《人格與社會心理學(xué)》的研究者康利經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一夜情中女性的性心理動機。追尋快樂的本能是出于進化的需求？

A researcher upends traditional thinking and argues that both genders are looking for the same thing: Pleasure

     一位研究者顛覆了傳統(tǒng)的觀點，他認(rèn)為無論是男性還是女性都在尋找同一個東西：快樂。

By Tracy Clark-Flory

Forget what you think you know about the sexes when it comes to hooking up: A new study claims that women are just as likely as men to accept an offer of casual sex. That is, so long as they are sexually propositioned by Johnny Depp and Angelina Jolie, respectively.

      忘記你所知道的關(guān)于男女在對待隨意性行為方面的理論吧！一項最新的研究表明：女人和男人一樣會接受隨意性行為。只要這個提議是令他們心儀的人提出的，比如約翰尼德普，或者安吉麗娜朱莉。

OK, so that isn't terribly shocking -- but a study published in this month's Journal of Personality and Social Psychology raises some interesting questions about what it is that motivates no-strings sex. The University of Michigan's Terri Conley set out to replicate a classic 1989 social psychology study that found men were likely to accept an offer of casual sex, but women never did. For ethical and legal reasons -- pshh! -- she wasn't able to reproduce the social experiment exactly. Instead of having students proposition unwitting subjects around campus, Conley presented fully informed participants with a hypothetical situation and asked how they would expect themselves to respond. So, a grain of salt would be wise.

      嗯，這并不是什么可怕的令人震驚的事情。---但在本月（2011.2）出版的《人格與社會心理學(xué)》雜志的一個研究就什么是“無附加條件的性行為”的動機一題提出了若干有趣問題。美國密西根大學(xué)的特里康利大學(xué)著手復(fù)制一個1989年的經(jīng)典社會心理學(xué)研究，該研究曾發(fā)現(xiàn)男人更傾向于接受隨意性行為的邀請，而女人從不-----出于道德和法律的因素。暈~~她無法完全準(zhǔn)確地復(fù)制這個社會實驗?？道麤]有在校園中讓學(xué)生們接受不知情的測試，相反，她提出充分的假設(shè)，讓參與調(diào)查的學(xué)生回答在假設(shè)的情況下他們怎樣回應(yīng)。所以，持保留態(tài)度或許是明智的。

Based on a survey of which famous peopl e students found most attractive and unattractive, researchers asked straight male participants to either consider a fling with Angelina Jolie or Roseanne. Hetero women were asked to either mull the possibility of a hookup with Johnny Depp or Donald Trump. The result: Women and men were equally likely to accept the proposal of the "attractive" famous person as they were to reject the "unattractive" celebrity. Conley writes that this is particularly interesting given the evo-psych view that women choose mates based on their good genes and capabilities as providers. "It is indeed difficult to imagine a better person to take care of a woman and her children than someone with the enormous resources of Donald Trump, yet women rejected him soundly," writes Conley. "This challenges the assumption that women are driven to choose mates with great resources."

      在一個基于學(xué)生們認(rèn)為的最有吸引力和不具吸引力的名人的測驗中，研究者讓參與調(diào)查的非同性戀的男性受訪者去考慮一次和安吉麗娜朱莉或羅珊娜的艷遇，女性非同性戀受訪者則去邂逅約翰尼.德普（美國知名影星）或唐納德.特拉普（美國地產(chǎn)大亨）,結(jié)果無論是男生還是女生都一邊倒地表示愿意接受有魅力的名人的提議，而拒絕沒有吸引力的名人。康利寫道：這一點特別地有趣，特別是當(dāng)考慮到進化心理學(xué)中的認(rèn)為女性選擇伴侶主要看重對方的優(yōu)良的遺傳基因以及其作為一個生活保障者的實力。很難想象還有誰比唐納德特朗普更有實力，去照顧一個女人和她的孩子？然而女人們卻響亮地拒絕了他，這一點使得“物力影響女性挑選伴侶的假設(shè)”受到了挑戰(zhàn)。

What exactly is at play here is up for debate, though. "Perhaps the perceived gains in status afforded to individuals who have a sexual encounter with an attractive famous individual are so great that they offset any gender differences by reducing the stigma associated with casual sex for women," Conley considers. But she ultimately settles on a more controversial hypothesis, suggesting that the disparity between men's and women's likelihood of actually getting pleasure out of a sexual encounter might be responsible for gender differences in willingness to engage in casual sex. In other words: Women are more discriminating about whom they sleep with in large part because they are much less likely to be sexually satisfied by the experience. There are countless other variables that I can't even begin to consider here -- but this study is at least fascinating as a conversation-starter and a kickoff for future research. I recently chatted with Conley about her findings, "pleasure theory" and the competing sexual pressures women face.

