英語中從句類型有很多,本期小猿主要教你如何做好定語從句。【定義】:定語從句就是修飾名詞和代詞的從句,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。【基本類型】:定語從句有兩種類型:限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句相當(dāng)于是先行詞的定語,在意義上是不可缺少的,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切,寫時不用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句和主句關(guān)系不是很密切,只是對先行詞做些附加說明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句,寫時往往用逗號分開。【特別介紹】:最后閃亮登場的是定語從句中的主角——關(guān)系詞,即引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用:A、引導(dǎo)定語從句 B、代替先行詞 C、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。 在定語從句中,對于同一個先行詞,有時用關(guān)系代詞,有時用關(guān)系副詞。判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)鍵要明確關(guān)系詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任什么成分。如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語和定語的成分,句中就用關(guān)系代詞;如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中擔(dān)任狀語的成分,就用關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose等;關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。你一定在想,怎么有這么多關(guān)系詞,如何正確使用它們呢?莫急莫急,且聽小猿給你一一道來。whom在引導(dǎo)定語從句時,修飾表示人的先行詞,是關(guān)系代詞who的賓格,在從句中充當(dāng)賓語。舉兩個例子: 【例1】If you have some difficulty in learning English, Yuantiku is the first one to whom you can turn for help. 解析:turn to sb.(for sth.)表示“(就某事或某物)求助于某人”,固定搭配。介詞to必不可少,介詞to后可以緊跟引導(dǎo)定語從句,而介詞后修飾表示人的先行詞person的關(guān)系代詞只能是whom,所以應(yīng)是to whom的形式。 【例2】Yuantiku has many friends, of whom some are students.解析:這是一個非限定性定語從句,介詞of后跟賓格,所以應(yīng)使用whom。 A.who的先行詞必須是人,在從句中可以擔(dān)任主語,往往也可以代替在從句中擔(dān)任賓格的whom。若前面帶介詞,則必須用賓格的whom,即:介詞+whom。 【例1】I’d love to have a friend who/that has the same hobby as me. 解析:先行詞a friend在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞可以為who或that,但是不能省略。 【例2】She is the girl who/whom I met at the party. 解析:先行詞the girl在定語從句中作賓語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞可以為who/whom。 【例3】She is the girl who/whom I went there with. 解析:先行詞the girl在定語從句中作介詞with的賓語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞可以為who或whom。 重要的事情要說三遍:若把介詞with提到從句的前面,關(guān)系代詞只能用whom,而不能用who來代替。 (√)She is the girl with whom I went there. (×)She is the girl with who I went there. B.Who, that在許多情況下可以通用,但有時則宜用who,而不用that。 (1)先行詞是one, ones, anyone時宜用who。 【例1】One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. 解析:一個無所畏懼的人敢于說出真相。先行詞one在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用who,而不用that。 【例2】The ones who flatter me don’t please me. 解析:小猿不喜歡那些阿諛奉承的人。先行詞ones在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用who,而不用that。 【例3】Anyone who learns English with Yuantiku can get higher marks than before. 解析:和小猿一起學(xué)英語,英語成績提升自然不在話下啦。先行詞anyone在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用who,而不用that。 (2)先行詞為those時,關(guān)系代詞宜用who。 【例1】Those who learn English with Yuantiku raise your hands. 解析:和小猿一起學(xué)過英語的你們在哪里?先行詞those在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用who,而不用that。 (3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時,宜用who。 【例1】I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese. 解析:小猿昨天在街上遇到一個會用漢語問問題的歪果仁(哇,好厲害的歪果仁)。先行詞a foreigner的后置定語could ask me questions in Chinese較長,在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞為“人”,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用who,而不用that。 (4)一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that, 另一個宜用who。 【例1】The boy that I met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 解析:昨晚小猿遇到的那個男生就是那個學(xué)習(xí)非常用功的組長。我們可以把這句話拆成兩個定語從句The boy that I met last night以及The boy is the group leader who studies very hard,前面那個從句的關(guān)系代詞是that,后一個從句的關(guān)系代詞就宜用who。 (5)在there be開頭的句子中,宜用who。 【例1】There are many students who learn English with Yuantiku. 解析:小猿有很多一起學(xué)習(xí)英語的小伙伴,比如你,比如他。先行詞students在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞為“人”,句子以there are開頭,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用who,而不用that。 whose是定語從句中一個常用的關(guān)系代詞,它是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格,在從句中作定語,也就是說當(dāng)先行詞與從句中某個名詞有所屬關(guān)系,表達(dá)“……的”意思時,用關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句,它既可以指代人,也可以指代物,既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 【例1】Mr. King, whose legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital. 【例2】They live in a room whose window opens to the south. A.whose短語在定語從句中有時可作介詞賓語,即構(gòu)成“介詞+whose+名詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作狀語。 【例1】The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident. 金先生所在的工作部門領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人已經(jīng)聽說了這一意外事故。 【例2】He is the student of whose brother we are always proud.他就是那個我們總是為他哥哥感到驕傲的學(xué)生。 B.whose引導(dǎo)定語從句時,通??膳cof which/of whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。 【例1】I made a table, the surface of which (of which the surface) is quite smooth. 解析:我做了張桌子,桌面很光滑。相當(dāng)于I made a table, whose surface is quite smooth. 【例2】The professor of whom a daughter (a daughter of whom) has gone abroad is very famous in China. 那位女兒已經(jīng)出國了的教授在國內(nèi)很有名。相當(dāng)于The professor whose daughter has gone abroad is very famous in China. 1.4 關(guān)系代詞 that/which 的用法 A.在限定性定語從句中,which和that在代替物時,一般可以通用。 B.在非限定性定語從句中,只宜用which,不能用that。 C.在限定性定語從句中,只宜用that,而不宜用which的情況。 (1)先行詞是形容詞最高級或者先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級修飾時,只宜用that。 【例1】This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read. 解析:這是小猿讀過最有趣的書了。