內(nèi) 容 提 要 定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分,定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語從句分為時間狀語從句,結(jié)果狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,原因狀語從句,條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型。 I 定 語 從 句 一、 限定性定語從句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時??墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置 1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830. [A] that it could 2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun. [A] takes 3) The period during when [A] people learned [B] to melt iron is called [C] the [D] Iron Age. 2. which作賓語時,根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟 4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. [A] where 5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish. [A] when 3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略(見本節(jié)“四、關(guān)系代詞的省略”) 4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語 6) Henry Ford is the person [A] which [B] is most responsible [C] for developing [D] the idea of mass production. 7) Human beings are social [A] animals whom [B] usually prefer not to live in [C] physical or psychological isolation [D] . 5. where是關(guān)系副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句 8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life. [A] there 9) The knee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. [A] when 10) A metropolitan region [A] is defined as a central [B] city and the territory where [C] surrounds [D] it. 6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間 11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. [A] as 12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. [A] whose 13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride. [A] when [注] 值得一提的是,表示時間“time”一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo) By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. / I still remember the first time I met her. / Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格 14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come. [A] which 15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few [A] jazz musicians who [B] style of playing [C] has kept pace with the evolution [D] of modern jazz. 8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導(dǎo) 16) I don't want to concentrate on anything worrying me. [A] what is 二、非限定性定語從句:非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分 2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時,that有時相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了。 3. 有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞 4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物 17) Ligaments(韌帶), , hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together. [A] which are fibrous tissues 18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, there on April 12, 1945. [A] who died 19) The first United States citizen to become [A] a professional [B] sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright, which [C] works were executed in wax [D] . 1. 缺關(guān)系詞 20) The adder is a snake has [A] a relatively [B] stout body, a short tail [C] , and a flat head [D] . 