain brands"可知A正確。

3. From the passage, we can infer that _______.

  A. modern advertising has less effect on customers

  B. once customers see ads about a new cereal, they are sure   to buy it

  C. cereal can make people strong

  D. cereal is a kind of food which is popular among people

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：由文章第二段"you probably do not need the newest cereal in the supermarket. There are probably many cereal brands on your kitchen shelves. You may not have space  on your shelf for another. But if you see ads about a new ce  real that is your extra-tasty and has a free prize in the box, you may want it. "可以推測出來cereal 是一種受人們歡迎的食品。

4. What can we infer from the passage?

  A. Customers can easily be persuaded by advertisements.

  B. Customers should be persuaded by advertisements.

  C. It's impossible for customers to buy a product without adver tisements.

  D. Customers buy products according to their demands rather than the advertisements.

答案: A 指導(dǎo)：由于本文主要講述廣告的介紹作用和勸誘作用，同時文章第二段的麥片的例子就是一個暗示，所以A為正確答案。

Passage 3 (西城質(zhì)檢)

     Among various programmes, TV talk shows have covered every inch of space on daytime television.  And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one is different in style (風(fēng)格) ? But no two shows are more opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Gprah Winfrey shows.

     Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "rubbish talk". The contents on his show are as surprising as can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show titles of love, sex, cheating and hate, to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is about the dark side of society, yet people are willing to eat up the troubles of other people's lives.

      Like jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its top, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show is mainly about the improvement of society and difference, quality (質(zhì)量) of life. Contents are from teaching your children les- sons, managing your work week to getting to know your neighbours.

     Cormpared to Oprah, the jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being poured into society. Jerry ends every show with a "final word". He makes a small speech about the entire idea of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.

Clear as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main viewers are middle class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and ability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of a connection with the young adults of society. These are 18to-21-year-olds whose main troubles in life include love, rela- tionship, sex, money and drug. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned through the show's exploitation.

1. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are _______.

  A. more interesting         B. unusually popular

  C. more detailed            D. more formal

答案: B 指導(dǎo)：由文章第二段最后一句可知B正確。

2. Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear unpleasant, people who watch the shows _______.

  A. remain interested in them

  B. are ready to face up to them

  C. remain cold to them

  D. are willing to get away from them

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：由第二段的最后一句“… yet people are willing to eat up the troubles of other people's lives"和文章的最后一句 "They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned through the show's exploitation'可知A正確。

3. Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the oprah Winfrey show?

  A. A new type of robot.    B. Nation hatred (恨).

  C. Family income planning. D. Street accident.

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：由文中第三段第二、三句”The show is mainly about the improvement of society and difference,quality of life Contents are from teaching your children lessons, managing your work week to getting to know your neighhors"故C正確。

4. We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______.

  A. have become the only ones of its kind

  B. exploit the weaknesses in human nature

  C. appear at different times of the day

  D. attract different people

答案：D  指導(dǎo)：由文章最后兩段“clear as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main viewers are middle Americans"和"Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of a connection with the young adults of society,' 可在這兩個節(jié)目吸引不同的人群。

Passage4(海淀質(zhì)檢)

     In October, 1961, at Crowley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio,an old, deaf gentleman named William E.  Hoy stood up to throw the first ball of the World Series. Most people at Crowley Field on that day probably did not remember Hoy because he had retired (退休) from professional baseball 58 years earlier, in 19典型例題ever, he had been an outstanding player and the deaf people still talk about him and his years in baseball.

     William E. Hoy was born in Houckstown, Ohio, on May 23,1862. He became deaf when he was two years old. He attended the Columbus Ohio School for the deaf. After graduation, he started playing baseball while working as a shoemaker.

     Hoy began playing professional baseball in 1886 for Oshkosh (Wisconsin) of the Northwestern League. In 1888, he started as an outfielder (外場手) with the old Washington Senators. His small figureand speed made him an outstanding base runner. He was very good at stealing bases during his career. In the 1888 major league season, he stole 82 bases. He was also the Senators' leading hitter in 1888.  Hoy was clever; he threw right-handed and batted left-handed. On June 19, 1889, he threw out three batters (擊球手)at the plate from his out- field position.

     The ann signals used by judges today to show balls and strikes began became of Hoy. The judge lifted his right ann to show that the pitch was a strike, and his left arm to signal that it was a ball.

