倪肖丁 《薄冰英語慣用法詞典》(2009)在介紹know后接帶不定式的復(fù)合賓語時(shí)指出: know用過去時(shí)或完成時(shí),不定式以to be形式出現(xiàn)時(shí),to不能省略。例如: I have never known him to be too busy to study. 后面復(fù)合賓語中的不定式用其它動(dòng)詞時(shí),不定式可帶to,也可不帶to(尤其英國(guó)英語中)。例如: I never knew him (to) act without thinking. I’ve known him (to) run faster than that. 很遺憾,《薄冰英語慣用法詞典》的上述說法和例句都不夠準(zhǔn)確。 首先,在know用一般過去時(shí)的情況下,后續(xù)的復(fù)合賓語中動(dòng)詞不定式(無論是不是be))符號(hào)to都是不省略的。因此,《薄冰英語慣用法詞典》的例句I never knew him (to) act without thinking用法失當(dāng),其中的to不宜省略。 其次,如果know用了完成體,其后不定式即使以to be形式出現(xiàn),也有可能省略to。因此,其例句I have never known him to be too busy to study中,to也是可以省略的。 有關(guān)know后接含有不定式的復(fù)合賓語的問題,當(dāng)代英語語法學(xué)者有相關(guān)的論述: CGEL指出:只有當(dāng)know用于完成體并具有特定語義時(shí)才跟無to不定式(Know takes a bare infinitival only in the perfect and with a special sense)例如: I'd never known him (to) lose his temper before. 但I know him to be thoroughly reliable一句中,to不能省略。 CGEL所稱know的“特定語義”指的是“親身的、直接的經(jīng)歷”(a matter of knowledge based on more or less direct experience),而不是通過間接途徑獲得的信息。 LEG也指出:The omission of to is only possible with the perfect form of know。例如: I've never known her (to) be late before. I've never known her not (to) be late. 我們注意到,上述兩句中不定式均以to be形式出現(xiàn),但to卻是可以省略的。這與《薄冰英語慣用法詞典》所說的正好相反。 從其它英語書刊中見到的無to不定式用法也均與know的完成體相關(guān)。例如: I have never known him tell a lie. (ESI2004) I have never known him be rude to anyone. (ESI2004) In the most trying conditions I have never known him lose his temper. (HEG) I have never known Tom (to) criticize anyone. (IESS) I'd never known teachers (to) be more strict about any other school rule. (LEGP) PEU的相關(guān)提示是:當(dāng)Know 意為“經(jīng)歷(experience)”時(shí),在I've never known + object + infinitive結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式可以省略to. 例如: I've never known it (to) rain like this. PEU的上述表達(dá)似乎把省略to的用法限制在I've never known + object這種完成體的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中。其實(shí)并非完全如此,因?yàn)樵?/span>I have known...這種肯定句中,無to不定式也時(shí)有出現(xiàn),盡管比例不高。例如: I have known it happen among savage peoples. (LGSWE) I have known John (to) give better speeches than that. (CGOEL) 在這一問題上,英國(guó)University of Essex語言和語言學(xué)系主任Andrew Radford 教授(2009)的相關(guān)說法值得關(guān)注。他認(rèn)為:I have known you to have a tantrum和 I’ve never known you have a tantrum or your brother to have one either都是正確的;而I have known you have a tantrum只在某些地區(qū)方言(含英國(guó))中出現(xiàn),應(yīng)被視為I have known you to have a tantrum的變體。 由此可知,動(dòng)詞know后跟含有無to不定式的復(fù)合賓語的慣用法是: 1. know須用于完成體形式。例如, I know her to sing on Sundays一句中,to就不能省略。 2. 只有當(dāng)know表示“親身的、直接的經(jīng)歷”之意時(shí),to才可以省略。當(dāng)know表示通過其它途徑了解或確信該種情況時(shí),to不能省略。例如,當(dāng)你說I have (never) known Bill have a tantrum,你是在說自己(未)曾親身見證過比爾勃然大怒發(fā)脾氣。如果僅僅聽他人說過,那是不可省略 to的。 3. 主要用于否定式 I've/I’d never known + object + infinitive結(jié)構(gòu)中。在肯定句中通常用帶 to的不定式,用無to不定式的可接受性(因地域因素而)受到一定的限制。 4. 省略to是英國(guó)英語用法,在美國(guó)英語中都用帶to不定式。當(dāng)know采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)也都用帶to不定式。因此,無論何種情況下,用to不定式都是正確的。 5. 在符合上述條件下,不定式符號(hào)to都可以省略,與不定式是否為be動(dòng)詞沒有直接關(guān)系。 |
|