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連讀,弱讀和縮讀 看懂了這篇,一切英語聽力都是浮云

 lovesong_ 2012-01-31


  (2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音,其后緊跟著某些摩擦音(如/f/,/s/,/W/,/T/等),那么前面那個爆破音僅有十分輕微的爆破,而后面那個摩擦音則要完全爆破。
  Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.
  Goo(d) morning, dear.
  Uncle Li’s fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema.
  I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night.
  -Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don’(t) know.
  The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult.
  Goo(d) luck, Lin Tao.
  
  爆破音+m/n,爆破音也會失爆!
  /p/, /t/, /k/開頭的音節(jié)發(fā) /b/, /d/, /g/
  在背誦新東方80篇,總結出來的一點東西:
  1. 音標中無重讀音節(jié)的,要輕輕的讀,不要讀出有高低調(diào)的聲音!不要老愛把音節(jié)讀成漸高調(diào),感覺有點歇斯底里,很難聽的!
  2. 重音且長音要盡量拖長,發(fā)音要飽滿,但是[i:]除外,這個音節(jié)只需輕輕帶過!
  ee、?。?、呃:讀起來讓人聽著這個音節(jié)很明顯。
  3. 短音的i有時候不發(fā)音,只起到一個連接的作用;

傳說中的100句英語可以幫你背7000單詞

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 
1.美洲羚羊,或稱叉角羚,是該大陸典型的草原動物。 
2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 
2. 1986年看見哈雷慧星的千百萬人當中,有多少人能夠長壽到足以目睹它在二十一世紀的回歸呢? 
3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 
3.人類學家們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),恐懼,快樂,悲傷和驚奇都會行之于色,這在全人類是共通的。 
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 
4.由于苯酚對人體帶有刺激性作用,它基本上已不再被當作常用的防腐劑了。 
5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 
5.任何盈利組織若要生存,最終都必須生產(chǎn)出消費者可用或需要的產(chǎn)品。 
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 
6.一個地方的人口越多,其對水,交通和垃圾處理的需求就會越大。 
7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning. 
7.簡明,直接,有力的寫作難于花哨,含混而意義模糊的表達。 
8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 
8.隨著現(xiàn)代辦公室的日益自動化,設計師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴肅的內(nèi)部裝飾來使其具有親切感。 
9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. 
9.誹謗和流言的區(qū)別在于前者是書面的,而后者是口頭的。 
10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 
10.膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿脛的連接處。 
11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. 
11.酸是一種化合物,它在溶于水時具有強烈的氣味和對金屬的腐蝕性,并且能夠使某些藍色植物染料變紅。 
12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs. 
12. Billie Holiday’s作為一個爵士布魯斯樂杰出歌手的名聲建立在能夠賦予歌曲感情深度的能力。 
13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality. 
13.理論在本質(zhì)上是對認識了的現(xiàn)實的一種抽象和符號化的表達。 
14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 
14.兒童在能說或能聽懂語言之前,很久就會通過面部表情和靠發(fā)出噪聲來與人交流了。 
15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live. 
15.受當代灌溉(技術設施)之賜,農(nóng)作物在原來只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長。 
16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them. 
16.機械計時器的發(fā)展促使人們尋求更精確的日晷,以便校準機械計時器。 
17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to do*英語易網(wǎng)*ent observations that can be checked by others. 
17.人類學是一門科學,因為人類學家采用一整套強有力的方法和技術來記錄觀測結果,而這樣記錄下來的觀測結果是供他人核查的。 
18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris. 
18.真菌在腐化過程中十分重要,而腐化過程將化學物質(zhì)回饋于土壤,提高其肥力,并分解動物糞便。 
19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time. 
19.音叉被敲擊時,產(chǎn)生幾乎純質(zhì)的音調(diào),其音量經(jīng)久不衰。 
20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois. 
20.雖然美洲山河桃樹最集中于美國的東南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利諾州也能看見它們。

21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.

21.用怪罪別人的辦法來解決問題通常被稱為尋找替罪羊。

22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.

22.一個國家的主要食物是什么,大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長得最好。

23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.

23.在大量的實驗中,某一事件發(fā)生的幾率等于它不發(fā)生的幾率。

24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance's solid is higher than the density of its liquid.

24.大多數(shù)物質(zhì)遇冷收縮,所以他們的密度在固態(tài)時高于液態(tài)。

25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.

25.大腦細胞儲存記憶的機理并不為人明白。

26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.

26.到了二十一世紀中葉,美國畫家和雕塑家開始在世界范圍內(nèi)對藝術產(chǎn)生重大影響。

27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.

27.伊麗莎白市,一個重要的航運和制造業(yè)中心,坐落于新澤西州的東部。

28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.

28. Elizabeth Blackwell,美國第一個女醫(yī)生,創(chuàng)建了員工一直為女性紐約診所。

29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.

29. Alexander Graham Bell曾告訴家人,他更愿意讓后人記住他是聾子的老師,而非電話的發(fā)明者。

30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.

30.采摘下的迷迭香樹葉常綠不衰,因此人們把迷迭香樹與懷念聯(lián)系在一起。

31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.

31.骨頭看起來是脆硬的,但它也有一定的彈性,使得骨骼能夠承受相當?shù)拇驌簟?br>
32. That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.

32.科學家曾相信:氙氣是不能形成化合物的。

33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.

33.對風暴動力學的研究是為了提高風暴預測從而減少損失,避免人員傷亡。

34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed.

34.消除通貨膨脹應確保還貸的錢應與所貸款的價值相同。

35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.

35.未來主義,二十世紀早期的一個藝術思潮。拒絕一切傳統(tǒng),試圖通過強調(diào)機械和動態(tài)來美化生活。

36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.