     For many years, people talked about Hoy's last ball game in 19典型例題was playing for Los Angelesof the Pacific Coast Winter League. It was a memorable game because Hoy made a wonderful play which won the game. It was a very foggy night and, therefore, very hard to see the ball. In the ninth inning (棒球的一局), with two men out, Hoy managed to catch a fly ball to make the third out in spite of the fog. Los Angeles de- feated their opposition and won the game.

      After he retired, Hoy stayed busy.  He ran a dairy farm near Cincinnati for 20 years. He also became a public speaker Ired traveled giving speeches.  Until a few years before his death, he took 4 and 10 mile walks several mornings a week. 0n December 15, 1961,William E. Hoy died at the age of 99.

 1. In which order did the following things happen in Hoy's life?

    a. Hoy worked as a shoemaker.

    b. Hoy began to run a dairy farm.

    c. Hoy played a memorable game in the heavy fog.

    d. Hoy threw the first ball of the World Series.

    e. Hoy became deaf.

   A. d, e, a, c, b     B. e, a, c, b, d

   C. d,a,e,c,b         D. e,a,b,c,d

答案: B  指導(dǎo)：由文中第二段可知前三個順序。

2. We can infer from the last paragraph that Hoy _______ in his late years.

   A. became famous

   B. led a relaxed life

   C. traveled around the world

   D. was in good physical condition

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：由最后一段中的倒數(shù)第二句“直到他死前的幾年中一周有幾天的早晨要走4到10里”可知。

3. This passage is mainly about _______.

  A. a deaf player devoted to the game of baseball

  B. baseball game rules and important players

  C. the rise in the social position of the deaf people

  D. where the baseball judge hand signals came from

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：本文近似一篇新聞報道，第一段是文章的中心句，由此可知。

4. What can be inferred from this passage?

  A. Hoy was the greatest baseball player in his time.

  B.  Speaking and listening are not necessary in baseball games.

  C. The judge had to study the hand signals very seriously.

  D. Hoy's family encouraged him to become a baseball player.

答案：B  指導(dǎo)：由文中的deaf可推導(dǎo)出。

Passages 5(朝陽綜合)

     People are making more and more demands on the world's natural resources. If babies bom in 1991 live for eighty years, the human population of the world may be anything from twice to three times the present total by 2070. In other words, they will have to share what is left of the earth's resources with 15 billion other people. But hopefully there will be an important decrease in the growth of population. What if this does not happen? The answer is that by the time before the babies born in 1991 reach the age of 40 they could be sharing resources with as many as 10 billion other people.

     Limiting the pollution of water and the atmosphere, controlling the output of the chemicals that may be causing the global warming and climate change, and eating less meat may go some to help, but can anyone seriously imagine that these are going to solve the problems of the "baby class" of 1991 ?

There is no getting away from the fact that people are responsible(5(對......負(fù)責(zé)) for the present state of the world, and only people can solve the problems. The decisions have to be taken by people as members of national and local governments;as leaders and decision-makers in industry; as scientists and technologists; as professional engineers and designers; as reli- gious (宗教的) leaders and individual citizens.

1. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

   A. Making More Demands on the Natural Resources

   B. Limiting the Pollution of Air and Water

   C. Reducing the World Population

   D. Saving the Babies of 1991

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：本文主要講述隨著人口的增長，出現(xiàn)了一系列的問題，所以C為最佳答案。

2. What does the author mean by "the problems of the baby class of 1991" ?

   A. A large number of babies will be bom after 1991.

   B. Babies bom in 1991 won't live a long life.

   C. The children of 1991 are not given good education.

   D. The problems caused by babies bom in 1991.

答案: D  指導(dǎo)：文章著重以1991年出生的孩子為例說明人口增長將會帶來一系列問題，所以D為最佳答案。

3. This short passage is probably taken from _______.

   A. a news report

   B. a guide to the world

   C. an article by a medical worker

   D. a government report

答案: A  指導(dǎo)：據(jù)寫作方式和最后一段所列舉的“人”可知文章是以“呼吁”的語氣寫的，故A為最佳答案。

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the last paragraph as people responsible for the present state of the

   world?

   A. Officials.         B. Industrialists.

   C. Businessmen.       D. Scientists.

答案: C  指導(dǎo)：由最后一段最后一句可知。