隨著越來越多的省份進入到新課改后的高考,虛擬語氣也逐漸走入考生的視野。2010年,全國各地18套英語試題中有10套試題考查或涉及了虛擬語氣,應引起廣大考生的注意。下面筆者將結合2010年高考試題,梳理虛擬語氣的考查熱點,希望能夠對下一屆考生有所幫助。
　　虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設、猜測或建議,有時并不表示客觀存在的事實。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示,真真假假,虛虛實實,是高中教學中的難點和新課改后的重點語法項目之一。
　　
　　熱點1 在含有條件狀語從句的主從復合句中考查虛擬語氣
　　
　　1. 考查含有虛擬條件句的主從復合句中謂語動詞的構成
　　含有虛擬條件句的主從復合句中謂語動詞的構成非常規(guī)則,請看下表:
　　
　　例如:
　　If everyone in the country bought one soft-drink each day and threw it away, there would soon be a huge mountain of rubbish. 如果全國每個人每天買一罐飲料,然后把空罐扔掉,垃圾很快就會堆積如山了。(對現(xiàn)在的虛擬)
　　If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many more deaths. 倘若颶風發(fā)生在白天,那么死亡的人數(shù)還會多得多。(對過去的虛擬)
　　If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out. 如果明天下雪,他們就不出去了。(對將來的虛擬)
　　【真題】
　?、?If he _______ my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job. (2010年湖南卷)
　　A. followed B. should follow
　　C. had followed D. would follow
　　【解析】 題干的意思是:“要是他聽取了我的建議,就不會失去工作了?！备鶕?jù)wouldn't have lost可判斷if引導的狀語從句表示與過去事實相反的虛擬,從句里應該用had done結構,故正確答案為C。
　?、?John went to the hospital alone. If he ______ me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010年天津卷)
　　A. should tell B. tells
　　C. told D. had told
　　【解析】 題干的意思是:“約翰獨自去了醫(yī)院。如果他告訴我的話,我會跟他一起去的?！鼻耙痪涫顷愂稣Z氣,說明動作發(fā)生在過去,而且后一句的主句已經(jīng)是would have gone,說明這是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,與之對應的從句結構應該用had done。正確答案為D。
　　③ If we _______ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. (2010年陜西卷)
　　A. take B. had taken
　　C. took D. have taken
　　【解析】題干的意思是:“如果我們走了另一條路的話,我們或許能及時到達這里參加會議?！彼钸x項作虛擬語氣中條件狀語從句的謂語,根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞形式might have arrived可知題干是與過去事實相反,故所填部分用had done形式。正確答案為B。
　?、?—The weather has been very hot and dry.
　　 —Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables ______. (2010年北京卷)
　　A. wouldn't die B. didn't die
　　C. hadn't died D. wouldn't have died
　　【解析】 第二個說話人的if條件句是我們解題的關鍵。題干的意思是:“要是當時哪怕下一滴雨,現(xiàn)在的情況就好得多了!我的蔬菜也就不會死了。”而事實是過去并沒有下雨,所以我的蔬菜干死了也是發(fā)生在過去。將句子還原為:“If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldn't have died.”故正確答案為D。
　　
　　2. 考查省略if的虛擬條件句應使用部分倒裝語序
　　如果在表示虛擬語氣的條件句中含有were、had或should,可將if省略,然后將were、had或should移至主語之前。例如:
　　Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come. (= If there should be a meeting tomorrow, ...) 如果明天有會議召開,我會來的。
　　Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded. (= If we had made a great effort, ...) 如果我們(過去)做了很大的努力的話,我們可能就成功了。
　　【真題】
　　Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______. (2010年浙江卷)
　　A. would have been saved
　　B. had been saved
　　C. will be saved
　　D. was saved
　　【解析】 根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷前一分句是省略了if的虛擬語氣,還原后應為:“If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ______.”題干的意思是:“如果我早知道這個電腦程序,就可以節(jié)省大量的時間和精力了?！北硎九c過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,正確答案為A。
　　
　　3. 考查混合條件句的虛擬語氣
　　有時條件句的動作與主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致,這時動詞的形式應根據(jù)它們表示的時間加以調整。例如:
　　If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today. (從句對過去虛擬,主句對現(xiàn)在虛擬)如果昨天晚上下了雨的話,今天就會非常涼爽了。
　　【真題】
　　It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002年上海卷)
　　A. wouldn't have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