36. Everglades是美國境內(nèi)最為荒涼和人跡罕至的地區(qū)之一,此處有大量的野生動植物而且大多受(法律)保護。

37. Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.

37. Lucretia Mott's的影響巨大,所以一些權威部門認定她為美國女權運動的創(chuàng)始人。

38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.

38.國際市場研究者的活動范圍常常較國內(nèi)市場研究者廣闊。

39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.

39.大陸分水嶺是指北美洛磯山脈上的一道想象線,該線把大西洋流域和太平洋流域區(qū)分開來。

40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.

40.對地球引力的研究表明,在不尋常的負荷之下地殼和地幔會發(fā)生位移。

41. The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.

41.尤它州制造業(yè)的年產(chǎn)值大于其工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的總和。

42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.

42.墻花之所以叫墻花,是因為其脆弱的枝干經(jīng)常要靠墻壁或順石崖生長,以便有所依附。

43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.

43.社會心理學的主要焦點是人與人之間的交往,而不是他們各自生活中的事件。

44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams' enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.

44.給美國的新移民增加教育設施比任何社會運動都更多的激發(fā)了Elizabeth Williams的熱情。

45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.

45.典型的鵪鶉都長有短而圓的翅膀,憑此他們可以在受驚時一躍而起,飛離它們的躲藏地。

46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.

46.根據(jù)人類學家的說法,直立行走的人的鼻祖面部輪廓與黑猩猩相似,額頭后傾,眉毛突出。

47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.

47.直到1866年第一條橫跨大西洋的電纜才完全成功的架通。

48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.

48. John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他認為是由科學技術給社會帶來的精神貧困。

49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.

49.父母的教導如果堅定,始終如一和理性,孩子就有可能充滿自信。
50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.
50.北美遠古的Hopewell人很可能種植了玉米和其他農(nóng)作物,但打獵和采集對他們的經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易仍是至關重要的。

51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of inFORMation on a single map.
51.使用多種多樣的符號可以在一張地圖里放進大量的信息。

52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.
52.無政府主義這個詞描述的是一堆理論和態(tài)度,它們的主要共同點在于相信政府是有害的,沒有必要的。

53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.
53.恐怕沒有誰對大多數(shù)美國人的日常生活影響能超過汽車生產(chǎn)的先驅(qū)亨利.福特。

54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.
54.使用精心挑選的無意義詞匯,可以檢驗語言學科里許多基本的假定。

55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made.
55.優(yōu)化歷史是由一連串的迷人事件組成,其源頭大概可以上溯到最早的圖畫。

56. Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.
56.相互般配的珍珠,串成一條項鏈,就能賣到比單獨售出好得多的價錢。

57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.
57.十八世紀時,"小烏龜"是邁阿密部落的酋長,該部落的地盤就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。

58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.
58.在竹子的近七百個品種中,有的全長成還不到一英尺,有的卻能在二十四小時內(nèi)長出三英尺。

59. Before staring on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.
59.謹慎的航海員在出航前,會研究航向,記錄的燈塔的位置,以便對各種可能出現(xiàn)的情況做到有備無患。

60. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been the least studied.
60.在所有的經(jīng)濟作物中,棕櫚樹得到的研究最少。

61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments in technology can and does affect marketing activities.
61.購買者和銷售者都應該留意技術的新發(fā)展,原因很簡單,因為技術能夠并且已經(jīng)影響著營銷活動。

62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.
62.電腦儲存和由于電子微處理機得以實現(xiàn)的電控運用成倍的增加了現(xiàn)代打字機的功能。

63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.
63.人類骨骼有二百多塊骨頭組成,住些骨頭石油堅韌而相對缺乏彈性的,被稱為韌帶的結蒂組連在一起。

64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.
64.珍珠的色澤受到作為其母體牡蠣種類及牡蠣生活水域的深度,溫度和含鹽度的制約。

65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.
65.盡管模仿鳥學很多種鳥的鳴叫聲惟妙惟肖,但人類還是能夠依其聲音上的線索很快識別它們。

66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land.
66.鲇魚不僅可以離開水存活,還可以在岸上短距離移動。

67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.
67.科學家不知道恐龍為何絕種了,但是一些理論推斷是地理,氣候和海平面的變化造成的。

68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes inFORMation derived from other sciences.
68.主要目的在于豐富和優(yōu)質(zhì)的農(nóng)藝學利用了其他科學的知識。

69. Snow aids farmers by keeping heart in the lower ground levels, thereby saving the seeds from freezing.
69.雪對農(nóng)民是一種幫助,因為它保持地層土壤的溫度,使種子不致凍死。

70. Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.
70.歷代文學作品中的英雄本色雖各有千秋,但其昭世功力卻是恒古不變的。

71. People in prehistoric times created paints by grinding materials such as plants and clay into power and then adding water.
71.史前的人們制造顏料是將植物和泥土等原料磨成粉末,然后加水。

72. Often very annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants and act as hosts to many insect pests.
72.黃菊花通常令人生厭,它擠走不那么頑強的植物,并找來很多害蟲。

73. Starting around 7000 B.C., and for the next four thousand years, much of the Northern Hemisphere experienced temperatures warmer than at present.
73.大約從公元前七千年開始,在四千年當中,北半球的溫度比現(xiàn)在高。

74. When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of farmers and clerks owning automobiles was considered ridiculous.
74.當亨利.福特最初制造汽車為尋求資金支持時,農(nóng)民和一般職員也能擁有汽車的想法被認為是可笑的。

75. Though once quite large, the population of the bald eagle across North America has drastically declined in the past forty years.
75.北美禿頭鷹的數(shù)量一度很多,但在近四十年中全北美的禿頭鷹數(shù)量急劇下降。

76. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.
76.水獺啃倒樹木,以便取食物并獲得造窩的材料。

77. Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.
77.長卷毛狗曾被用作獵鴨時叼回獵物的獵犬,但是美國Kennel Club卻不承認它們?yōu)楂C犬,因為它們現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)作為寵物飼養(yǎng)。

78. As a result of what is now know in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.
78.物理學和化學的一個成果是使得科學家們能在生物學和醫(yī)學上獲得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。

79. The practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States as to constitute a tradition.
79.根據(jù)默默無聞的小說制作優(yōu)秀影片在美國由來已久,已經(jīng)成為傳統(tǒng)。

80. Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.
80.因為顧客認為最好的水果應該看起來也是最漂亮的,所以種植者必須提供能滿足挑剔眼光的產(chǎn)品。

81. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
81.電視,這項從迅速變化和成長為標志的最普及和最有影響力的現(xiàn)代技術,正在步入一個新時代,一個極為成熟和多樣化的時代,這將重塑我們的生活和世界。

82. Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression_r_r_r_r, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
82.電視不僅僅是一件電器;它是表達的手段和交流的載體并因此成為聯(lián)系他人的有力工具。

83. Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism------that is the rate for re-arrest------is more than 60 percent.
83.更讓人吃驚的事實是監(jiān)禁的數(shù)目和比例在過去的二十年中翻了一番還有余,以及累犯率——即再次拘押的比例——為百分之六十強。

84. His teaching began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but William Rainey Harper lured him to the new university of Chicago, where he remained officially for exactly a generation and where his students in advanced composition found him terrifyingly frigid in the classroom but sympathetic and understanding in their personal conferences.
84.他的教書生涯始于麻省理工學院,但是William Rainey Harper把他吸引到了新成立的芝加哥大學。他在那里正式任職長達整整一代人的時間。他的高級作文課上的學生覺得他在課上古板得可怕,但私下交流卻富有同情和理解。

85. The sloth pays such little attention to its personal hygiene that green algae grow on its coarse hair and communities of a parasitic moth live in the depths of its coat producing caterpillars which graze on its mouldy hair. Its muscles are such that it is quits incapable of moving at a speed of over a kilometer an hour even over the shortest distances and the swiftest movement it can make is a sweep of its hooked arm.
85.樹獺即不講究衛(wèi)生,以至于它粗糙的毛發(fā)上生出綠苔,成群的寄生蛾生長在它的皮毛深處,變成毛毛蟲,并以它的臟毛為食。她的肌肉不能讓他哪怕在很短的距離以內(nèi)以每小時一公里的速度移動。它能做的最敏捷的動作就是揮一揮它彎曲的胳膊。

86. Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers.
86.人造花卉即可用于科學目的,也可用于裝飾目的,它們可以用各種各樣的材料制成,臂如蠟和玻璃;其制作如此精巧,幾乎可以以假亂真。

87. Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-rich regions of the United States.
87.在伊利諾州Angonne市的一個廢棄煤礦的三年研究取得了成果,科學家們相信這些成果可以幫助改造把美國產(chǎn)煤區(qū)弄得傷痕累累的數(shù)千個舊煤場。

88. When the persuading and the planning for the western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines.
88.當有關西部鐵路的說服和規(guī)劃工作終于完成后,真正艱難的任務還沒有開始;即危險,吃力,需要傷筋動骨和吵吵嚷嚷的建造這些鐵路的實際工作。

89. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections.
89.由于空間不足,藝術博物館在考慮購買和接受捐贈的藝術品是越來越慎重,有些情況下放棄其進一步改善收藏的機會。

90. The United States Constitution requires that President be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or older, who has lived in the United States for a minimum of fourteen years.
90.美國憲法要求總統(tǒng)是生于美國本土的公民,三十五歲以上,并且在美國居住了至少十四年。

91. Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.
91.美國西部的不毛之地正成為玩耍的地方,對越來越多擁有摩托車或越野單車類車輛的,喜歡放縱于爬坡比賽或開辟新的沙漠通道的尋歡作樂者具有不斷增長的吸引力。

92. Stone does decay, and so tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the man who made them have disappeared without trace.
92.石頭不會腐爛,所以以前的(石器)工具能保存下來,雖然它們的制造者已經(jīng)消失的無影無蹤。

93. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
93.昆蟲就將會使我們無法在這個世界上居?。蝗绻覀儧]有受到以昆蟲為食的動物的保護,昆蟲就會吞嚼掉我們所有的莊稼并殺死我們飼養(yǎng)的禽獸。

 

94. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
94.確實,他們在探險中遇到了極具威脅性的困難和危險,而他們的裝備會讓一個現(xiàn)代登山者想一想都會渾身顫栗。不過他們并不是刻意去追求刺激的。

95. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
95.老人和年輕人之間只有一個區(qū)別:年輕人的前面有輝煌的未來,老年人燦爛的未來卻已在它們身后。這也許就是困難之所在。

96. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.
96.我們位年強人振奮。它們帶有自由的氣息,他們不會為狹隘的野心和貪婪享受而孜孜以求。他們不是焦慮的向上爬的人,他們不會對物質(zhì)性的東西難舍難分。

97. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
97.每次我聽說體育運動能夠在國家間建立起友好感情,說世界各地的普通人只要能在足球場或板球場上相遇就會沒有興趣在戰(zhàn)場上相遇的話,我都倍感詫異。

98. It is impossible to say simply for the fun and exercise: as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are around.
98.沒有可能僅僅為了娛樂或鍛煉而運動:一旦有了問題,一旦你覺得你輸了你和你所屬團體會有失體面時,你最野蠻的好斗本能就會被激發(fā)出來。

99. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles------or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
99.人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),某些蝙蝠發(fā)出尖叫聲并靠接受回響來鎖定和避免障礙物——或者找到它們賴以為生的昆蟲。蝙蝠這種回響定位法常拿來和原理與之很相近似的雷達相比。