2. 從句中缺成分 21) Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists have paid [A] little attention to cultural interpretations given to [B] silence, or to [C] the types of social contexts in which tends [D] to occur. 22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower. [A] can 1) D為正確答案。本句中的主句為“The first doll was invented in 1830”,“that could say ‘mama’”為定語從句,修飾主句中的名詞(主語)“the first doll”。 2) C為正確答案。 3) A錯。during是介詞,它后面的關(guān)系代詞只能用which(指人除外),which在此處指代“the period”,定語從句為“during which people…iron”,修飾主句的主語“the period”。 4) C為正確答案。 5) C為正確答案。 6) B錯。改用who,which只能指物,指人時應(yīng)用who,本句的定語從句修飾the person,關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語。本句也可改用that,因為that也可用來指人,它可在從句中作主語或賓語,但which則只能指“物”。 7) B錯。應(yīng)改用who,因為這里所指代的是“human beings”,而且在從句中作主語,而whom只能用來作賓語。 8) B為正確答案??瞻缀笫且粋€定語從句,從句中主謂賓齊全,關(guān)系副詞where指代上面表示地點的名詞region(地方,地區(qū)),相當(dāng)于in which,即in the region,在從句中作地點狀語。 9) B對。空白后為定語從句,從句中的主謂賓語都已齊全,where作從句中的地點狀語,相當(dāng)于in the joint,整個從句修飾“the joint”。 10) C錯。改為which或that。這里是一個定語從句,修飾前面的the territory(區(qū)域),雖然被修飾成分表示一個地點,但若用where代替in the territory在從句中作地點狀語,從句中便沒有了主語,這顯然不對。改用which后,便可由它作從句中的主語,代the territory;從句中的it代上文中的a central city。 11) B為正確答案。 12) C為正確答案。 13) A為正確答案。 14) D為正確答案。這里whose修飾名詞短語“open mouth,” 這時“whose open mouth”一起作介詞“of”的賓語。 15) B錯。who應(yīng)當(dāng)在定語從句中作主語,而從句中已有主語style of playing(演奏風(fēng)格),故應(yīng)將who改為whose,用whose修飾style,指代上文中的人名,相當(dāng)于his。 17) A對??瞻滋幨莣hich引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾主句的主語ligaments,which作從句的主語,主句的主語(ligaments)和謂語(hold)被定語從句所隔開。 18) A對。本句是關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,who指代前面的被修飾成分President Franklin D. Roosevelt并在從句中作主語。 19) C錯。應(yīng)改用whose,修飾從句中的主語works,whose相當(dāng)于his。 20) A錯。本句已有謂語動詞is,而后面又出現(xiàn)動詞has,顯然不合語法,故應(yīng)在snake和has之間加上關(guān)系代詞which或that構(gòu)成定語從句修飾snake,which作從句的主語。 21) D錯。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”,which在從句中已經(jīng)是介詞in的賓語,這樣從句中便沒有了主語,故應(yīng)在which后加代詞it(代silence),即變?yōu)椤癷n which it tends…”,用it作從句的主語,這樣句子才完整。 22) B對。關(guān)系代詞作限定性定語從句中的賓語時可以省略,本句被修飾詞anything后就省去了“that”;C是不對的,首先,C中的which作從句的主語,而從句中的動詞(作謂語)capture and overpower都為及物動詞,可后面沒有賓語,這樣句子便不完整;其次,如果被修飾成分為不定代詞(anything, all等),或修飾成分前有形容詞最高級以及限定性較強的形容詞修飾時(the very,the only,the same,the first,the last,the tallest),應(yīng)使用關(guān)系代詞that,而不用which。 II狀 語 從 句 一、時間狀語從句:主要由when,whenever,after,before,as,(ever)since,once,as soon as,(not)until,while等連詞引導(dǎo) 1) ,Alexander Graham Bell was still a young man. [A] He invented the telephone 2) The small greenish flowers of the American elm tree appear in the spring, . [A] is grown long before the leaves 3) _,heat is produced. [A]The mixing together of certain chemicals 4) Lucretia Mott’s influence was too significant [A] that she has been credited [B] by some authorities [C] as the originator [D] of feminism is the United States. 5) Dorothy Parker’s satirical [A] verse was quite [B] popular that her books of poetry [C] appeared [D] on bestseller lists. 6) Hippopotamuses, a great deal of time submerged in lakes or rivers,do not feed in the water. [A] spend 7) do not have webbed feet, gallinules are excellent swimmers. [A] They 四、原因狀語從句: 原因狀語從句可由as,because,since及for引導(dǎo),而托??