學(xué)前教育是個(gè)體成長(zhǎng)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵奠基階段，每一個(gè)教育環(huán)節(jié)都對(duì)幼兒的身心發(fā)展有著深遠(yuǎn)影響。首因效應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)最初印象的重要性，了解并巧妙運(yùn)用這一理論，能夠幫助教育者抓住教育契機(jī)，優(yōu)化教育開端，為幼兒營(yíng)造良好的學(xué)習(xí)成長(zhǎng)氛圍。

一、首因效應(yīng)的理論內(nèi)涵

首因效應(yīng)，也被稱為第一印象效應(yīng)，由美國(guó)心理學(xué)家洛欽斯首先提出。它指的是個(gè)體在社會(huì)認(rèn)知過程中，通過 “第一印象” 最先輸入的信息對(duì)客體以后的認(rèn)知產(chǎn)生的顯著影響作用。在人際交往、信息接收等諸多情境下，最初獲得的少量信息往往能快速構(gòu)建起人們對(duì)事物整體的初步判斷框架，后續(xù)的信息很大程度上只是對(duì)這一框架進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充或微調(diào)。而且，這種第一印象一旦形成，就具有相對(duì)的穩(wěn)定性，改變起來較為困難，即便后續(xù)有相悖的信息出現(xiàn)，人們?nèi)詢A向于堅(jiān)持最初的印象。

從認(rèn)知心理學(xué)角度看，首因效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生與大腦的信息加工模式有關(guān)。在初次接觸新信息時(shí)，大腦會(huì)以一種相對(duì)聚焦、系統(tǒng)的方式對(duì)其進(jìn)行編碼與存儲(chǔ)，此時(shí)形成的記憶痕跡更為深刻，后續(xù)信息則多以碎片化、補(bǔ)充式的方式進(jìn)入認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)，難以動(dòng)搖前期已建立的核心印象。

二、首因效應(yīng)在學(xué)前教育中的應(yīng)用

（一）學(xué)前教育環(huán)境創(chuàng)設(shè)中的應(yīng)用

1.園所外觀設(shè)計(jì)

園所建筑的外觀風(fēng)格、色彩搭配是家長(zhǎng)和幼兒對(duì)幼兒園的第一直觀印象。溫馨、活潑且富有童趣的建筑外觀，如采用明亮色彩粉刷外墻，設(shè)計(jì)卡通造型的校門等，能瞬間拉近與幼兒及家長(zhǎng)的距離，傳遞出歡樂、安全的教育氛圍信號(hào)，讓幼兒還未入園就心生向往。

2.班級(jí)教室布置

在幼兒踏入班級(jí)的瞬間，教室的布置至關(guān)重要。合理規(guī)劃活動(dòng)區(qū)角，擺放整齊、富有創(chuàng)意的玩具與教具，張貼色彩鮮艷的兒童畫作、識(shí)字掛圖等，營(yíng)造出整潔、有序又充滿探索樂趣的空間。例如，在閱讀角鋪上柔軟的地毯，放置可愛的動(dòng)物造型座椅，周邊書架擺滿繪本，幼兒初次進(jìn)入便會(huì)被吸引，開啟對(duì)閱讀的美好初印象。

（二）師生初次互動(dòng)中的應(yīng)用

1.教師形象塑造

教師作為幼兒在園的重要引導(dǎo)者，初次見面時(shí)的形象有著極大影響力。著裝方面，選擇舒適、整潔且?guī)в型ぴ氐姆b，如印有卡通圖案的襯衫；面部表情保持親切和藹，眼神充滿關(guān)愛與耐心，用溫暖的微笑迎接每一個(gè)幼兒，讓幼兒感受到教師的親和力，迅速建立起信任基礎(chǔ)。

2.問候與溝通方式

教師用輕柔、歡快的語調(diào)與幼兒打招呼，蹲下身子與幼兒平視，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單而有趣的自我介紹，如 “我是你們的魔法老師，接下來會(huì)帶大家開啟好多好玩的冒險(xiǎn)哦”，激發(fā)幼兒的好奇心與親近感，為后續(xù)的師幼關(guān)系奠定良好開端。

