一、過去分詞的定義及其基本形式
1．過去分詞是動詞的另一種非限定形式，過去分詞具有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特性，可以帶賓語或受狀語修飾。過去分詞和賓語或狀語一起構(gòu)成過去分詞短語。如：
（1）spoken English 英語口語（過去分詞具有形容詞的特性，作定語）
（2）Given more time, we could do it much better.
=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多給點時間，我們會做得更好些。
（過去分詞具有動詞的特性，有自己的賓語more time，構(gòu)成分詞短語；過去分詞短語在句中作狀語，具有副詞的特性。）
2．過去分詞的基本形式
（1）規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞由動詞＋ed構(gòu)成
（2）不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞須逐個記憶。
（3）不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞表示完成，如：
fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen 落葉
（4）及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動或完成，如：
the machines used in the workshop
=the machines which are used in the workshop
車間用的機器（及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動）
I heard the door opened.
=I heard the door has been opened.
我聽見門被打開了。（及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動和完成）
二、過去分詞的句法功能
過去分詞是一種非謂語動詞，在句中不能單獨做謂語。但它具有形容詞和副詞的特性，故在句中可以作定語、表語、賓語補足語和狀語。
（一）定語
作定語用的過去分詞如果是單個的詞，就放在被修飾的詞的前面；若為分詞短語則放在所修飾的詞的后面。如：
The excited children are opening their Christmas presents.
興奮的孩子們正在打開他們的圣誕禮物。
Some of the people invited (=who have been invited) to the party can’t come.
有些被邀請參加晚會的人不能來。
注意：（1）做定語用的過去分詞通常指已完成的動作，若要表示現(xiàn)在進行的動作則要用過去分詞的進行形式。
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
=We must keep a secret of the things which are being discussed here.
我們必須對這里討論的問題保密。
（2）如指未來的情況，都用不定式的被動形式。
He prepared some poems to be recited at the English evening.
他準(zhǔn)備了幾首將在英語晚會上朗誦的詩。
例1．The computer centre, ______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A．open B．opening
C．having opened D．opened
答案與簡析：選D。過去分詞短語作后置定語，相當(dāng)于非限制性定語從句which was opened.
（二）表語
Be prepared! 做好準(zhǔn)備！
Everybody got excited about the boat trip.
大家對坐船游覽倍感興奮。
注意：“be＋過去分詞”與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別：
“be＋過去分詞”表示狀態(tài)；被動語態(tài)表示一個動作。如：
The bank is closed now.
銀行現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。（表狀態(tài)）
He had been injured during the war.
他是在戰(zhàn)爭中受傷的。（表動作）
（三）賓（主）語補足語
What made you so frightened?
什么使你這樣驚恐？
He was found injured at the foot of a cliff.
他被發(fā)現(xiàn)在山巖腳下受了傷。
例2．The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out
答案與簡析：選C。過去分詞短語在定語從句中作賓補。
（四）做狀語
1．Born into a peasant family (=As he was born into a peasant family), he had only two years of schooling.（由于）他出生于農(nóng)民家庭，他只上了兩年學(xué)。
2．United we stand, divided we fall.
=(If we are) United we stand and (If we are divided) we fall.
團結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。
3．We went home exhausted.
我們筋疲力盡地回到了家里。
4．分詞有時和連詞一起用，相當(dāng)于狀語從句的省略。
Robbie had arranged for this man to come whenever (he was) needed.
羅比已安排好，隨時需要這人就可以來。
例3．The child complained that the old man made no answer when _____ where he lived.
A．a(chǎn)sking B．a(chǎn)sked
C．to ask D．having asked
答案與簡析：選B。狀語從句的省略when (he was) asked.
三、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞都能作表語、定語、狀語和補語。
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進行；過去分詞表示被動、完成。
1．作表語：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)，過去分詞表示主語的狀態(tài)。
（1）The film is very moving.
這部電影很感人。（表性質(zhì)，主語本身怎樣）
（2）My hair is sold and gone.
我的頭發(fā)賣了，不見了。（表示狀態(tài)“不復(fù)存在”）
例4．Mrs. Bush stood _______ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.
A．surprised B．surprising
C．being surprised D．to be surprise
答案與簡析：選A。stood為半系動詞，surprised意為“吃驚的”，表示stood的狀態(tài)。
2．作定語
分詞作定語，其邏輯主語是被修飾的詞。邏輯主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系時，就用現(xiàn)在分詞；是被動關(guān)系時，就用過去分詞。
（1）The books dealing with the Long March are sold out.
