謂語動詞的時態(tài)

時態(tài)的分類 （十六種時態(tài)，?？际N時態(tài)）

1、?？嫉臅r態(tài)為：

     一般現(xiàn)在、一般過去、一般將來、現(xiàn)在進行、過去進行、將來進行、現(xiàn)在完成（進行時）、過去完成（進行時）、將來完成、過去將來時。

2、時間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中動詞的時態(tài)；主從句時態(tài)呼應(yīng)問題。

3、幾種時態(tài)的替代問題.

1.一般現(xiàn)在時

1. 經(jīng)常性的動作，常和often, usually, sometimes, every day連接

     e.g. Lunch is always simple.

2. 現(xiàn)時的情況

    e.g. This machine doesn’t work.  It hasn’t worked for years.

3. 表客觀事實、規(guī)律或真理

     e.g. The sun rises in the east.

4. 將來的動作，多用于go, come, arrive, leave, start等動詞， 通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。

   e.g. We leave London on 15th July.

5. 在時間或條件狀語從句中，從現(xiàn)主將原則：

   e.g. When she comes tomorrow, I’ll talk withhim about it.

6. 在賓語、定語從句和狀語從句中，有時也用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來的動作。

   e.g. a) I hope that you feel better soon.

          b) I will give you anything you need.

2.現(xiàn)在進行時

1. 表正在進行的動作

   e.g. Now she is planning our schedule forthe trip.

2.表示按計劃要做進行的動作, (go, come, stay, leave, meet...)

  e.g. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten yourseat belts. The plane is taking off.

3.表某種感情(厭惡，贊揚等),常與always, forever等副詞連用。

  e.g. He is always talking about himself.(表現(xiàn)一種厭煩)

3.現(xiàn)在完成時

1.表動作發(fā)生在過去，但其結(jié)果影響到現(xiàn)在，可以和just, already,

yet,ever, recently, so far等時間狀語連用。

   e.g. We have not finished the work yet.

2. 表動作或狀態(tài)從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能持續(xù)下

去，常與so far, by now, since, for... 連用。

   e.g. I’ve worked here for fifteen years.

3. 表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)歷，常帶有

twice,ever, never, three times, before等時間狀語。

    e.g. It’s the second time that I have seenyou. 

a. come,arrive, go等暫時性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時不能與表一段時間狀語連用。

     1. He has joined the army for three years.

     2. He has gone to Beijing for two months.

     3. He has been in the army ...

     4. He has been to Beijing for ...

b. 現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的區(qū)別

    1. He has gone to Beijing. (他去北京了)  (還沒回來)  

           He has been to Beijing.(他去過北京) (已經(jīng)回來了)   

    2. She has come from Beijing. (她從北京來)

        She comes from Beijing. (她是北京人)

   4.現(xiàn)在完成進行時

1. 動作從過去發(fā)生一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結(jié)束或持續(xù)下去。

      e.g. I’ve been working here since 2002.

              I’ve worked here for twelveyears.

2. 表示動作在重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時不表示動作的重復(fù)。

      e.g. I’ve been taking part in races forabout four years.

             How many races have you taken partin?

3. 帶有感情色彩。 

      e.g. What have you been doing? You lookfed up.

             （你一直在干什么呀？你看上去很不爽。）

5.一般過去時

1. 過去某個特定時間發(fā)生的動作,常和ago, just now,

yesterday,last week等連接

   e.g. a) We soon became good friends.

          b) Two years ago, she bought anexpensive bike.

2. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時：

     完成時強調(diào)的是這一動作對現(xiàn)在的影響；

     過去時只表示動作在過去某時發(fā)生

   e.g. I have lost my new bike. (我還沒找到......)

          I lost my new bike yesterday. (我昨天把自行車丟了)

6.過去進行時

1. 過去某時刻正在進行的動作

   e.g. He was playing football at five yesterdayafternoon.

2.口語中，有時用過去進行時表示現(xiàn)在的想法，語氣顯委婉。

   e.g. I was wondering if you could do me afavor.

3. leave,arrive, start, die等動詞連用表示“即將完成”的動作，

    而一般過去時表示“已經(jīng)完成”的動作。

   e.g. He was dying.                   He died.

A 有些動詞不能用過去進行時。

　表示感官：hear, know, see, smell, taste

    表示狀態(tài)、感情：be, dislike, have, hate, love, want, wish

    表示心理活動：forget, realize, recognize, remember, understand

    表示所屬關(guān)系：own, belong

B 一般過去時的動詞既可是延續(xù)性的，也可是短暫性的，而過去進行時的謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性的。

    e.g. a) His cousin joined the army in 1999.(短暫性動詞)

          b) My mother was cooking when I got home. (延續(xù)性)           

7.過去完成時

1. 動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”,常與by, before, when等時間狀語連用。

    e.g. They had got everything ready before Icame.

