第六節(jié) 主謂一致

主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來不外乎三種一致原則，即：語法形式一致；概念一致（語言內(nèi)容上一致）；毗鄰一致（謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語一致）。另外，根據(jù)代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致，還有指代一致。

一、語法形式一致 

1、單數(shù)主語、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語以及句子作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語，用and或both…and連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語以及主語從句作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Serving the people is my great happiness. 為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福。
Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我們是否去要取決于天氣的好賴。
What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所尋求的都在這個(gè)論文中體現(xiàn)了出來。

2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語后面，不能看作是并列主語，該主語不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語的影響，主語如是單數(shù)，其謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：

The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.教材加上參考書對大學(xué)學(xué)生是非常有益的。
The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那個(gè)人和他妻兒老小坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。

3、有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們在句子中作主語時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：

Neither likes the friends of the other. 兩人都不喜歡對方的朋友。
Everything around us is matter. 我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。

4、當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒有冠詞，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

The bread and butter is served for breakfast. 早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。
The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黃油和面包。

5、當(dāng)one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

One of those students has passed the examination. 這些學(xué)生只有一個(gè)考試及格了。
A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.為語音課提前準(zhǔn)備了一系列錄音磁帶。

6、由one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the majority of + 名詞作作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如：

The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大部分的損壞品都容易修理。

7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：

There is plenty of water in the pail. 桶里還有好多水。
There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多雞蛋。

8、由more than one (或more than one + 單數(shù)名詞)，many a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：

More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生通過了這次考試。
Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 許多孩子在認(rèn)字前就學(xué)會了游泳。

9、如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞”，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已經(jīng)收回了。
Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到場的三分之二的人都反對這個(gè)計(jì)劃。

10、定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：

He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 被選出來代表該組的人他是其中之一。
“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.“鎮(zhèn)靜”是事故發(fā)生時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記的第一條原則。