        然而在這里真正起作用的到底是什么還值得進一步探討?？道J(rèn)為“也許是那種和有魅力的名人的性接觸的感覺上的獲得是如此地愉悅，以至于抵消了一部分女性對隨意性行為的不好的感覺進而減少了兩性在這個問題上的差異。但她最終做出了一個更有爭議的假設(shè)：即男性和女性在性行為中所感受到的快樂的多少，決定了兩性對待隨意性行為的態(tài)度上的差別。換言之，女性更能識別什么樣的男人能帶給她快樂很大程度上是因為在性活動中女性更不容易得到滿足。還有很多數(shù)不清的其他變量，在這里我甚至無法去考慮它們--但這項研究作為一個對話的開始以及未來研究的啟動是十分吸引人的。近來我和康利就她的發(fā)現(xiàn)“快樂理論”，以及女性面對的競爭中的性別壓力等話題進行了聊天：

If you could summa the importance of your findings in one sentence, what would it be?

        如果用一句話概括你的發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性，你會說什么?

Anticipated pleasure motivates both women and men to have casual sex and women would accept more casual sex offers from men if they believed that they would get good sex out of the encounter.

        期望得到快樂是男人也是女人愿意接受隨意性行為的動機。如果女人相信他們能夠從性偶遇中獲得好的性，那么她們就會愿意接受更多的邀請。

That brings up the "pleasure theory," which looms large in your research. What is it exactly?

      你提出了“快樂理論”,對你的研究很重要。準(zhǔn)確地講它到底是什么含義？

The idea behind pleasure theory -- a theory developed by Paul Abramson and Steven Pinkerton -- is that pleasure itself is evolutionarily selected. If people are pleasuring each other in many different ways, enough procreative sex will occur to propagate the species.

      “快樂理論”背后的思想，是由保羅.阿布拉姆森和史蒂文平克頓的理論發(fā)展而來的--即快樂本身是進化上的選擇。如果人們以各種不同方式使雙方愉悅滿意，充足的生殖性行為就會使得這個物種更好地繁衍下去。

If women are motivated by pleasure theory, why is faking orgasms so common? Any hypothesis as to what larger purpose "faking it" serves in casual encounters?

      如果女性的動機是來自快樂，為什么假裝性高潮會那么普遍？

Sociologist Elizabeth Armstrong has shown that women do not feel entitled to sexual pleasure in casual heterosexual encounters. They seem to be more focused on providing the male partner with pleasure. If faking is common in casual sex encounters, it is likely because women are trying to do what they believe their male partner will like the best.

      社會學(xué)家伊莉莎白 阿姆斯特朗曾表示：女性并不覺得自己享有性的快樂在異性戀的隨意性行為中。他們似乎更聚焦于為自己的伙伴提供快樂。如果在隨意性行為中假裝高潮很普遍，那么很可能是因為女性試圖想要讓他們的伙伴獲得最佳的感受。

What's the motivator there?

      那么那種情況之下的動機是什么呢

Women are typically socialized to be more concerned about others' need than their own. They are also perceived negatively if they take the lead in sex.

      女性被典型地社會化，相對于自己，她們更關(guān)心別人的需要。如果她們在性中占主導(dǎo)，她們也會被負(fù)面地看待。

Isn't the motivation to give men pleasure at odds with the general "pleasure theory," though?

      那么給予男人快樂的動機豈不是和你所說的“快樂理論”相悖了么？

Yes, I believe it is; women have competing pressures -- they want sexual pleasure but other social forces prevent them from asking for it.

      不，我相信"快樂理論"，女性有矛盾的壓力，她們想要性的快樂,但其他的社會力妨礙了她們的要求。

Do we know whether women's perception of which men will bring them more pleasure actually bears out? In other words, using the example from the study: Is Johnny Depp necessarily a better lover than Donald Trump just because he's more attractive?

      究竟哪個男人能帶給她們更多的快樂，女人的直覺真的起作用么？話句話說，用研究中的一個例子吧，約翰尼一定會比唐納德更像一個好愛人么？僅僅因為他比較有魅力？

Women orgasm only about 35 percent as often as men do in casual sex encounters -- again, according to research by sociologist Elizabeth Armstrong. Therefore, women's estimations of the ability or willingness of the male partner to provide them with sexual pleasure seem to be accurate.

      根據(jù)社會學(xué)家伊麗莎白的調(diào)查，較之于男性，在隨意性活動中女性僅有35%的性高潮幾率。因此，女性的對于男人能否給予她們快樂的能力以及意愿的判斷看來是比較精確的。

What does your research tell us about women and how they calculate the risk of a particular sexual encounter?

     關(guān)于女性你的研究告訴了我們一些什么？她們?nèi)绾慰创S意性行為中對風(fēng)險？

Pleasure is the motivating force for both women and men in sexual encounter. Risk -- for example, STI risk or risk of violence -- does not appear to affect whether they accept or reject a casual sex offer.

      在隨意性活動中快樂是男人也是女人的動力，風(fēng)險，比如性傳播指數(shù)，或者暴力的風(fēng)險--似乎沒有影響到她們接受還是拒絕性邀請。

      針對流行的進化論關(guān)于我們該怎樣選擇和什么樣的人睡覺的問題，你的研究揭示了其那些弱點？

Sexual strategies theory proposes that women are motivated to accept sex because of the status of the potential sexual partner. I tested this possibility in several studies and it was never borne out. Moreover perceptions of status did not affect perceptions of the males' sexual capabilities, either. SST variables do not effectively explain gender differences in casual sex.