初中英語分類練習(xí)
——非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 動名詞起名詞作用）
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ..分詞起形容詞作用）
He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch ...不定式起副詞作用)
謂語動詞和非謂語動詞的區(qū)別：
1) 謂語動詞在句中可單獨(dú)作謂語，而非謂語動詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語。
Miss Mary teaches us English. 瑪麗教我們英語。（teaches 動詞作謂語）
Mr. Li came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
（to have a talk.... 不定式作狀語）
2) 謂語動詞受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語動詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。
Mike likes the pop music. （動詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式）
Lucy has nothing to do today。（do 用原形）
非謂語動詞的特征：
1 如果非謂語動詞是及物動詞，后面須跟賓語。
Studying English is my favorite.（studying 后跟賓語）
To help him is my duty. 幫助他是我的責(zé)任。（help 后跟賓語）
2 非謂語動詞可以帶有自己的狀語或邏輯主語。
Working under such a condition is terrible. (under such a condition 是 working 的狀語）
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. （for him 作不定式的邏輯主語）
3 非謂語動詞仍有語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式）
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. （Seen from...是分詞的被動形式）
4 非謂語動詞在句中可以當(dāng)成名詞或者形容詞來使用。
Our coming made him happy.（coming 起名詞作用）
There are two big swimming pools here. (swimming 起形容詞作用)
非謂語動詞的形式變化：
不定式 主 動 被 動
一 般 to write to be written
進(jìn) 行 to be writing
完 成 to have written to have been written
完成進(jìn)行 to have been writing
現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 主 動 被 動
一 般 writing being written
完 成 having written having been written
過去分詞 主動 被 動
一般 written
動名詞 主動 被 動
一般 writing being written
完成 having written having been written
●動 詞 不 定 式：
動詞不定式是由 to + 動詞原形構(gòu)成，在句中起名詞，形容詞和副詞的作用，可以擔(dān)任除謂語以外的其它任何成分。
1. 動詞不定式作主語：
To mast a language is not an easy thing.
To teach English is my favorite.
It's my pleasure to help you.
動詞不定式作主語時(shí)可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主語放在原主語的位置上。
It's very kind of you to have given us much help.
你給了我們那么多的幫助真是太好了。
It's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目擊者。
2. 動詞不定式作賓語：
某些及物動詞可以用動詞不定式作賓語，這些動詞有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.
What I wish is to learn English well.
I like to help others if I can.
3. 動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語 。
We expect you to be with us. 我們希望你和我們在一起。
Please ask him to come here quickly.請叫他快過來。
4. 動詞不定式作表語 ：
What I should do is to finish the task soon. 我應(yīng)該做的是趕快完成任務(wù)。
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 當(dāng)務(wù)之急是馬上去找孩子。
5. 動詞不定式作定語：
There are many ways to solve the problem. 有許多方法能解決這個(gè)問題。
I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告訴你。
6. 不定式作狀語：
We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看了我們的老師。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.
她在做試驗(yàn)，從一種西藏花中提取某種有用的藥物。
動詞不定式的否定形式：
not + to + 動詞原形
The teacher told us not to swim in that river.
老師告訴我們不要在那條河里游泳。
It's unfair not to tell us. 沒告訴我們真是不公平。
帶疑問詞的不定式：
疑問詞who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，構(gòu)成不定式短語，使含義更加具體。
Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方還不知道。
I don't know when to begin. 我不知道什么時(shí)間開始。
Can you tell me where to get the battery.
你能告訴我哪兒能買到電池嗎？
Do you know how to get to the station. 你知道怎樣去車站嗎？
帶邏輯主語的不定式：
動詞不定式可以帶有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成方法是： for + 邏輯主語 + 不定式。
注意：邏輯主語用賓格形式， for 本身無實(shí)際意義，它只表明后面的主語從邏輯上分析是不定式的主語。
It's necessary for us to help each other. 我們互相幫忙是必要的。
There are much work for me to finish, 有許多工作要我去完成。
動詞不定式的被動形式： 表示不定式動詞同所修飾的名詞是被動關(guān)系 。
He is the man to be examined. 他是受檢查的人。
There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。
● 動 名 詞
動名詞是由動詞原形 + ing 構(gòu)成，同現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，在句中可作主語， 賓語，表語和定語。
1) 動名詞作主語：
Talking like that is not polite.
Learning from others is important .
Putting on more clothes is not so good .
（注：動名詞可以象動詞不定式一樣，用 it 先行祠代替， 而把動名詞寫在后面。
It's no use waiting here, let's go home.
It's very difficult climbing this mountain.
2) 動名詞作表語
The nurse's job is looking after the patients.
Seeing is believing.