100. As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure.
100.隨著芯片制造時間和費用降低到了幾天和幾百美元,工程師們可能很快可以任他們的想象馳騁而不會被昂貴的失敗所懲罰。

英語連讀規(guī)則

“連讀”在英語中叫Word Connections,借用法語的詞匯時叫Liaison,讀音為[li'eizn]——在這里要多說一句:從法語中借來的詞讀音一般都比較怪,一定要先查字典再去讀它,免得搞錯,比如debut['deibju:]

 

連讀的意義

連讀是語調(diào)中非常重要的一個組成要素。而語調(diào)是讓別人更好聽懂、更好理解的重要途徑——語調(diào)的正確,比發(fā)音的準確還要重要。因為語調(diào)涉及的內(nèi)容太多,而且很難用文字來描述,所以在這里只講連讀。

可能有人會認為連讀會造成別人的理解困難,他們認為:還是把單詞一個挨一個地讀清楚更容易聽明白。雖然這種說法明顯是錯誤的,但是在這里我也不想浪費文字去反駁,讀者們請自行決定是否要閱讀或者離開。

 

一個例子

這里是一個連讀的例子。在這個例子里,不僅僅有連讀的存在,還包含發(fā)音的一些變化,請仔細分辨:

書寫英語:They tell me that I’m easier to understand.

 

口語連讀:theytellme thedaimeasier der-undersdand

 

連讀的分類

英語中的連讀主要有四種:

1)輔音+元音的連讀(Consonant + Vowel)

2)輔音+輔音的連讀

3)元音+元音的連讀

4)T, D, S 或 Z + Y的連讀

 

1. 輔音+元音的連讀

一般來說中國人比較熟悉這種連讀——前一個詞由輔音結尾,后一個詞由元音開頭,于是就很自然地連起來了,比如:

 

My name is… [my nay?miz]

because I’ve. [b'k'z?iv]

pick up on the American intonation… [pi?k? pan the(y) ?mer'k? nin?t?nash?n]

 

不只是句子中,讀字母縮寫也可以連讀:

 

LA [eh?Lay]

 

讀數(shù)字時也可以連讀:

 

902 5050 [nai?no?too fai?vo?fai?vo]

 

再來幾個簡單例子:

 

hold on [hol don]

turn over [tur nover]

tell her I miss her [teller I misser]

 

因為這種連讀一般初中生都會,在這里就不詳細介紹了,重頭戲在后面,馬上開演。

 

2. 輔音+輔音的連讀

這個很難用文字描述,放到最后再講。

 

3. 元音+元音的連讀

如果前一個詞是由元音[u]結尾,下一個詞由元音開頭,那么,在[u]后面加上一個輔音[w]

如果前一個詞是由元音[i]結尾,下一個詞由元音開頭,那么,在[i]后面加上一個輔音[y]

 

只說規(guī)則似乎有點不好理解,看例子就明白了。

 

Go away. [Go(w)away]

 

在電影Big Fish中,巨人Carl說過這句話。因為巨人說話又慢又重,所以那個w很明顯。

再來看一個例子:

 

I also need the other one. [I(y)also need thee(y)other one]

 

這種連讀不能把輔音w或者j發(fā)得太重,否則會顯得很傻,但是不發(fā)這兩個輔音的話又會很難念得順口。

 

go anywhere [go(w)anywhere]

so honest [so(w)honest]

through our [through(w)our]

you are [you(w)are]

he is [he(y)is]

do I? [do(w)I?]

I asked [I(y)asked]

to open [to(w)open]

she always [she(y)always]

too often [too(w)often]

 

4. T, D, S 或 Z + Y的連讀

如果前面的單詞是以T/D/S/Z結尾,后面的單詞是以Y開頭(一般是you這個詞),那么有如下的連讀規(guī)則可以使用。

 

4.1. T + Y = CH

What’s your name? [w?cher name]

Can’t you do it? [k?nt chew do(w)it]

Actually [?k·chully]

Don’t you like it? [dont chew lye kit]

Wouldn’t you? [wooden chew]

Haven’t you? [h?ven chew]

No, not yet. [nou, n? chet]

I’ll let you know. [I'll letcha know]

Can I get you a drink? [k'n?i getchew? drink]

We thought you weren’t coming. [we th? chew wrnt k?ming]

I’ll bet you ten bucks he forgot. [?l betcha ten buxee frg?t]

Is that your final answer? [is th?chr fin'l?n sr]

natural [n?chr?l]

perpetual [perpech?(w)?l]

virtual [vrch?(w)?l]

 

4.2. D + Y = J

Did you see it? [didj? see(y)it]

How did you like it? [h?o?j? lye kit]

Could you tell? [küj? tell]

Where did you send your check? [wεrj? senjer check]

What did your family think? [w?jer f?mlee think]

Did you find your keys? [didj? fine jer keez]

We followed your instructions. [we fallow jerin str?ctionz]

Congratulations! [k'ngr?j'lationz]

education [edj?·cation]

individual [ind?vij?(w)?l]

graduation [gr?j?(w)ation]

gradual [gr?j?(w)?l]

 

4.3. S + Y = SH

Yes, you are. [yeshu are]

Insurance [inshurance]

Bless you! [blesshue]

Press your hands together. [pressure hanz d'gethr]

Can you dress yourself? [c 'new dreshier self]

You can pass your exams this year. [yuk'n p?sher egz?mz thisheer]

I’ll try to guess your age. [?l tryd? geshierage]

Let him gas your car for you. [leddim g?shier c?r fr you]

 

4.4. Z + Y = ZH

How’s your family? [h?ozhier f?mlee]

How was your trip? [h?o·w?zhier trip]

Who’s your friend? [hoozhier frend]

Where’s your mom? [wεrzh'r m?m]

When’s your birthday? [wεnzh'r brthday]

She says you’re OK. [she sεzhierou kay]

Who does your hair? [hoo d?zhier hεr]

casual [k?·zhy?(w)?l]

visual [vi·zhy?(w)?l]

usual [yu?zhy?(w)?l]

version [vrzh'n]

vision [vizh'n]

 

附錄: 音節(jié)省略和連讀放在一起

 

 

I have got to go.                  I’ve gotta go.         