　　【解析】 這是一個混合虛擬條件句。If條件狀語從句含有明顯的過去時間狀語at the age of seven,是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用過去完成時;主句中有現(xiàn)在時的時間狀語today,表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用would +動詞原形。故正確答案為B。
　　
　　4. 考查含蓄條件句的虛擬語氣
　　英語中某些假設條件句不是通過if從句表達出來的,而是包含在某些短語、上下文或其他方式中,其謂語也常用虛擬語氣,我們稱之為含蓄條件句的虛擬語氣。
　　(1) 用連詞otherwise、or、but 等暗示前面的條件。例如:
　　I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference. Otherwise I wouldn't have bought you a single ticket. 我原以為你會后要在那兒逗留一段時間,要不然我就不會給你買單程票了。
　　Mary could be prettier, but she doesn't care much about her clothes. 瑪麗本可以更漂亮些,但是她不太在乎衣著。
　　【真題】
　　He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ______ a goal. (2001年上海春季卷)
　　A. had scored B. scored
　　C. would score D. would have scored
　　【解析】本題考查含蓄條件句的虛擬語氣。題干的意思是:“在踢球前他猶豫了一會兒,否則他就能破門得分了?！边@是對過去的一種行為的遺憾,前面分句是暗含的條件,otherwise所在的句子是主句,與過去事實相反應使用would +完成時,因此正確答案為D。
　　(2) 用but for、without等介詞短語表達條件。例如:
　　Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 如果沒有電,人類現(xiàn)在的生活就會是另一個樣子了。
　　The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 如果不是船長的努力,我們就會連船帶人都沉沒了。
　　【真題】
　　① But for their help, we _______ the program in time. (2009年安徽卷)
　　A. can not finish B. will not finish
　　C. had not finished D. could not have finished
　　【解析】由題干中的But for their help可以推斷這是一個與過去事實相反的含蓄虛擬條件句,主句動詞應使用would / could / might / should +完成時形式,故D項為正確答案。
　?、?But for the help of my English teacher, I ______ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. (2009年福建卷)
　　A. would not win B. would not have won
　　C. would win D. would have won
　　【解析】 題干的意思是:“要不是英語老師的幫助,我就不會在英語寫作比賽中獲一等獎了。”這是對過去的一種虛擬,but for相當于一個條件句,后面的句子相當于一個主句,動詞應使用“would / could / might / should +完成時”形式,根據(jù)否定的句意應選擇B項。
　　(3) 分詞短語表示條件。例如:
　　Given more time, we could have done it better.假如(過去)多給一些時間的話,我們就能把它做得更好一些了。
　　
　　熱點2 在名詞性從句中考查虛擬語氣
　　
　　1. 考查主語從句中虛擬語氣的謂語動詞形式
　　這類形式的虛擬語氣通常表示建議、命令、要求、希望、驚訝等語氣。
　　(1) “It is necessary (important/natural/strange/surprising) that ...”句型中,從句的謂語動詞通常使用(should) + 動詞原形,例如:
　　It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 他有必要被立刻送往醫(yī)院。
　　It is strange that she (should) marry such a poor man. 她竟然嫁給這樣一個窮光蛋,真是太奇怪了。
　　【真題】
　　It is necessary that a college student ______ at least a foreign language. (1993年上海卷)
　　A. masters B. should master
　　C. mastered D. will master
　　【解析】分析題干,It is necessary that ...結構中主語從句通常用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞使用(should) +動詞原形,故正確答案為B。
　　(2) It is suggested (desired/decided/ordered/requested / proposed) that ...,例如:
　　It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off till next Saturday. 會議決定推遲到下周六舉行。
　　It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in English. 你應該花更多的時間學習英語。
　　
　　2. 考查賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
　　(1) 在某些表示“建議、要求、命令”的動詞后的賓語從句中,使用(should) + 動詞原形。常見的這類動詞有:一個堅持(insist);兩個命令(order、command);三項要求(demand、require、request);四條建議(advise、suggest、propose、recommend)等。
　　【真題】
　　① Teachers recommend parents ______ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (2010年福建卷)
　　A. not allow B. do not allow
　　C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow
　　【解析】 動詞recommend后接賓語從句時,從句中應使用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。題干的意思是:“出于安全考慮,老師建議父母最好不要讓12歲以下的小朋友騎腳踏車去學校?！闭_答案為A。
　?、?Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention ______ (討論) at the meeting. (discuss) (2010年湖北卷)