2. hope,expect, suppose, wish等動詞，表示過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望、計劃

     e.g. They had hoped to be able to arrivebefore ten.

3. 用于狀語從句的兩個常用句型的主句中：

         hardly…when和 no sooner…than(一……就)

 e.g. I had no sooner left the room than thephone rang.

8.過去完成進行時

1. 表示動作從過去某時開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間。

  e.g. He had been studying English beforeentering the college.

9.一般將來時

1.表示將要發(fā)生的事。Shall一般用于第一人稱，will用于所有人稱。

   e.g. Later I shall tell you about some ofthe work I have done.

2.begin,leave, arrive等動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可表將要發(fā)生的事。

    e.g. When does the plane arrive?

3. leave,go, come, stay, do, take, have等動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可表將來

    e.g. We’re leaving school in one year’stime.

4. 祈使句+ and / or +句子謂語動詞用一般將來

    e.g. Use your head and you will find a way.

5. “be to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生某事。

    e.g. What am I to do?

6. “be about to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生某事。

    e.g. You are about to hear the mostincredible tale.

7.“be going to+動詞原形”表示打算做某事或即將發(fā)生某事。

   e.g. The speech is going to be at 3 p.m.

10.將來進行時

1. 表示將來某一時間正在進行的動作。

   e.g. At this time tomorrow we’ll be flyingover the Atlantic.

2.將來進行時還可表示安排要做的事或預(yù)計會發(fā)生的事。

    e.g. a) We’ll be taking an examination nextweek.

           b) This time next week, I’ll bearriving in New York.

11. 將來完成時

1. 表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作。

    e.g. By this summer, I’ll have lived in Beijing for nine years.

12.過去將來時

1. 從過去某一時間看，即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)

    e.g. She said she would be there at seveno’clock.

2. come,go, leave等動詞用過去進行時表過去某時打算做某事。

   e.g. My cousin told me he was leaving forEngland tomorrow.

時態(tài)對應(yīng)原則

①在狀語從句（從現(xiàn)主將）

   e.g. a) If you get rid of smoking, you’llkeep healthy.

         b) When I saw him, he was working (hadfinished his work).

         c) Whenever we had trouble, he wouldcome to help us.

②在賓語從句中

    e.g. a) I was told that the exam would begiven next time.

           b) She hoped that they would meetagain someday.

by the time 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句

 1. By the time she got up, her brother hadalready gone into the bathroom.

 2. By the time we arrived, the train wasalready moving.

     從句過去時, 主句過去完成時或過去進行時。

 3. By the time you arrive in London, wewill have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

4. By thetime you get to Beijing, you will see the Great Wall.
從句中現(xiàn)在表將來的時間點, 主句用將來時或?qū)硗瓿蓵r。

被動語態(tài)

   被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

   一般時態(tài)（be +過去分詞）

   將來時態(tài) (will, shall, would, should +be+過去分詞）

  進行時態(tài)  (be + being +過去分詞)

  完成時態(tài)  (has / have / had +been+過去分詞)

主動表被動：

1.feel.look.smell,taste,sound等系動詞后面接形容詞時

    e.g. Cotton feels soft.

2.read,sell,wear,write,wash,drink等表示某種性質(zhì),且?guī)в袪钫Z時

     e.g. The book sells very well.        

3.want,require,need,worth后面的動名詞

      e.g. These flowers need watering.

             These books are worth reading.

4.be+adj.+to do中,不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語

     e.g. a) The question is hard to answer.

             b) He isn’t easy to get alongwith.

被動表主動：

beseated, be lost, be worried, be convinced, be determined,

bedressed in, be devoted to, be located in, be involved in

等表示狀態(tài)

   e.g. a) He is seated on a beach.

          b) The building is located in thedowntown.

非謂語動詞    

動詞不定式 （名詞、形容詞、副詞）(not to do …)

①主語 e.g. a) Toteach is to learn twice.

                     b) It is difficult toremember so many names .   

                     c) What to do next has notbeen decided yet.

          (疑問詞why后to省略)  (what, when, where,whether, how)

②賓語      e.g. a) She pretended to do her lessons.

(動賓、介賓)  b) It had no effect exceptto make him angry.

                     c) He wanted nothing butto stay here.

                     d) She can do everythingexcept cook. (do 實義動詞)

                     e) I have nothing to donow but wait.