I have got a book.                 I’ve gotta book.

Do you want to dance?             Wanna dance?    

Do you want a banana?             Wanna banana?

Let me in. Lemme in.               Let me go. Lemme go.

I’ll let you know.                I’ll letcha know.

Did you do it?                  Dija do it?

Not yet.                       N? chet.

I’ll meet you later.              I’ll meechu layder.

What do you think?              Whaddyu think?

What did you do with it?          Whajoo do with it?

How did you like it?             Howja like it?

When did you get it?             When ju geddit?

Why did you take it?             Whyju tay kit?

Why don’t you try it?             Why don chu try it?

What are you waiting for?          Whaddya waitin’ for?

What are you doing?             Whatcha doin’?

How is it going?                Howzit going?

Where’s the what-you-may-call-it?       Where’s the whatchamacallit?

Where’s what-is-his-name?          Where’s whatsizname?

How about it?                     How ’bout it?

He has got to hurry because he is late.         He’s gotta hurry ‘cuz he’s late.

I could’ve been a contender.                   I coulda bina contender.

Could you speed it up, please?            Couldjoo spee di dup, pleez?

Would you mind if I tried it?             Would joo mindifai try dit?

Aren’t you Bob Barker?                Arnchoo Bab Barker?

Can’t you see it my way for a change?    K?nchoo see it my way for achange?

Don’t you get it?                  Doancha geddit?

I should have told you.             I shoulda toljoo.

Tell her (that) I miss her.           Teller I misser.

Tell him (that) I miss him.          Tellim I missim.

Did you eat?                     Jeet?

No, did you?                     No, joo?

Why don’t you get a job?           Whyncha getta job?

I don’t know, it’s too hard.          I dunno, stoo h?rd.

Could we go?                    Kwee gou?

Let’s go!                        Sko!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

英語發(fā)音規(guī)則
一、 連讀 
連讀有兩種規(guī)則,分別為: 
1、 以輔音結尾的單詞+元音開頭的單詞:要連讀 
如:I’d li(ke a)nother bow(l o)f rice. 
這里like / laik / 以輔音結尾,another 以元音開頭,所以連讀 
注意: 
以輔音結尾 指的是音標中的最后一個音是輔音,而不是單詞的結尾,這如同u[ju:.]niversity前面的定冠詞必須用a 一樣。 
2、以輔音結尾的單詞 + h開頭的單詞h不發(fā)音,與前面的輔音 
what wil(l he) [wili]do? 
Ha(s he) done it before? 
Mus(t he) [ti] go? 
Can he do it? 
Should he….? 
Tell him to ask her…. 
Lea(ve him) [vim]. 
For him (連讀這個詞,會發(fā)現(xiàn)和forum 很相似) 
我第一次知道這一連讀規(guī)則時,興奮不已,很容易的聽懂了許多以前覺得很難以理解的句子, 
并且按照這種連讀方式發(fā)音省力、輕松了許多。再次證實”Economy”。

二、 音的同化 
音的同化也是一種連讀的現(xiàn)象,兩個詞之間非常平滑的過渡,導致一個音受臨音影響而變化。主要是以下三種方式: 
1、 輔音[d]與[j]相鄰時,被同化為[dэ]:Would you....? 
2、 輔音[t]與[j]相鄰時,被同化為[t∫]: Can’t you:。。。。? 
3、 輔音[s]與[j]相鄰時, 被同化為[∫]: Miss you 

三、 失音 
由于失去爆破是失音的一種現(xiàn)象,摩擦音也會被失去,所以統(tǒng)稱為失音。 
注意: 
爆破音并不是完全失去,仍然形成阻礙,把氣流堵在里面,但不爆破,直接發(fā)出相鄰的輔音。 
規(guī)則: 
1、 輔音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的輔音要失去爆破。 
這樣的例子有很多很多, 紅色標注的輔音不發(fā)音: 
Sit down: 發(fā)音再次的老師都不會發(fā)出 [t] 音 
Contact lens: 
Big cake 
Dad told me 
Huge change 
Good night 

四、 濁化 
1、[S] 后面的清輔音要濁化 
Discussion: [k] 濁化成 [g] 
Stand: [t] 濁化成[d] 
Expression: [p]濁化成 
2、美音中:[t] 在單詞的中間被濁化成[d] 
如: 
writer, 聽起來和 rider 的發(fā)音幾乎沒有區(qū)別 
letter—ladder 
out of 
美國人和加拿大人發(fā)音為了省事,習慣清音濁化,尤其是[t]在單詞的中間一定會濁化成[d], 但英國人發(fā)音不會這樣,這也是英音和美音的一大區(qū)別。 了解這一濁化原則,會給聽力帶來一些幫助。 

五、 弱讀 
一般來說: 
實詞重讀,如動詞、名詞、副詞等; 
虛詞弱讀,如介詞、代詞等 
弱讀的規(guī)則一般是:元音音節(jié)弱化成 [E] 或 
比如說如下幾個單詞:for/to/some/does/of 
查字典會發(fā)現(xiàn)這些詞都至少有兩種讀音,如for: 重讀時[fR:] , 弱讀時 [fE] 