（三）課程導(dǎo)入中的應(yīng)用

1.語言領(lǐng)域課程

在開啟一堂兒歌學(xué)習(xí)課之初，教師播放一段歡快、富有節(jié)奏感且與兒歌主題相關(guān)的動(dòng)畫短片，如學(xué)習(xí)《小兔子乖乖》時(shí)，先播放小兔子一家的動(dòng)畫故事片段，吸引幼兒注意力，讓他們帶著對(duì)小兔子故事的興趣自然過渡到兒歌學(xué)習(xí)，使課程起始就充滿吸引力。

2.科學(xué)領(lǐng)域課程

以 “認(rèn)識(shí)植物生長(zhǎng)” 課程為例，教師課前在教室窗臺(tái)擺放幾盆正在發(fā)芽、生長(zhǎng)的植物幼苗，幼兒進(jìn)教室瞬間就會(huì)被這些嫩綠的生命吸引。教師順勢(shì)提問引導(dǎo)：“小朋友們，看看這些小芽芽，它們正在努力長(zhǎng)大，你們想不想知道它們是怎么變高變壯的呀？” 由此開啟充滿探索欲的科學(xué)課程之旅，利用首因效應(yīng)抓住幼兒對(duì)新鮮事物的好奇，提升課程參與度。

三、應(yīng)用首因效應(yīng)的注意事項(xiàng)

1.保持后續(xù)教育質(zhì)量的連貫性

雖然首因效應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)開端的重要，但不能只重開頭而忽視后續(xù)教育過程。要在良好第一印象基礎(chǔ)上，持續(xù)以高質(zhì)量教學(xué)、關(guān)愛呵護(hù)跟進(jìn)，否則一旦后續(xù)教育出現(xiàn)落差，前期建立的積極印象反而會(huì)大打折扣。

2.避免刻板印象誤導(dǎo)

教師不能僅憑初次印象就給幼兒貼上固定標(biāo)簽，每個(gè)幼兒都有無限發(fā)展?jié)摿ΑＷ畛醣憩F(xiàn)安靜的幼兒可能在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作時(shí)有驚人爆發(fā)力，要持續(xù)觀察、全面了解，不讓首因效應(yīng)造成錯(cuò)誤的教育預(yù)判。

首因效應(yīng)為學(xué)前教育提供了獨(dú)特的視角與有力的策略工具。通過精心打造園所與班級(jí)環(huán)境、優(yōu)化師生初次互動(dòng)、巧妙設(shè)計(jì)課程導(dǎo)入，教育者能夠充分發(fā)揮首因效應(yīng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，開啟幼兒積極學(xué)習(xí)、健康成長(zhǎng)的大門，為學(xué)前教育的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展注入活力，助力幼兒邁好人生成長(zhǎng)第一步。

Preschool education is a crucial foundational stage for individual growth and development, and every educational stage has a profound impact on the physical and mental development of young children. The primacy effect emphasizes the importance of initial impressions, and understanding and skillfully applying this theory can help educators seize educational opportunities, optimize educational beginnings, and create a good learning and growth atmosphere for young children.

1、 Theoretical connotation of primacy effect

The primacy effect, also known as the first impression effect, was first proposed by American psychologist Luckins. It refers to the significant impact that an individual's initial input of information through the "first impression" has on the object's subsequent cognition in the process of social cognition. In various contexts such as interpersonal communication and information reception, the initial small amount of information obtained can often quickly construct a preliminary judgment framework for people's overall understanding of things, and subsequent information largely only supplements or fine tunes this framework. Moreover, once this first impression is formed, it has relative stability and is difficult to change. Even if contradictory information appears later, people still tend to stick to the initial impression.