碱}集中在由“because”引導(dǎo)的從句 8) Nelon is said to be inert does not react easily with other substances. [A] becaues of it 9) Helium is safer than hydrogen it can not explode. [A] while 五、條件狀語從句: 表條件的狀語從句主要由if,whether,as long as (只要),provided(只要) (that)等詞引導(dǎo),例如 10) Uniform acceleration occurs the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time. [A] according 11) Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art, or not. [A] whether the artist being aware of it 12) the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator,the trade winds cause a flow of water to the west. [A] Where 13) Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes protect the toes of most other vertebrates. [A] claws 七、狀語從句中的“主語+be”的省略:狀語從句中的主語和系動詞be常有同時被省略掉的現(xiàn)象,但需有兩個前提條件 (1) 從句主語與主句主語一致,且從句謂語為“be”; (2) 省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”、“連詞+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)”以及“連詞+介詞短語”和“連詞+形容詞(名詞短語) ”結(jié)構(gòu),例 14) ,glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes. [A] When well fitted 15) Although rigid,bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. [A] apparently 16) When in arctic regions,the Aleuts construct igloos as temporary winter shelters. [A] travel 1) D無論在語法上還是語意上均正確,而若選A和B,則只是兩個句子的無謂羅列,這在英語中是絕對不允許的,而C是一個名詞短語,也不符合要求。 2) B對。本句是由連詞before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,其中的long是副詞,修飾before,“l(fā)ong before”意為“早在…之前”,long before易與before long相混淆,before long相當(dāng)于介詞短語,意思是“不久”。 3) B 對。由于逗號后面是一個完整的句子,則本句空白處成分可能是介詞短語、分詞短語或狀語及狀語從句,在備選答案中,只有B 具備狀語從句的條件。whenever是when的強調(diào)式表示“無論什么時候”。 4) A錯。本句含“so…that”句型,“so”是副詞,它后面可接形容詞或副詞,而“that”后要接表結(jié)果的狀語從句,故應(yīng)將“too”改為“so”。 5) B錯。改為“so”。 6) C對。本句主語為“Hippopotamuses”,謂語是“do not feed”,逗號之間顯然為插入成分,A和B不符合要求,D雖表面上是非限定定語從句修飾前面的成分,但which指主語,馬上又接主語they,成了“雙主語”,故應(yīng)排除。C是由連詞although(盡管) 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句作插入語,完全符合條件,故應(yīng)選C。 7) B對。逗號后為一完整的句子,逗號前又出現(xiàn)了謂語,那么空白處一定缺起引導(dǎo)從句作用的連詞和從句主語,B 完全符合條件,though的用法和although基本相同,意思也相同。C 好像是“that”引導(dǎo)的主語從句,可后面接的并不是謂語,而是一個句子,故C 也不對。D 貌似“it is…that”強調(diào)句,但句中缺that,且語法語意混亂。 8) B對。A不對,因為“because of ”(因為) 是成語介詞,后面不可接句子,而C和D均不合語法,只有B正確,“it”指代“neon”。 9) C對。本題中的四個選項都是連接詞,即都可以引導(dǎo)后面的從句,從語法來說,它們都正確,但從語意及邏輯上看,顯然以“[C] because”(表“原因”) 切合題意。 10) B對。本句缺能引導(dǎo)一個從句的連接詞,只有B符合條件。 11) C對。whether作為連詞,只能放在從句句首,故B 和D 都不符合語法。雖然A中的whether放置于句首,但A 不是一個句子,因此只有C 中的whether才引導(dǎo)了一個狀語從句,“whether…or not”在此處表示“無論…”。 12) A對?!皐here”引導(dǎo)的是地點狀語從句,表示“在大西洋通過赤道的地方”。 13) B對?!癮s claws protect…”表示“正如爪或鉗保護…一樣”,as引導(dǎo)的是方式狀語從句。A 明顯不對。C 多“do”,D 好像是“so”引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,但“so”不僅無所指代,因為后面不缺任何成分,而且在用“so”倒裝句時,“so”前面通常有逗號,并且是“so+助動詞(或情態(tài)動詞等) +主語”結(jié)構(gòu)。 14) A對。從句部分說完整為“When they (glasses) are well fitted”,其中的“they are”被省略掉了。D 中的“If well fitted”本來也正確,但后面多“when”。 15) A對。although后省略了“they (bones) are”,apparently(明顯地)是副詞,修飾后面的形容詞rigid。D 中的are和they順序有誤,否則也同樣正確。 16) D對。本句為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。 III 名 詞 從 句 名詞從句即語法功能相當(dāng)于名詞或名詞短語的從句,包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。 一、主語從句 1. 