六、 節(jié)奏 
對于英語的節(jié)奏,我也把握不好,而且還為此郁悶不已。在我認為,中國人說普通化,一個句子的標準節(jié)奏和語調(diào)往往只有一個,我想英語也應該是這樣,但是怎么樣才是標準語調(diào)呢?特意為這個問題問過英語老師,不同的外國人說同一個陳述句會有不同得語調(diào)嗎?她告訴我是的。不過在看了下面這段話之后,我想她可能誤我了。:
老外教你“殺手锏”:注意說話的節(jié)奏 
十年寒窗苦讀英語,為誰辛苦為誰忙?當然是用來和老外“侃”嘍。那外國人究竟如何看待中國人說的英語,他們說話有沒有訣竅呢?記者請教了克里斯多佛?漢普頓---英國駐上海總領事館的考官協(xié)調(diào),他也是當天演講比賽的裁判之一。 
克里斯多佛一開口就指出了國人學英語最大的“軟檔” 
“中國人喜歡在單詞的讀音上糾纏不休。尤其是年輕人,總希望自己能說一口標準的美式英語,最好是帶點紐約口音的美式英語。于是,他們很努力地聽廣播、看電視,刻意模仿美國人的說話腔調(diào)。 
經(jīng)過長時間的磨練,有些人的發(fā)音甚至比土生土長的美國人還地道。但是,我就算蒙著眼睛,也能輕易分辨出說話的是中國人,還是美國人。因為中國人說英語沒有節(jié)奏?!?nbsp;
克里斯多佛所說的節(jié)奏并不僅指說話的速度快慢,還包含了許多平時不被重視的小環(huán)節(jié),比如語調(diào)的升降、詞語的重音、句子在何處停頓。中學的中文語文書中倒是有過斷句練習,可幾乎所有的英語教科書里都沒有類似的章節(jié),也鮮有老師會教學生這一套。所以,大多人不知道,英語句子也有自己拆分的規(guī)則。發(fā)言者要么按照中文的思維習慣,隨心所欲把句子“大卸八塊”;要么練習肺活量,一句話從頭連到尾不喘氣。于是,中國人聽起來清清楚楚的句子,到外國人耳朵里就變成了“不知所云”。 
要改變這個習慣也不難??死锼苟喾鹫J為,只要連續(xù)練習幾個月,一個英語水平普通的人也能說出漂亮的英語,甚至達到“以假亂真”的程度,和講母語不分上下。 
他的練習方法很簡單---找一盒老外讀的標準磁帶,在錄音機里不停頓地播放。然后你看著文字稿,亦步亦趨地跟著他的節(jié)奏讀。這時候,充分調(diào)動你的耳朵,適應外國人的語音語調(diào),還要像個回聲筒似地反映出來。久而久之,當你習慣了老外的節(jié)奏,只要具備5000個基本單詞,就能應付一般的對話
啊,終于寫完啦!喝口水,開始寫結束語。
我在最初練發(fā)音的時候,不知道這些規(guī)則,只是喜歡模仿,養(yǎng)成了不少壞習慣,老師總說我喜歡吞音,苦惱極了,以至于我發(fā)音開始小心翼翼,字字清楚,但我知道這樣肯定是不對的。所以我便開始收集和總結這方面的規(guī)則,不但之前的困惑得到解決,發(fā)音也有了很大的改善,現(xiàn)在寫下這篇音變規(guī)則,真心希望它能對你有所幫助!另外如果有錯誤之處,請不吝賜教!
清輔音濁化——之詳細介紹 
一、簡單認識 
按照英語讀音的習慣,在s音后面的清輔音會讀成相應的濁輔音。這就是清輔音濁化。 
例如: 
spy /spai/ 輕輔音濁化就應該是/sbai/ 
spoon/spu:n /輕輔音濁化就應該是/sbu:n/ 
star /sta:/ 輕輔音濁化就應該是 /sda:/ 
清輔音在/s/后濁化 如stick 中t讀作/d/ 
輔音濁化也并非完全的發(fā)濁音,它是界于清音和濁音之間那兒!發(fā)音并不如濁音那么強烈! 
二、理性分析 
關于輔音連綴/s/音后頭情爆破音所謂"濁化" 
這個問題的語音細節(jié)挺復雜,三言兩語不易講透。這里僅憑經(jīng)驗試圖粗線條式地說幾條,希望對說中國話的人學英語有點幫助。
1) 眾所周知,同一音節(jié)中,緊接在/s/音后頭的/p,t,k/和作為音節(jié)開頭的/p,t,k/語音特點是不同的。國內(nèi)英語教學界歷來普遍把這種語音變化稱作“濁化”。我認為這種說法從語音學角度不夠準確,至少是以偏概全;從英語教學角度更是容易產(chǎn)生誤導效果。 
2) 所謂“濁”,無非是與“清”相對。英語/p,t,k/是清爆破輔音,與濁爆破輔音/b,d,g/相對。漢族學生,除了少數(shù)方言人士之外,一般都需要花一定的功夫才能正確掌握英語/b,d,g/的發(fā)音,學會把“濁”音“濁”夠。若不強調(diào)模仿這一點,不作特別的“濁化”訓練,自然模仿力不強的大部分學生就肯定會用漢語的[b,d,g]來代替英語的/p,t,k/,結果說出來的英語雖然在很多情況下都還不至于叫人誤解,但語音效果肯定很差,一句話:不像英語!為什么呢?因為漢語[b,d,g]和[p,t,k]的區(qū)別可以說純粹是送氣與不送氣的區(qū)別??捎⒄Z呢?/p,t,k/是強清爆破輔音,在一般情況下發(fā)音都伴隨較強的送氣過程。而 /b,d,g/則示弱濁爆破音,除了一般不送氣之外,多半還有喉頭聲帶震動,即所謂濁化。最后這一點,恰恰是漢語所沒有的。例如很多人把 a guy 發(fā)成十足的“厄蓋”,甚至還以為兩者發(fā)音本來就是一樣的,這就是因為他們“濁”不了那個該濁的 g。反過來,經(jīng)過努力好不容易把英語的 /b,d,g/ “濁”夠了,發(fā)正確了,一聽說/p,t,k/在/s/后面要“濁化”,很多人(包括我們的語音老師)竟會把 sky / spade / start 發(fā)成 sgy / sbade/ sdart,那就矯枉過正反成謬誤了。其實,/s/后面/p,t,k/的主要語音變化,不是“濁化”,而是失去了原來很強的送氣特點罷了,其效果,就成了和漢語 不送氣的 [b,d,g]緊貼在/s/后頭一樣。 
