一. 語法一致原則 即在語法形式上取得一致,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。 1. 單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞、單個動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及句子作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。 To see is to believe. 眼見為實。 Reading aloud is very important in learning English. 學(xué)習(xí)英語時大聲朗讀非常重要。 When they could finish the task is not known yet. 他們何時能完成任務(wù)還未知。 Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his/her name here. 要參加比賽的人請在這里簽名。 注意:what引導(dǎo)的主語從句充當主語時,有時要以what所指代的詞的意義來決定謂語動詞的數(shù)。 What he said is true. 他所說的是真的。 What we need are more volunteers. 我們所需要的是更多的志愿者。 2. 由連接詞and或both … and連接的名詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及句子作主語時,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students. 他說的話及行為極大地鼓舞了其他學(xué)生。 Both his father and his mother are advanced workers. 他的爸爸和媽媽都是先進工作者。 注意:有時,一些用and連接的主語表達的卻是單數(shù)的概念,這時謂語動詞也應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。 (1)用and連接的名詞表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主語時 Bread and butter is nutritious for patients. 黃油面包對病人很有營養(yǎng)。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有和聰明。 The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting. 那位書記兼經(jīng)理在會上講話。 (2)“each/every/no/ many a + 單數(shù)名詞+ and + each/every/no/many a + 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時 Every hour and every minute is precious. 每一小時,每一分鐘,都很寶貴。 No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall. 每個人都不允許進入大廳。 3. “名詞+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,謂語動詞同第一個名詞的數(shù)保持一致。 Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 湯姆以及他的兩個朋友一起被邀請參加宴會了。 Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab. 實驗室只有一個老師和三個學(xué)生。 4. “more than one 或many a + 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時,盡管其意義為復(fù)數(shù),但謂語動詞還是用單數(shù)形式。 More than one student is against the decision. 不止一個學(xué)生反對這個決定。 Many a page in this book is missing. 這本書缺了許多頁。 5. 不定代詞either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every與thing, body, one構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 Nothing in the world moves faster than light. 世上沒有什么東西比光傳播得更快。 Each one of us has his own duty. 我們每個人都有自己的職責(zé)。 注意:若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)形式;若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù),它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式或復(fù)數(shù)形式都可以。 None of the money has been spent on repairs. 這筆錢沒有花費在維修方面。 None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger. 乘客中沒有一個意識到危險的存在。 6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時,其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。 The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health. 大多數(shù)醫(yī)生都認為吸煙有害健康。 The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 這次的損害大部分都容易補救。 The rest of the books were returned to the library. 其余的書都歸還給圖書館了。 The rest of the money was given to the villagers. 其余的錢都給了村民。 7.“a large amount of + 不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;“l(fā)arge amounts of +不可數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 A large amount of damage was done in a short time. 在短時間內(nèi)就造成了巨大的損失。 8. 在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時,其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。 I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you. 我是你的老師,我會盡全力幫助你的。 Those who have finished the work can go home first. 那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。 注意:“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/which/that” 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,若關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當主語,謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修飾時,從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些獲獎的學(xué)生之一。 I was the only one in my office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請的人。 9. 由兩部分組成的表示衣物或工具的名詞作主語時,如:glasses,spectacles,shoes,boots, trousers/pants,compasses,chopsticks,scissors,socks等,謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù),但這類詞如用a pair of修飾時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday. 昨天踢足球時我的眼鏡被打碎了。 A pair of shoes is lying under the bed. 床底下有一雙鞋。 Here are some new pairs of shoes. 這里有幾雙新鞋。 10. 由“kind/form/type/sort/species /series +of + 名詞” 作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而不是它們后面所跟的名詞。 All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome . 必須克服各種各樣的困難。 This kind/sort of questions is very difficult. 這種問題很難。 (但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。) 二. 意義一致原則 即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由主語的意義而不是形式所決定。當主語形式為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù)時,謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但主語形式為復(fù)數(shù),而意義卻為單數(shù)時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 1. 有些名詞如people, cattle,police,trousers等沒有單數(shù)形式,作主語時,謂語動詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)。 The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately. 警察立即被派往現(xiàn)場維持秩序。 Cattle were allowed to graze in this area. 允許牲畜在這個地區(qū)吃草。 2. 英語中一些單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時,應(yīng)根據(jù)其表達的意義來決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,這類名詞常見的有sheep,deer,fish,means, species,Chinese,Japanese,series等。 Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution. 為了防止大氣污染,每一種方法都試過了。 All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. 為了使動植物的生命不受到威脅,所有的方法都試過了。 3. 有些集合名詞,如public,family, enemy, audience,government,group,committee,team,media,staff,crew等作主語時, 謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)其包含的意義而定。如果該名詞表示一個整體,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;但如果這些集體名詞表示集體中的若干個體時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win. 情緒高昂的球隊比較可能獲勝。 The team are practicing hard on the playground. 隊員們正在操場刻苦地訓(xùn)練。 The government has taken possible action. 政府已經(jīng)采取了可能的措施。 The government are discussing the proposal. 政府正在討論這項提案。 4. “the + 形容詞或過去分詞”表示一類人時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如 “the + 形容詞”指一個人或表示一種抽象概念或品質(zhì)時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 The wounded were saved by the villagers at last. 最后,傷員們被村民們救起。 The wounded in the accident was a policeman. 這次事故的受傷者是一名警察。 The beautiful is not always useful. 好看的并不總是有用的。 5. 有些以s結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科名稱的詞,如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等,以及用作書名、地名、國名、地區(qū)名的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 Politics is a complicated subject. 政治是一門復(fù)雜的學(xué)科。 The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world. 《紐約時報》是世界上最具影響力的報紙之一。 6. 表示距離、長度、價值、金額、重量等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時,如作為一個整體來看待的話,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。 Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance. 二十公里是一段相當長的距離。 Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time. 那時五十美金對我來說是一大筆錢。 7. “a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;“the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 A large number of people have applied for the job. 很多人申請了這項工作。 The number of people learning English in 目前中國學(xué)習(xí)英語的人數(shù)正在增加。 8. such作主語時要根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Such is our plan. 這就是我們的計劃。 Such are his words. 這些就是他所說的話。 三. 就近一致原則 即謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)須與鄰近的主語保持一致。 1. 在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)、here 以及表示地點的介詞詞組位于句首引起的倒裝句中,謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與最近的一個主語保持一致。 There are two chairs and a desk in the office. 辦公室中有兩把椅子和一張桌子。 Here are my replies to your questions. 這些是我對你的問題的回答。 2. 當either…or…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…;not…but…;or;nor等并列連詞連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與鄰近的主語保持一致。 Either he or you are to blame for it. 不是他就是你必須為此事負責(zé)。 Not you but I am responsible for the delay. 不是你而應(yīng)是我應(yīng)對這次的延誤負責(zé)。 【近期福利】 苦學(xué)分不高,因為沒妙招!《弱科高分戰(zhàn)策》免費領(lǐng)! 讓最牛的狀元教你學(xué)習(xí),2016全年《考試狀元》免費訂! 【精彩回顧】 回復(fù):偏科 獲取【高中各弱科解決方案】 回復(fù):1 獲取【各種考試題型技巧及學(xué)習(xí)法】
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