From the perspective of cognitive psychology, the emergence of primacy effect is related to the information processing mode of the brain. When encountering new information for the first time, the brain encodes and stores it in a relatively focused and systematic manner, resulting in more profound memory traces. Subsequent information enters the cognitive system in a fragmented and supplementary manner, making it difficult to shake the previously established core impressions.

2、 The Application of First Cause Effect in Preschool Education

（1） Application in the Creation of Preschool Education Environment

1. Exterior design of the park

The appearance style and color matching of the kindergarten buildings are the first intuitive impression of the kindergarten by parents and children. The warm, lively, and childlike appearance of the building, such as the use of bright colors to paint the exterior walls and the design of cartoon shaped school gates, can instantly bring children and their parents closer, convey a joyful and safe educational atmosphere signal, and make children yearn for it even before entering the kindergarten.

2. Classroom layout

At the moment when young children step into the classroom, the layout of the classroom is crucial. Reasonably plan the activity area corners, arrange neatly and creatively toys and teaching aids, post brightly colored children's paintings, literacy posters, etc., and create a clean, orderly, and exploratory space. For example, laying a soft carpet in the reading corner, placing cute animal shaped chairs, and surrounding bookshelves filled with picture books will attract young children as soon as they enter, creating a beautiful initial impression of reading.

（2） Application in the initial interaction between teachers and students

1. Teacher image shaping

As an important guide for young children in kindergarten, the image of teachers at their first meeting has a great influence. In terms of clothing, choose comfortable, neat, and playful clothing, such as shirts with cartoon patterns; Maintain a friendly and amiable facial expression, with eyes full of care and patience, welcoming every child with a warm smile, allowing children to feel the teacher's affinity and quickly establish a foundation of trust.

2. Greetings and communication methods

The teacher greeted the children with a gentle and cheerful tone, crouched down and looked at them horizontally, and gave a simple and interesting self introduction, such as "I am your magic teacher, and I will take you on many fun adventures next", which stimulated the children's curiosity and closeness, and laid a good foundation for the subsequent teacher-student relationship.

（3） Application in Course Introduction

1. Language related courses

At the beginning of a nursery rhyme learning class, the teacher plays a cheerful, rhythmic and related animated short film to the theme of the nursery rhyme. For example, when learning "Little Rabbit, Be Good", the animated story clip of the Little Rabbit family is first played to attract the attention of the children, allowing them to naturally transition to nursery rhyme learning with their interest in the Little Rabbit story, making the course attractive from the beginning.

2. Courses in the field of science

Taking the "Understanding Plant Growth" course as an example, before class, the teacher places several pots of sprouting and growing plant seedlings on the classroom windowsill. Children are immediately attracted to these tender green lives when they enter the classroom. The teacher took the opportunity to ask and guide: "Children, look at these little sprouts, they are working hard to grow up. Do you want to know how they become taller and stronger?" This opens up an exploratory journey in science curriculum, using the first cause effect to capture children's curiosity about new things and enhance their participation in the curriculum.

3、 Precautions for applying first cause effects

1. Maintain continuity in the quality of subsequent education

Although the primacy effect emphasizes the importance of the beginning, we cannot simply focus on the beginning and ignore the subsequent educational process. On the basis of a good first impression, we should continue to follow up with high-quality teaching and care, otherwise, if there is a gap in subsequent education, the positive impression established in the early stage will be greatly reduced.

2. Avoid misleading stereotypes

Teachers cannot simply label young children based on their first impression, as every child has unlimited potential for development. Children who initially appear quiet may have astonishing explosive power in artistic creation. It is important to continuously observe and comprehensively understand them to prevent the first cause effect from causing erroneous educational predictions.

The primacy effect provides a unique perspective and powerful strategic tool for preschool education. By carefully creating the environment of the kindergarten and class, optimizing the initial interaction between teachers and students, and cleverly designing curriculum introductions, educators can fully leverage the advantages of the first cause effect, open the door for children to actively learn and grow up healthily, inject vitality into the high-quality development of preschool education, and help children take the first step in their life growth.