3) 是否在音節(jié)重讀的時候才會出現(xiàn)這種“送氣變成不送氣”的現(xiàn)象呢?不是的??梢哉f,哪怕是最強的重讀音節(jié)里,如 spin中, /p/音都成了不送氣的。在非重讀音節(jié)里,就更不消說了。 
4) 從英語語音學(而不是英語音位學)角度分析,這些音質(zhì)變化也可能可以歸入“濁化”范圍,但這對我們一般學英語的人來說是沒有多少實際意義的,因此不屬于本帖討論范圍。 
5) 有興趣的朋友可參考一些權威語音學著作,例如英國Daniel Jones 和A.C. Gimson 的著作等。
三、問答中解釋 
問:coast中的"t"是否被前面的"s"所濁化為"d"。 
答:不是。 
  1、清輔音濁化只是一種發(fā)音現(xiàn)象,不是規(guī)則,地道英語教學者都反對專門制定一個規(guī)則來說明這個問題。 
  2、總的發(fā)音規(guī)則只有一條:按照字典里的注音讀,要怎么變化就按地道英語的習慣。 
  3、s 后面的清輔音被濁化,只是清輔音濁化的一小部分,很多時候不用加 s 也可能被濁化。 如water, happy, meeting, walking等等,地道英語一般將這些單詞中間那個清輔音發(fā)成對應的濁輔音了,才象英語。 
  4、S后面的清輔音濁化現(xiàn)象可以這樣歸納:清輔音跟著一個元音,前面又有一個 s ,無論是在單詞的最前面還是中間,只要是在重讀音節(jié)或次重讀音節(jié)里,一般都讀成對應濁輔音,如stand, strike, speak, sky 等等,值得一提的是strike不是不用變,而是它“tr”本來所發(fā)的音已是濁輔音,但也要變成“dr”所發(fā)的那個音 (如dream中的“dr”所發(fā)的音)。 
  其實誰也沒有規(guī)定要這樣讀,如果你拿著這個問題問老外,他們大多都答不出來,只是這些相關的單詞中的清輔音讀著讀著自然就會變成濁輔音了。 
  這種組合如果后面沒有元音,就不存在濁化的問題。如grasp,test,desk等,仍發(fā)清輔音。 
  也有例外的,不要說它不符合規(guī)則,因為本來就沒有規(guī)則,硬要定規(guī)則的話就行不通。比如student,stupid,如果按那個所謂規(guī)則去讀成 [sd…],就不好聽了,操地道英語的人就會知道問“你是從中國來的吧”。這里的字母“t”一般被習慣發(fā)成jeep中 “j”所發(fā)的那個音才地道。 
四、輔音濁化的規(guī)則 
在探討美國英語與英國英語在語音上的差異時,我們通常是將“美國普通話”(General American , 簡稱GA)與公認的標準英語發(fā)音(Received Pronunciation, 簡稱R.P)進行比較。二者在讀音上的差異主要表現(xiàn)在: 
1. 在/s/ /F/ /f/ /m/ /n/等輔音之前的字母a,美國英語一般讀作/A/ 音,而英國音則發(fā)作/B:/。如:美國人將pass (通過),chance(機會)分別讀作/pAs/, /tFAns/。 
2. 在英國標準音中,字母r在元音前才發(fā)音,如real (真實的),而在輔音前或詞尾時是不發(fā)音的。但在美語中,r在輔音前發(fā)明顯的卷舌音,在詞尾時亦發(fā)音,如:farm /fa:rm/ ,car /ka:r/。 
3. 使用相同的音標,但發(fā)音情況不同,例如:當清輔音[ t ]夾在兩個元音之間,前一個是重讀元音,后一個是輕讀元音時,如writer(作家),美國人習慣將清輔音濁化,所以writer 和rider (騎馬人) 發(fā)音幾乎相同。 類似的例子還有l(wèi)atter(后者)與ladder (梯子);petal (花瓣)與pedal (踏板)。 
4. 非重讀字母e, 在美語中常讀作[e], 而在英國英語中則讀。如:美國人將except 
(除---外)讀作/eksept/,英國人則讀作/iksept/。 
5. 詞尾—ile 在美語中讀作/il/ 或 /i:l/,而英國人將這一詞尾讀作/ail/。如:hostile (敵對的) /hRstil/(美); /hRstail/(英)。
6. 美國人說話往往把非重讀音節(jié)中的元音都讀出來,如history /5histEri/, extraordinary /eks5trR:dinEri/。英國人說話則習慣省略其中的音節(jié),讀作/5histri/,/iks5trR:dinEri/,在省略后讀作/ikstro:dnri/.