先行詞book被形容詞最高級the most interesting修飾,且為物,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用that,而不用which。 (2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或先行詞的前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時,只宜用that。 【例1】The first thing that I am going to do this evening is to learn English. 解析:小猿今晚要做的第一件事就是學(xué)習(xí)英語,你是不是也有這個打算呢。先行詞thing被序數(shù)詞the first修飾,且為物,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用that,而不用which。 (3)主句中已有疑問詞who或which時,而其后又有一個定語從句修飾,這時關(guān)系代詞必須要用that。 【例1】Who is the man that is talking to your parents? 解析:那個和你父母說話的人是誰?主句中已有疑問詞who,先行詞the man被定語從句修飾,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用that,而不用which。 【例2】Which is the bike that you lost? 解析:哪輛自行車是你丟失的?主句中已有疑問詞which,先行詞the bike被定語從句修飾,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用that,而不用which。 【例1】The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 解析:把老人撞倒的那個車主以及他的自行車都被帶到了警察局。先行詞the bike and its rider既有人又有物,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用that,而不用which。 (5)先行詞是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代詞時,宜用that。 【例1】You should hand in all that you have. 【例2】We haven’t got much that we can offer you. 【例3】The book is the one that I bought yesterday. (6)先行詞前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very等詞修飾時,只宜用that。 【例1】Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class. 解析:李明是我們班唯一一個考了滿分的學(xué)生。先行詞one被only修飾,所以引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)用that。 【例2】Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class. 李明是我們班想當(dāng)老師的學(xué)生之一。先行詞the students被one of修飾,所以引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)用that。 (7)有兩個定語從句,其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which,另外一個只宜用that。 【例1】Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 解析:愛迪生建立了一個生產(chǎn)前所未見的東西的工廠。我們可以把這句話拆成兩個定語從句Edison built up a factory which produced things以及things that had never been seen before,前面那個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是which,后一個從句的關(guān)系代詞只宜用that。 D.在限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,只宜用which,而不用that。 【例1】This is the school in which I will study. = This is the school (which/that) I will study in. 解析:這就是小猿將要就讀的學(xué)校。關(guān)系代詞前有介詞in,所以引導(dǎo)詞宜用which,而不用that。 普通副詞:在句中擔(dān)任狀語、定語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。 2)在從句中擔(dān)任成分——狀語,即在從句中起副詞和介詞短語作用。 3)起連詞作用——把兩個句子連接為帶有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句。 2.1 關(guān)系副詞 where 的用法where 在引導(dǎo)定語從句時是關(guān)系副詞,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,其前面有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞。where引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞。 【例1】The factory where Mr. Li used to work was closed last week. 解析:李先生曾經(jīng)就職的那家工廠上周倒閉了。 先行詞為factory,為地點(diǎn),在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)用where。 關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句(包括限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句)修飾表示時間的先行詞, 在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。 【例1】I still remember the day when I first met Yuantiku. 我仍然記得第一次見到小猿的那一天。(小猿也記得呢?。?【例2】Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下個月即將來臨,屆時你們將在家鄉(xiāng)度暑假。 3. “介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,是定語從句一種介詞前置的定語從句句型,介詞與關(guān)系代詞之間存在一種介賓關(guān)系。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前,即演變出“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”句型,關(guān)系代詞只能用which(指物)或whom (指人),即:介詞+which/whom。 【例1】The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.【例2】The city in which she lives is far away.【例3】The little girl is reading a book, in which there are many cartoons. 注意:當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時,用在介詞后的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。關(guān)系副詞when,where,why可用“介詞+which”來代替。關(guān)系副詞實(shí)際上是介詞+先行詞。其中when =表時間的介詞(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞(如:in,at,on,under等)+ which;Why=表原因的介詞(如:for+which) 〈1〉當(dāng)先行詞表示時間,定語從句中缺少時間狀語時,通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo),此時也可選用表示時間的介詞+which來代替關(guān)系副詞when。例:I still remember the day when I came here.相當(dāng)于I still remember the day on which I came here. 〈2〉當(dāng)先行詞表示地點(diǎn),定語從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語時,通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo),此時也可選用表示地點(diǎn)的介詞+which來代替關(guān)系副詞where。例:This is the house where I lived last year.相當(dāng)于This is the house in which I lived last year. 〈3〉當(dāng)先行詞為reason,定語從句中缺少表示原因狀語時,通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo),此時也可以用for which來代替關(guān)系副詞why。例:There are many reasons why people like traveling.相當(dāng)于There are many reasons for which people like traveling. 4. 定語從句、引導(dǎo)詞的省略在定語從句中,引導(dǎo)詞的省略共有兩種情況。1)在限制性定語從句中,當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時,引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。 【例1】He gave me a book (that/which) he bought in Beijing. 解析:他給了我一本他在北京買的書。book在定語從句中作bought的賓語,所以先行詞用that或者which或者省略。 2)當(dāng)先行詞是the way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,先行詞可用that、in which 或者省略。其它情況則不能省略。 【例1】The way (that/in which) he looks at problems is wrong. (√) He has given you the way that is best to solve the problem.(√) 注:第二句中the way在從句中作主語,引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。
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