③賓補   e.g. a) He asked me to help him.

                        b) I saw him (to) runout of the room.

                        c) The sun makes the plants(to) grow.

       (感官動詞feel,hear, see, notice, find, smell …后to 省略)

      （使役動詞make,let, have后to省略）

④主補    e.g. a) I was ask to help him.

                        b) He was seen to runout of the room.

                        c) I feel sorry to hearthe news.

                        d) They found it hardto undertand the lecture.     

（感官、使役動詞make,see, have后to不能省略）

⑤表語  e.g. a) To know everything is to knownothing.

                      b) The trouble is whereto find a guide.

                      c) My new pen was nowhere to be found.

                      d) What he did was helpme.

                      e) All you have to do nowis clean your dorm.               

     (含有do的名詞性從句作主語，不定式作表語時省略to)

⑥定語 e.g. a) Hehas the ability to do this job.

         b) Don’t forget thetime to get up.

                                              (不定式作定語后置)

⑦狀語   (目的、結(jié)果、原因或方式) 

  e.g. a) We left early to catch the train. (in order to …)

         b) We hurried to the station, only to learn the train had left.

         c) He is too nervous to speak. (enough…to, so…as to)

         d) I was an idiot not to have realized it.

         d) He opened his lips as if to say something.

⑧獨立成分

   e.g. a) To tell you the truth, we know nothing about it.

            b) To be exact, it happened at 2 minutesago.

                      (to be honest, to befrank…)

動名詞（名詞）

①主語  e.g. a) Saying is easier than doing.

                      b) It’s no use worrying about it.

                      c) It is a waste of timediscussing the question.

②賓語 (動賓和介賓)

   e.g. a) You must avoid making the same mistake.

          b) She objects to learning English.

③賓補    e.g. We call this serving people.

④主補    e.g. This is called serving people.

⑤表語   e.g. a) Your job is studying.

                       b) Seeing is believing.

⑥定語    e.g. a swimming pool / a waiting room (~for ~)

                        a running competition(~ about ~)

⑦在介詞或介詞短語后作狀語

               e.g. a) I have spent all day inlooking for you.

                     b) She left early forcatching the train.

現(xiàn)在分詞

①表語  e.g. The film is very interesting / exciting.(主動形容詞)

②定語   (主動、進行中)

   e.g. a) developing country  

          b) Look! The house being building is our apartment.

③賓補   e.g. I heard someone reading book.

④狀語 （時間，原因，條件和伴隨）   

   e.g. a) Hearing the news, they set off for Beijing.

         b) Turning to the right, you will find the way home.

⑤獨立成分  e.g. Strictly speaking, it doesn’t belong to me.

過去分詞

①表語    (被動形容詞)

   e.g. I was moved by / interested in her words.

②定語   （被動、完成）

   e.g. a) Chance favors the prepared mind.  

         b) What is the language spoken in Australia?   (~短語后置)

③賓補   e.g. I saw the thief caught.

④狀語 （時間，原因，條件和伴隨）   

   e.g. a) Viewed from a distance, the island looked like a fish.

         b) Moved by her words, I agreed to her request.

⑤獨立成分  e.g. Taken as a whole, he has no chance ofwinning.

分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)

①邏輯主語(名詞、代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞  （表示主動意義）

   e.g. a) Mary coming back, they discussed it together.  

         b) The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left.

         c) Weather permitting, we shall go hunting.

         d) She walked along the river, her dog following behind.

②邏輯主語+過去分詞  （表示被動意義）

   e.g. a) This finished, we went home.

          b) Everything considered, this plan is more workable.

          c) He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

虛擬語氣

1.原形式               2. 條件式             3. 常見式        

原形式(主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句)   (動詞原形, be done)

①主語從句 (It’s + 形容詞或過去分詞)

  e.g. a) It’s essentialthat you  arrive here in time.

         b) It is suggested that the meeting be held at some other time.

②賓語從句    (advise, propose, demand, require, order...)

   e.g. She insisted that the seats be booked in advance.

③表語和同位語從句

   e.g. a) The professor’s order is that the test be finished at 5:30.

          b) The professor gave order that the test be finished…

條件式（if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句和其它條件句）

& If省略從句要倒裝      從句和主句的時間不同

條件式

① if 引導(dǎo)的條件從句

e.g.  a) If I had taken youradvice, I would not make such a big mistake.           

② but for(that), without引導(dǎo)的條件從句中

  e.g. a) But for (without) his help, I could not have succeeded.

     b) Without air, there would be no living things.