=The books which deal with the Long March are sold out.
有關(guān)長征的書售完了。
（2）The books written by Guo Jinming are popular with young people.
=The books which were written by Guo Jinming…
郭敬民寫的書很受年青人的歡迎。
例5．No computer so far ______ can have the same ability as human rights.
A．be built B．having built
C．being built D．built
答案與簡析：選D。build與no computer之間存在被動關(guān)系。
3．作狀語
分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語是句子的主語。邏輯主語與分詞是主動關(guān)系時用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動關(guān)系時，用過去分詞。如：
Seeing from the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful school.
Seen from the top of the hill, the school is beautiful.
從山頂上看，這所學(xué)校很漂亮。
例6．______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A．Losing B．Having lost
C．Lost D．To lose
答案與簡析：選C。“陷入沉思”用be lost in thought.
4．作賓補
分詞作賓補，其邏輯主語是賓語。賓語（邏輯主語）與分詞是主動關(guān)系時，用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動關(guān)系時，用過去分詞。例：
I saw the boy playing in the garden.
I saw the plan carried out.
四、常接過去分詞作賓補的動詞
（一）使役動詞
1．keep, leave, get, make的賓語后面的賓語跟過去分詞作補語，表示使賓語處于某種狀態(tài)。如：
（1）He raised his voice in order to make himself heard by the audience.
他提高了聲音，為了能讓觀眾聽到。
（2）We mustn’t leave the work unfinished.
我們不能讓工作半途而廢。
2．have＋賓語＋過去分詞（賓補）有三種情形：
（1）I had my hair cut yesterday.
昨天我理發(fā)了。（have sth. done =ask sb. else to do）
（2）I had my wallet stolen yesterday.
昨天我錢包被偷了。（have sth. done 遭受……）
（3）I have my homework finished.
我已經(jīng)完成了家庭作業(yè)。（完成式的強調(diào)）
例7．TV has so many advantages. It keeps us ______ about the ______ news, and also provides entertainment in the home.
A．informed; latest B．informed; later
C．informing; later D．informing; latest
答案與簡析：選A。inform與賓語us之間存在被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作賓補。
（二）感觀動詞
表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的詞，如see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, find, look at, listen to 這些動詞所帶的賓語后可以接過去分詞作賓語補足語。如：
I saw a girl knocked down by a truck.
我看見一個女孩被一輛卡車撞倒。
When I came in, I found the glass broken.
當(dāng)我進來的時候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)玻璃被打碎了。
例8．Yesterday I saw a man _____ in the street with a little boy ____ on his shoulder.
A．walking; seating B．walk; sat
C．walking; seated D．to walk; sitting
答案與簡析：
選C。第一空賓語a man為動作發(fā)出者故用walking；第二空seat為“使……坐下”，故用過去分詞seated“坐下”，或sitting，綜合兩空選C。
（三）其它的動詞
wish, want, like, expect＋賓語＋過去分詞（賓補）
We wished the problem settled at once!
我們希望問題馬上解決。
五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
（一）獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成
1．名詞或代詞＋分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語構(gòu)成。
2．獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上不是句子。
3．獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中起方式、時間、條件等狀語或狀語從句的作用。
4．獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前可用with變成with＋名詞/代詞＋分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中也可作定語。
（二）(with)名詞/代詞＋分詞(doing或done)結(jié)構(gòu)
這種結(jié)構(gòu)的功能相似于分詞或分詞短語作狀語，分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，而獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中doing(done)的邏輯主語是它前面的名詞或代詞。若名詞/代詞是動作的發(fā)出者，則用doing；若為動作承受者，則用done.如：
1．Miss Gao falling ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
=Because Miss Gao fell ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
2．All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
=If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
3．He lay in bed with his head covered.（方式狀語）
他躺在床上，蓋著頭。
4．He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.
他仰臥著，他的牙齒緊咬，他的右手緊握在胸前，他的眼睛直盯著上面。
六、表示人的心理感受的動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞
（一）表示人的心理感受的動詞，如：please, delight, satisfy, inspire, encourage, excite, interest, move, frighten, surprise, astonish, puzzle, disappoint, discourage, tire等詞，其動詞含義為“讓人……”
（二）這些詞的-ing和-ed均可視為形容詞。
1．-ing“讓人……的”一般修飾物；-ed“……的”一般說明人。
例：We are interested in these interesting books.
2．當(dāng)修飾人的表情、眼神、眼淚、聲音時要用-ed形式。
例．Her frightened face showed us what had happened to her family.