　　【解析】 動詞insist引導的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣,從句結構是(should) +動詞原形,主語problem是“被討論”,故使用被動形式,故答案為(should) be discussed。
　　注意:動詞suggest表示“暗示、表明”,insist表示“力言、堅持(認為)”時,賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。例如:
　　Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 邁克堅持認為自己從來沒偷任何東西。(非虛擬語氣)
　　【真題】
　　Jane's pale face suggested that she ______ ill, and her parents suggested that she ______ a medical examination. (1994年上海卷)
　　A. be; should have B. was; have
　　C. should be; had D. was; has
　　【解析】本題第一個suggest意為“暗示,表明”, 其后的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣;第二個suggest意為“建議”,其后的賓語從句中應使用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用 (should) +動詞原形。正確答案為B。
　　(2) 動詞wish后的賓語從句中,謂語動詞有三種形式:對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過去時;對過去的虛擬,用過去完成時;對將來的虛擬,用would / should +動詞原形。
　　【真題】
　　How I wish every family ______ a large house with a beautiful garden! (2002年上海春季卷)
　　A. has B. had
　　C. will have D. had had
　　【解析】此題表達的是現(xiàn)在的一種愿望,wish后的賓語從句應使用一般過去時表示對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,正確答案為B。
　　
　　3. 考查表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
　　某些表示“建議、計劃、命令”的名詞(如advice、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等)后的同位語從句和表語從句中的謂語動詞常用(should) + 動詞原形。 例如:
　　We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 他建議我們到北京旅游觀光,我們都同意了。
　　My advice is that he (should) exercise first. 我的建議是他應該先做練習。
　　
　　熱點3 在其他固定句式中考查虛擬語氣
　　
　　1. 虛擬語氣用于“It is (high) time (that) ...”句型中,that從句中的謂語動詞用過去式(be用were)或should + 動詞原形,should不能省略,意為“(現(xiàn)在)該到了……的時候了”。例如:
　　It's high time that he went / should go to bed. 到了他該上床睡覺的時候了。
　　2. 虛擬語氣用于would rather后的從句中,表達一種愿望或建議時,用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或將來的情況,用過去完成式表示過去的情況。例如:
　　I would rather you went next Sunday. 我情愿你下周日走。
　　I would rather you hadn't done that. 我真希望你沒做那件事。
　　【真題】
　　George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he ______ more on its culture. (2010年江蘇卷)
　　A. focus B. focused
　　C. would focus D. had focused
　　【解析】詞組would rather后接從句應使用虛擬語氣,表示對現(xiàn)在或將來的虛擬,用動詞的過去式。正確答案為 B。
　　3. 虛擬語氣用于as if / as though、even if / even though等引導的表語從句或狀語從句中,對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過去時;對過去的虛擬,用過去完成時。例如:
　　The two new-comers talked as if they had known each other for ages. 那兩個新來的人聊天的樣子仿佛他們已經(jīng)相識多年了。
　　【真題】
　　Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ______ yesterday. (2006年全國卷I)
　　A. was happening B. happens
　　C. has happened D. happened
　　【解析】本題考查as if后接虛擬語氣時謂語動詞的使用。as if引導的句子既可以使用虛擬語氣,也可以使用非虛擬語氣,本題語境表明其后跟的是虛擬語氣,是對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,謂語動詞應使用過去時。正確答案為D。
　　4. 虛擬語氣用于if only引導的感嘆句中,其謂語動詞的形式與wish后的賓語從句的謂語動詞形式一樣。
　　【真題】
　　Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ______ your advice. (2003年上海春季卷)
　　A. followed B. would follow
　　C. had followed D. should follow
　　【解析】根據(jù)題干判斷,這是對過去沒做某事的后悔和遺憾,與過去事實相反,從句中應使用過去完成時。正確答案為C。
　　
　　熱點4 在語境中考查“情態(tài)動詞+完成時”表達的虛擬語氣
　　
　　情態(tài)動詞should / ought to / would / needn't + have done表示虛擬意義,含有“責備、遺憾、后悔”的意味。
　　【真題】
　　—Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday.
　　—Oh, you ______ have done it as yesterday was the deadline. (2010年上海卷)
　　A. must B. mustn't
　　C. should D. shouldn't
　　【解析】題干的意思是:“你本應該完成的,因為昨天是最后期限。”此處表示和過去事實相反的情況,應該用should have done,意思是“本應做某事而未做”。正確答案為C。
　　
　　總而言之,虛擬語氣一直是英語語法的重點和難點之一,同學們在學習時要加倍重視,掌握其特征,熟悉它的各種考查形式,才能在考試時胸有成竹,百戰(zhàn)不殆。