|
英語名詞單復(fù)數(shù)及所涉語法
以下這些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形： fish魚，deer鹿，sheep綿羊，works（工廠），means手段，Swiss瑞士人，Chinese中國人 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞 trousers褲子，pants褲子，shorts短褲，glasses眼鏡，compasses圓規(guī)，scales天平，
pliers鉗子，clips剪子
“某國人”的復(fù)數(shù)有三種類型： （1）Chinese, Japanese, Swiss 三國人單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)同形，不需加s； （2）Englishman, Frenchman, Dutchman復(fù)數(shù)要把 man 變?yōu)閙en； （3）其他各國人以–an, -ian收尾的均直接加s。如：Americans, Australians, Indians等 主謂一致( Subject-Verb Concord ) 1、語法一致 2、意義一致 3、就近原則。 語法一致
主謂一致的原則是指，主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致：主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語亦采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.
（主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語也采取單數(shù)形式） 語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則。
Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.
（主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式） 語法書幫助你學(xué)習(xí)語言的某些規(guī)則
1、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、以及從句作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： Reading often means learning .讀書常意味是學(xué)習(xí)。 To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good. 每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處。 What he said has been recorded .他說的話已被錄音了。
2、不定代詞one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主語或是修飾主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。 Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.許多學(xué)生晚飯后常在校園里散步。 Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities
每個(gè)男孩和女孩對(duì)課外活動(dòng)都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣。 3、表示國家、機(jī)構(gòu)、事件、作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore . 《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多神秘的民間傳說。 The 美國常在世界科技方面領(lǐng)先。 The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .
聯(lián)合國在國際事務(wù)中起著重要作用。 4、a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：
A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技產(chǎn)品已在展覽上展出。 The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death. 近來一些書籍里印刷錯(cuò)誤的數(shù)量讓人吃驚得要命。
A substantial portion of the reports is missing .這些報(bào)告都沒有提及實(shí)質(zhì)問題。
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人。
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等詞修飾主語、或是由它們自身作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。另外，由and連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海邊，有些人在打排球，有些人躺著曬太陽。 Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽。 A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.
許多即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生打算自愿去中國西部工作。 6、有些短語，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可數(shù)名詞、或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時(shí)應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然斷電時(shí)，那家商店丟失了許多錢。
A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
最近出版了許多關(guān)于投資基金的書籍。 意義一致( Notional Concord ) 這一原則是指，從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題。有時(shí)主語形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時(shí)主語形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語依意義亦用單數(shù)形式。 1） 當(dāng)主語后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than,no less than, rather than, together with等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的形式要依主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。在這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語自身的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語。也就是說，我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去。從表面上我們也可以看出，它們與主語之間有"，"隔開。例如： Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.
最近石油和燃料煤氣的價(jià)格上漲了。 The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
老師打算這個(gè)周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊。 The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.
學(xué)生們打算這個(gè)周末與他們的老師一起去野炊。
The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.
昨晚，那個(gè)倉庫連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了。 我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥永锸菭钫Z：
Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas. Along with fuel gas, petroleum has recently risen in price.
The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
2) 表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、體積、重量、面積、數(shù)字等詞語作主語時(shí)，其意義若是指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指"有多少數(shù)量"則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
人們常大約地將四個(gè)星期看成一個(gè)月。 Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
二十年在人的一生里意味著一個(gè)很長的時(shí)期。 Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.
八十塊錢給一個(gè)學(xué)生吃一個(gè)月的伙食是足夠的了。 3) 形容詞前加定冠詞即"the + 形容詞"作主語時(shí)，其意義若是指個(gè)人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指一類人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young inexperience.
一方面，青年人常認(rèn)為老年人保守；另一方面，老年人總是認(rèn)為青年人沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.
在許多故事里，好人總是有好報(bào)；壞人注定要倒霉。 4）當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)并列主語在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念時(shí)，應(yīng)看作 單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。另外，當(dāng)and 連接兩個(gè)形容詞去修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)形式的主語時(shí)，其實(shí)是指兩種不同的事物,主語則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)， 那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
War and peace is a constant theme in history. 戰(zhàn)爭與和平是一個(gè)歷史上的永恒的主題。
Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality. 中國絲綢和日本絲綢質(zhì)量都很好。
Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.
加奶的咖啡與清咖啡都分別受到不同人們的喜愛。 5) 集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語的意義：主語表示整體時(shí)視為單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；主語表示集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類集體名詞常見的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等，其中cattle，people，police一般看成復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜歡足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社會(huì)的最小的細(xì)胞。
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
人民大眾完全有理由謹(jǐn)防職業(yè)騙局。 The public now come to know the whole story. 人們現(xiàn)在越來越清楚那是怎么回事了。
就近原則( Principle of Proximity ) 這一原則是指，謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有：or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …等。例如： Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我，就是他們要對(duì)那件事的結(jié)局負(fù)責(zé)任。 Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress. 既不是那些不友好的話，也不是那不友好的態(tài)度讓我沮喪。
Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不僅僅是他，而且是他全家人都很熱衷于音樂會(huì)。 Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
他全家人和他都不知道那件事 |
|
|