                     過去式的發(fā)音單復數(shù)的發(fā)音規(guī)則

一.過去式的發(fā)音規(guī)則及變化規(guī)則 
規(guī)則動詞詞尾加-ed有三種讀音: 
1. 在清輔音后讀作[t]。如:asked, helped, watched, stopped 
2. 在濁輔音和元音后讀作[d]。如:enjoyed, studied, moved, called 
3. 在t / d后讀作[id]。如:wanted, needed 
補充說明:
規(guī)則動詞的過去式由“動詞原形+-ed”構成,具體變化有: 
1. 直接在詞尾加-ed。如: want—wanted, work—worked, need—needed, clean—cleaned 
2. 以不發(fā)音的e結尾的在詞尾加-d。如:like—liked, live—lived, use—used, move—moved 
3. 以一個元音字母加一個輔音字母結尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞,先雙寫結尾的輔音字母,再加-ed。如:stop—stopped, trip—tripped 
4. 以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞,先把y變成i,再加-ed。如:study—studied, carry—carried, hurry—hurried, marry—married 

不規(guī)則動詞的過去式大體上歸納有以下六條記憶法: 
1. 以t結尾的詞,過去式與原形相同。如:put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat 
2. 以d結尾的詞,把d變成t。如:build—built, lend—lent, send—sent, spend—spent 
3. 以n結尾的詞,在詞后加t。如:mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt 
4. 以ow / aw結尾的詞,把ow / aw變成ew。如:blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew 
5. 含有雙寫字母的詞,將雙寫改為單寫,在詞尾加t。如:keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt 
6. 含有元音字母o / i的詞,將o / i變成a。如:sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank
2.單復數(shù)的發(fā)音規(guī)則:
  在清輔音后面讀s,在濁輔音后面年z 
判斷清濁的方法可以記個口訣 
有氣無聲清輔音, 有聲無氣濁輔音 

情況 構成方法 讀音 例詞 
一般情況 加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/; map-maps 
2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/; bag-bags 
car-cars 

以s,sh,ch,x 
等結尾的詞 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses 
watch-watches 

以ce,se,ze, 
(d)ge等結尾的詞 加 -s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses 


以輔音字母+y 變y 為i 
結尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies



名詞復數(shù)發(fā)音規(guī)則 


以元音音素結尾的加了“s”后發(fā)/z/音如:windows \ doors\ computers \centers

以清輔音結尾的加了“S"后發(fā)/s/音 如: chicks \ maps\ cups 

以字母t結尾的發(fā)/ts/音 如:mats \ cats\ aunts 

以字母d結尾的發(fā)/dz/音 如: birds \ words\ hands 

其他輔音音素結尾的都發(fā)/z/音。 特殊變化的詞根據(jù)變化后結尾音變化同上如:butterfly-butterflies變化后結尾音/ai/為元音,所以發(fā)/z/音。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A.“單數(shù)→復數(shù)”的規(guī)則變化
(1)名詞詞尾發(fā)音為[s, z, , , , ]時,加“-es”(如詞尾有“-e”只加“-s”)

并發(fā)[-iz]音,形成一個音節(jié),也就是本項名詞為單音節(jié)時,加了“-es”便成為雙音節(jié)的單詞。

class[kla:s]→classes[kla:siz]班級
phrase[freiz]→phrases[freiziz]短語
dish[di]→dishes[diiz]盤,碟
garage[ 'gærɑ: ]→garages['gærɑ:iz]車庫
watch[ w  ]→watches[ w iz]手表
bridge[bri]→bridges[ briiz]橋梁
(2)名詞詞尾發(fā)音為[p, t, k, f, θ]等清輔音時,加“-s”并發(fā)[-s]音。例如:
cup[kp]→cups[kps]茶杯
cat[kt]→cats[kts]貓
book0[buk]→books[buks]書
roof[ru:f]→roofs[ru:fs]屋頂
month[mnθ]→months[mnθs]月
注:“stomach”(胃),“monarch”(君主)等的復數(shù)是詞尾加“-s”而不是加“-es”,

     因為這些詞的詞尾“-ch”的發(fā)音是[-k]。
(3)名詞詞尾發(fā)音為前二項以外的情形時,亦即為[b, d, g, v, , m, n, , l]等濁輔音及元音時

(詞尾為“-o”除外),加“-s”并發(fā)[-z]音。例如:
herb[hb]→herbs[hbz]藥草
bed[bed]→beds[bedz]床
dog[dg]→dogs[dgz]狗
glove[glv]→gloves[glvz]手套
scythe[sai]→scythes[saiz]大鐮刀
game[geim]→games[geimz]游戲
can[kn]→cans[knz]罐,桶
king[ki]→kings[kiz]國王
girl[gl]→girls[glz]女孩 \ circles
star[sta:]→stars[sta:z]星星
bee[bi:]→bees[bi:z]蜜蜂
igloo['iglu:]→igloos['iglu:z]圓頂冰屋
law[l]→laws[lz]法律
eye[ai]→eyes[aiz]眼睛
day[dei]→days[deiz]日,白晝
cow[kau]→cows[kauz]母牛
blow[blou]→blows[blouz]毆打
boy[bi]→boys[biz]男孩
bear→bears 
4)名詞詞尾為“-y”時: 
a“-元音字母+y”時直接加“-s”并發(fā)[-z]音,例如: 
play[plei]→plays[pleiz]
劇本 
toy[ti]→toys[tiz]
玩具 
b“-輔音字母+y”時,先把“-y”改為“-i”再加“-es”并發(fā)[-iz]音,例如: 
city[>siti]→cities[>sitiz]
城市 
lady[>leidi]→ladies[>leidiz]
女士 
5)名詞詞尾為“-o”時: 
a“-元音字母+o”時,加“-s”并發(fā)[-z]音,例如: 
studio[>stju:diou]→studios[>stju:diouz]
畫室 
zoo[zu:]→zoos[zu:z]
動物園 
b“-輔音字母+o”時,加“-es”并發(fā)[-z]音,例如: 
negro[>ni:grou]→negroes[>ni:grouz]
黑人 
potato[p>teitou]→potatoes[p>teitouz]
馬鈴薯 
注:本項也有加“-s”并發(fā)[-z]音的,多為外來語,例如: 
piano[pi>nou]→pianos[pi>nouz]
鋼琴(意大利語) 
photo[>foutou]→photos[>foutouz]
照片(希臘語) 
radio[>reidiou]→radios[>reidiouz]
收音機(源自拉丁詞根-1906

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