由關(guān)系代詞what、代詞whatever或whoever代詞引起的主語從句 1) concerned with is the measurement of angles and their relationships to each other. [A] Trigonometry is 但what有時在從句中也作定語,如:What little information he collected from it is not enough for us. 他從計算機上收集的那一點點信息不夠我們用。 2. 由連詞that引起的主語從句,謂語一般是系表結(jié)構(gòu),在大多數(shù)情況下,that從句由it做形式主語 2) has not attained a state of complete coherence is true. [A] Cultural anthropology 3) for granted that any new lawn will need to be fertilized. [A] Taking it 4) Today [A] it is generally recognized as [B] the primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to foster the flow of credit and money [C] that will eventually facilitate [D] a balance in international payments. 3. 由連接代詞、連接副詞及whether(是否) 引起的主語從句 5) some mammals came to live in the sea is not known. [A] That 6) made the first United States flag is widely believed. [A] When Besty Ross 4. 由于主語過長,更多的情況下用it代替主語從句,而把that引導(dǎo)的從句放到后邊 It is a fact accepted by economists that technological…scarcities.(“it”充當(dāng)邏輯主語。) 1. 由連詞that、疑問代詞或副詞(如how, why和where等)引出的賓語從句 7) Almost all economists agree by trading with one another. [A] nations that are gained 8) Like a magazine,a newspaper has a contents guide that indicates located. [A] where each feature is 9) The chief foods eaten in any country depends largely on best in its climate and soil. [A] it grows 10) When Europeans originally arrived in El Paso,Texas,the area was inhabited by the Manso and Suma peoples. [A] what is now 11) A logarithm(對數(shù)) is in algebra as an exponent. [A] known that 四、同位語從句:由兩個或兩個以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項與后項所指相同,句法功能也相同,這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫同位結(jié)構(gòu)。名詞詞組,反身代詞,不定代詞或指示代詞、ING分詞、不定式和從句都可作同位語。用來作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo),這時that從句表示它所修飾詞的實際內(nèi)容 1 名詞短語作主語的后置同位語 12) George H.Gallup, specialized in opinion polls and business surveys. [A] whose statistician 13) Annie Jump Cannon, discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky”. [A] a leading astronomer who 14) Thyme, ,yields a medicinal oil containing thymol. [A] a fragrant garden herb 2. 作主語前置同位語 15) In sculpture “modeling” denotes a way of shaping clay,wax,or other pliable materials. [A] to the term 16) ,Vincente T. Ximenes spent many years as a government economist. [A] Son of a small Texas farmer 3 作賓語或表語的后置同位語 17) An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards,approximately from Marathon to Athens. [A] the distance is 18) In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a to New York’s rock’n’roll fans. [A] new dance,the twist 1) D對。句中已出現(xiàn)了謂語動詞“is”,這就決定了“is”前面為其主語,如主語中再有動詞出現(xiàn),便成了主語從句。A 不對。因為連續(xù)出現(xiàn)了兩個動詞“is”,且其間又無連接詞;B好像是“that”引導(dǎo)的主語從句(下面將提到) ,但由于介詞“with”要求帶賓語,而B 選項本身又無法解決這個問題(“that”引導(dǎo)的主語從句中,“that”為連詞,不可能去充當(dāng)“with”的賓語) ,故B也應(yīng)排除;C句的語序有誤,因本句并非倒裝句(句末為句號),因此沒必要倒裝;只有D為正確答案。“what”為代詞,相當(dāng)于“the thing which”,這樣“what”本身便可充當(dāng)“with”的賓語。本句的漢語意思為“三角學(xué)所涉及的(對象) 是角的測量及角之間的關(guān)系”。因此,凡“what”帶的從句中,“what”本身一定要充當(dāng)從句中的成分,或賓語(含介詞賓語) ,或主語。 2) B對。本句有兩個動詞(“has”和“is”),且中間并無等立連詞分開,顯然本句為一個名詞從句作主語的句型,符合此條件的只有B,其中句首的“that”與“what”引導(dǎo)的主語從句的區(qū)別在于:“that”在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。