3) 動名詞作賓語
有些動詞須用動名詞來作賓語,它們是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep.
Please stop smoking in the house.
I like reading in the forest.
Do you mind my opening the windows?
4）動名詞作定語
She is studying in the reading room.
He slept in the sleeping bag.
（動名詞的否定形式：not + 動名詞
He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假裝全然不知。
We considered not doing it now. 我們考慮現(xiàn)在不做這件事 。
動名詞的被動形式 ：
（當(dāng)動名詞和它的邏輯主語是被動關(guān)系時(shí)，用動名詞的被動形式來表示。）
His being looked down upon made him sick.
I can't really stand being treated like that.
動名詞的幾種特殊情況：
1) 有些動詞的后面能跟動名詞做賓語，有些動詞能跟不定式，有些兩者都可以， 它們的具體含義有時(shí)還不一樣。
能跟動名詞的動詞有：
avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help, 等。
能跟不定式的動詞有：
decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage,
能跟動名詞和不定式的動詞有： love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start,
動詞后面跟動名詞還是不定式，含義不相同，總的來說，表示習(xí)慣的， 一般性的動作多跟動名詞，一次性的具體的被動動作多跟不定式。
I like to go with you.我想和你一塊兒去。
I like reading.
He promised to help her.
We love watching VCD.
2) remember, forget, regret后面跟動名詞時(shí)，動名詞表示過去的動作， 后面跟不定式時(shí)，不定式表示將來的動作。
I remember meeting him in the street.
I remember to write a letter to my parents.
3) "stop + 動名詞"表示停止動名詞所表示的動作， "stop + 不定式"表示停下來 做不定式所表示的動作。
Stop smoking, please. 請不要抽煙 。
Let's stop to have a rest. 咱們停下來休息一下吧。
4) 動名詞和分詞的區(qū)別：
動名詞作定語時(shí)，動名詞和它所修飾的詞沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而分詞作定語時(shí)， 分詞和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
reading text 閱讀課文 〔動名詞〕 developing country 發(fā)展中國家 〔分詞〕
a sleeping bag 睡袋 〔動名詞〕 boiled water 開水 〔分詞〕
● 分 詞
分詞是由動詞 +ing 或 動詞 + ed 構(gòu)成，它在句中起形容詞或副詞的作用，可以作定語，表語，狀語。 working worked washing washed
分詞可分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種，現(xiàn)在分詞的形式同動名詞一樣，在動詞后面加 ing 。 而過去分詞的形式則在動詞后面加 ed. 分詞在句中可作定語，狀語或表語。
1.分詞作定語
China is a developing country.
That's an interesting story.
The girl singing for us is ten years old.
作定語的分詞要放在被修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞詞組則放在被修飾的名詞之后， 如被修飾的名詞是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分詞放在被修飾名詞的后面。
The working people have played a great role in the activity.
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.
There is nothing interesting. 沒什么有趣的事。
分詞和動名詞都可以作定語，判斷是分詞還是動名詞，可以根據(jù)它們和被修飾詞有無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系來判斷， 有主謂關(guān)系的是分詞， 否則判斷為動名詞。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分詞）
a swimming pool 游泳的池子 （動名詞）
2.分詞作狀語
Being a student, he likes to help others.
Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.
She is there waiting for us.
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.
3.分詞作表語
The story is interesting .
We are interested in computer.
The glass is broken.
The water is boiled.
4.分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語
可以跟賓語補(bǔ)足語的謂語動詞有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等詞。
I saw him walking in the street.
I heard them singing in the classroom.
We found the boy sleeping.
have 后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語用過去分詞常表示動作不是句子的主語發(fā)出的，而是由別人做的。
I have my hair cut. 我理發(fā)了。（是別人給我理發(fā)）
She has her bike repaired. 她把自行車修理了。（別人修理的）
They have their house rebuilt. 他們重修了房子。
分詞的否定形式。not + 分詞
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
不知道下一步干什么，她停下來等著。
Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.
小女孩沒完成作業(yè)不敢去學(xué)校。
分詞的時(shí)態(tài) 分詞的一般時(shí)表示動作同謂語動詞的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生或之前發(fā)生。
Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.
看到老師進(jìn)來，學(xué)生們停下來不玩了。
Coming into the room, he lied on his bed. 回到家后，他就躺在床上。
分詞的完成時(shí)表示的動作在謂語動詞的前面發(fā)生。
Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.
收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.
晚飯后，我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
他知道自己比賽獲勝，高興地把帽子扔上了天。
分詞的被動形式 分詞的被動形式表示分詞動作同所修飾的名詞有一種被動關(guān)系。
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
正在建設(shè)的娛樂大樓明年完工。