③ 特殊的條件式

  e.g. a) I would have lent you money, but I hadn't any on me then.

   b) We didn't know your name, otherwise we would have called you.

常見式

①wish that…

   e.g. a) I wish I hadn’t done it.

       b) I wish I had more money.

       c) I wish we would meet again someday.

② as if /though, if only…

  e.g. a) They talk a lot as if they had known for years.

        b) She treat me as if I were stranger.

        c) If only I had taken his advice.

③would rather(sooner), had rather, would just as soon…

   e.g. a) I'd just as soon I hadn't been there before.

         b) I would sooner that we leftquickly now.

         c) I’d rather that we didn't speak in future at all.

④ It is (high)time that…

   e.g. You look so tired. It’s time that you went (should go) to bed.

⑤lest, forfear that及in case     目的從句

 e.g. a) He was punished lest he (should) make the same mistake.

        b) The mad man was locked in case he should injure himself.

⑥whether,however (no matter how )…   讓步從句

  e.g. a) Whether he be rich or poor, I will marry him.----- Be he rich orpoor, I ...

      b) However hard it rain, we shall go home tonight.

            主句陳述語氣，從句用be 或動詞原形

定語從句   (先看空后，再看空前)   (判斷是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞)

1. 限制性和非限制性定語從句

① 功能和結(jié)構(gòu)  (關(guān)系密切、不可缺少) （不用逗號隔開）  

    e.g. a) He is the man who helped me.

          b) I have two sisters, who arestudying at school.

② 修飾對象  

    限制性定從（名詞、代詞）

    非限制性定從（名詞、短語、從句、主句）

③ 關(guān)系代詞的使用  （that不能在非限制性定從中使用）

   e.g. The earth runs around the sun, as/whichis known by everyone.

2. 先行項（被關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞所指代部分）

① 名詞或代詞     e.g. a) The boy whosehair is red is smart.

                      b) All that glitters is not gold.

② 短語    e.g. She is very attentivein class, which we rarely are.

③ 從句     e.g. She said that her sonwould become an artist, which I thought impossible.

④ 整個主句

    e.g. He refused to me, which I hadn’texpected.

3. 關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, whose, which, as, that, but, than)

     a) 連詞作用（主句和從句連接起來）

     b)代詞作用（代替前面的先行詞）

     c) 語法作用（在從句中做主語、賓語）(whose 用作定語，后加名詞)

          There are very few but(whodon't) admire his talent.

          There is no rule but has (thathas no) exception.

          He smoke fewer cigarettes than were normally available.

4. 關(guān)系代詞that的用法

① 先行詞是不定代詞（all, another, none指物, everything,something, anything, nothing, much, little, any, few...)

    e.g. All that glitters is not gold.

② 先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞以及the only, the very, any, every, no等形容詞修飾。

    e.g. a) She was the first girl that youtalked to when she got there.

          b) He is the only person that was present at the time.

③ 先行詞即指人又指物。

   e.g. He spoke of the men and the thingsthat he had seen abroad.

5.關(guān)系代詞who的用法

(1)先行詞one, ones, anyone, those

    e.g. Anyone who(Whoever) leaves theroom last ought to turn off the lights.

(2)在非限制性定語從句中

     e.g. Tom, who came to see meyesterday, is an my old friend.

6. 關(guān)系代詞which, as的用法

 e.g. a) She has fallen in love with Jack, which i find hard to imagine.

        b) You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.

            (such...as, so...as, as...as)

        c) As is known to all, thecompass was first made in China.

7.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語（whom, which）

    e.g. a) This is the man with whom you will work.

           b) It is the house in which Ilived for ten years.

           c) This is the dog which youwere looking for. (固定動詞短語)

           d) He want to find a better place inwhich to live. (后跟不定式)

8.名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom, which）

    e.g. a) They posed many questions, theanswers to which proved very significant.

           b) The residents in the neighborhood, some of whom had already been robbed.

          c) I sent invitations to 20 people,only ten of whom came.

9. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句

①when, where, why 在從句中作時間、地點和原因狀語

    e.g. a) It is the first time when Ihave seen you.

        b)They hurried to the place where the accident happened.

c) The reason why I camehere is unknown.

② that 作時間、地點、原因和方式狀語可替代when, where, why

    e.g. a) I remember the day (that) Ifirst met her.

         b) This is the town that he wasborn.  (the place)

         c) He didn't tell me the reason(that) he was so upset.

         d) I don’t like the way (that) he treated me.