本句更多的情況下是說成:“It is true that cultural…coherence.”這樣就由“it”充當(dāng)邏輯主語,而真正的主語“that從句”放在了后面。 3) D為正確答案。句首的“it”為邏輯主語,指代后面的“that從句”,本句亦可說成“That any new…fertilized should be taken for granted”。 4) B錯。改為“that”,理由見上例。 5) D對。本句漢語意思是“某些哺乳類動物是如何到海中生存的仍是一個迷?!蹦敲碅 為什么不對呢?為什么不可理解為是“that”引導(dǎo)的主語從句呢?“that從句”作主語時是陳述性的句子,即為一個事實,因此句子的謂語也應(yīng)與其呼應(yīng),即肯定性的論述;而由疑問代詞、副詞及whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句都為疑問性的句子,即不是肯定的結(jié)論,因此其謂語也應(yīng)當(dāng)是否定的或含疑問性質(zhì)的論述。本句中的謂語為“is not known”(大家不知道) 即屬于否定的和含疑問性質(zhì)的論述,故應(yīng)選D。 6) B為正確答案。本句的謂語“is widely believed”(被廣泛地認可) 為肯定性的論述,因此A和D選項不對。 7) D對?!癮gree”(同意) 可以后面接“that”引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,但它不可直接跟名詞作其賓語,如要接名詞,需在名詞前加介詞“upon”、“on”或“with”。 8) A對?!癷ndicate”(顯示) 為及物動詞,它后面接了一個以“where”引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。由于本句為陳述句,故D 答案不對。 9) B對?!皐hat grows…”作介詞“on”的賓語,其中“what”作從句的主語,相當(dāng)于the thing which。 10) A對。 11) C對。本句系動詞 “is”后需接表語,而C為由“what”引導(dǎo)的從句,可以充當(dāng)其表語,故C 為正確答案。B 不對。因為“known”無論是形容詞還是過去分詞都不可再接“what”從句;D 中的“it”多余,因為它占據(jù)了從句中主語的位置,這樣,從句中既不缺主語,也不缺賓語和表語,于是代詞“what”便無所指,故只有C 為唯一正確答案。 12) B對。空白處成分系進一步解釋說明句子的主語,位于主語和謂語之間,且前后有逗號隔開,將同位語去掉原句仍完整,其功能相當(dāng)于一個非限定性定語從句,即“who was a statistician”。 13) D對。理由同上例。 14) A對?!皌hyme”是一種植物名稱,由于該詞不常見,故后面用同位語進行說明。需要指出的是,B選項里如在“garden”前加上冠詞“a”(因為herb為可數(shù)名詞) ,那么B也同樣正確。 15) C為正確答案?!皌he term”(術(shù)語) 與其后“modeling”(用于雕刻的一種術(shù)語) 同位,即二者指的是同一事物。 16) A對?!皊on”前省略了冠詞“a”,因為表示身份時,不定冠詞可省略,空白處成分與后面的人名同指一人。 17) D對。本句意思為“奧林匹克馬拉松比賽長度為26英里385碼,即大約從馬拉松(地名) 到雅典的距離”,逗號后面的成分是作為本句表示長度的表語同位語形式出現(xiàn)的,其作用是進一步解釋前面的成分。 18) A對?!皌he twist”(搖擺舞) 即是“a new dance”的同位語。全句意為“1961年,…將一種新式的舞,即搖擺舞,介紹給了紐約的搖滾舞迷們”。 IV THERE BE 句型 一、there be結(jié)構(gòu) 英語表示“某地或某時存在什么事物”。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,there是個引導(dǎo)詞(由副詞there變來),本身沒有意義,所以常弱讀為[], 因be是謂語,后邊跟名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的短語,作主語;這時be的形式要與其后邊的主語在數(shù)上保持一致;最后為要點或時間狀語。如 There are several books on the shelf. 書架上有幾本書。/ There was a severe drought in the North in 1995. 1995年北方大旱。 是在there be后加not或?qū)e放到there之前。如:There is not …; There are not…; Is there …? Are there…? there be中的“be”除了有is和are的形式以外,還有其時態(tài):there was(not)…; there were(not)…;there will be…;there may be…;there might be…; there has been…; there have been …。 這時的引導(dǎo)詞there似乎變成了主語,如 1 . 接不定式:You wouldn't want there to be another war, would you? 你不會愿意再有一場戰(zhàn)爭,是嗎? / Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem? 你們要開個會討論一下這個問題嗎? / It was too late for there to be any subways. 太晚了,不會有地鐵了(for 后接動詞不定式)。 2 . 接ING形式: Have you ever thought of there being so many workunits for you to choose on the talents' meeting? 你是否曾想到過在人才交流會上會有許多的工作單位供你選擇嗎?(of后接ING形式) / There being something to do, we will stay here to finish it. 這兒還有活,我們得干完。 Such books as there were on the self interested us. 我們對書架上的這些書感興趣。 / That's all there is to it. 如此而已。 / Have you noticed anything (that) there is happening in the company. 你注意到公司正在發(fā)生什么變化嗎? V 溶 合 句 英語一句話的結(jié)束用句號,即圓點。在一句話中分句與分句之間要么用疑問代詞、疑問副詞或連接詞引導(dǎo)從句,形成主從結(jié)構(gòu),要么用并列連詞或分號形成并列分句關(guān)系。但逗號不能起到連詞來連接并列句的作用。用逗號連接的兩個分句叫溶合句,這在英語中是不符合語法的。在挑錯題中我們應(yīng)當(dāng)注意這種不符合語法的句子。 |
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