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考向一賓語從句的概說和分類

概說：

1.定義：在復(fù)合句中作賓語的從句是賓語從句。

I think everybody likes cookies.

2. 分類：動(dòng)詞賓語從句 I think everybody likes cookies.

介詞賓語從句 I agree with what you said just now.

形容詞賓語從句 I’m afraid I can’t afford it.

(sure, glad, sorry, happy, afraid)

3.結(jié)構(gòu)：主句+引導(dǎo)詞+從句(陳述句語序：主+謂+其他)

分類：

根據(jù)引導(dǎo)賓語從句的不同連詞，賓語從句可分為三類：

1. 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。that只有語法作用，沒有實(shí)在的意義，在口語和非正式文體中可以省略。

He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.

She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.

I am sure (that) he will succeed.

2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?

He asked whose handwriting was the best.

Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?

I don’t know why the train is late.

3. 由if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。if和whether在句中的意思是＂是否＂。

I want to know if (whether) he lives there.

He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

考向二 賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

1. that引導(dǎo)陳述句作賓語從句，口語中常省略。

Tell him (that) I have read the story.

She told me (that) she would like to go with us.

2．連詞if/whether引導(dǎo)一般疑問句作賓語從句，表“是否”，從句陳述語序（主語在謂語之前），且口語中多用if。

Do you know if he will go to school tomorrow?

I wonder if /whether you have told the news to Li Lei .

注意：以下情況的賓語從句中，只能用whether，不能用if：

①　引導(dǎo)詞與動(dòng)詞不定式或or not連用時(shí)

I’m not sure whether to go or to stay.

He asked me whether or not I was thirsty.

②　當(dāng)從句做介詞的賓語時(shí)

We are talking about whether we'll go on the picnic.

The picnic will depend on whether the weather will be fine.

3．特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句作賓語從句，從句同樣是陳述語序。

He didn’t know when he would leave for shanghai.

Could you tell me what is wrong with you?

that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

that 是賓語從句的一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，放在主句和從句之間。它引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化而來，故從句的語序不變。在that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，that 作連接代詞，無意義，在句中不作任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中通?？梢允÷?。

一、that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的用法

1. 位置：that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞（及物動(dòng)詞）、介詞或形容詞之后。

①作及物動(dòng)詞，如：say，think，tell，know，hear，see，hope，wish，remember，forget等的賓語。如：　

She says that she will help me learn English this evening.她說今天晚上她會(huì)幫我學(xué)英語。

②作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except，but，in之后。如：

He is a good boy except that he is careless. 他是一個(gè)好男孩，只是有點(diǎn)兒粗心。

③作＂be + 形容詞＂結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語。某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，如：sure，glad，certain，pleased，sorry，happy，afraid等，連詞that可省略。如：

I’m happy (that) I passed the exam. 我很高興我通過了考試。

2. 時(shí)態(tài)：主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)具體情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)；主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，從句中也必須用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。試比較：

He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible. 他說他想盡快見到他。

He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible. 他說他想盡快見到他。

【特別提醒】

當(dāng)主句是一般過去時(shí)，而賓語從句的內(nèi)容表示的是客觀真理、事實(shí)、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、名言警句、格言、諺語等時(shí)，此時(shí)賓語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，這些情況下不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制。如：

The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老師告訴我們地球圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

3. 引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略的幾種情況：

引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that通?？梢允÷裕?/span>

She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她說過要來開會(huì)的。

I promise you (that) I will be there. 我答應(yīng)你我會(huì)去的。

I hoped (that) I would / should succeed. 我曾希望我會(huì)成功。

He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. 他想他們會(huì)給他簽證。

He thought (that) they would give him a visa. 他本想他們會(huì)給他簽證。

I expect (that) the plane will be diverted. 我料想飛機(jī)會(huì)改變航線。

【注意】有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可位于句首，此時(shí)that不可省略：

That she is a good girl I know. 她是一個(gè)好姑娘，我是知道的。

4. 引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略的幾種情況：

that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，并不是在任何情況下都可以省略，在以下幾種情況下，that不能省略。

①從句的主語是that時(shí)，that不能省略；

We know that is an interesting film. 我們知道那是一部有趣的電影。

②and連接的兩個(gè)表示陳述意義的賓語從句并列時(shí)，有時(shí)省去第一個(gè)從句的連詞that，但第二個(gè)從句的連詞that一般不可以省略。如：

He told me (that) they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. 他告訴我他們決定不了去做什么并且問了我的意見。

③that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞賓語時(shí)，that不能省略。如：

I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 對(duì)他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。

5. 如果賓語從句后還有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。如：

We thought it strange that Xiao Zhang did not come yesterday. 小張昨天沒來，我們覺得很奇怪。

6. 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。

在think，believe，suppose，expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句，當(dāng)主句的主語是第一人稱時(shí)，謂語盡管是否定的意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?，英語稱這種現(xiàn)象為否定轉(zhuǎn)移。如：

①我認(rèn)為今晚他不能來。

【誤】I think he can’t come this evening.

【正】I don’t think he can come this evening.

②他認(rèn)為我們現(xiàn)在不在教室里。

【誤】He doesn’t think we are in the classroom now.

【正】He thinks we are not in the classroom now.

【特別警示】

含有＂否定轉(zhuǎn)移＂現(xiàn)象的句子，主句的主語必須是第一人稱，此時(shí)，變成反意疑問句，附加問句要由從句來決定；如果主句的主語是其他人稱，附加問句要由主句來決定。如：

I don’t think he is right, is he? 我認(rèn)為他不對(duì)，是嗎？

He thinks I can come, doesn’t he? 他認(rèn)為我能來，是不是？

7. 如果賓語從句中含有否定意義的副詞或形容詞。如：hardly，never，seldom，no，few，little等，其反意疑問句要用肯定形式。如：

We find that he seldom goes to visit his mother, does he? 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他不常看望他的媽媽，是嗎？

8. that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，只變主句，不變從句。實(shí)際上，我們經(jīng)常把It is said that ...（據(jù)說……）；It is known that ...（眾所周知……）；It is reported that ...（據(jù)報(bào)告……）等當(dāng)作固定句式來運(yùn)用。如：

It is said that he is from Canada. 據(jù)說他來自加拿大。

疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

特殊疑問句作賓語從句時(shí)，由疑問詞 when, who, what, where, whatever, how，which, why等引導(dǎo)。賓語從句的詞序一律用陳述句的詞序，即＂主語+謂語＂詞序。

①帶有系動(dòng)詞be（is，am，are，was,were)的特殊疑問句。

賓語從句＂how old Liz is＂是主句動(dòng)詞know的賓語。how在從句中作副詞。注意從句的順序，主語在動(dòng)詞前（Liz is)。

②帶有（情態(tài)）助動(dòng)詞
is/am/are/have/has/can/should等的特殊疑問句

When is Ann going to lran? 安什么時(shí)候去伊朗？

→ Do you know when Ann is going to lran? 你知道安什么時(shí)候去伊朗嗎？

→ I don’t know when Ann is going to lran. 我不知道安什么時(shí)候去伊朗。

What should I do? 我該怎么辦？

→ Can you tell me what I should do? 你能告訴我，我該怎么辦嗎？

→ Please tell me what I should do. 請(qǐng)告訴我，我該怎么辦。

Where has Ron gone? 朗去了哪里？

→ Do you know where Ron has gone? 你知道朗去了哪里嗎？

→ I don’t know where Ron has gone. 我不知道朗去了哪里。

③帶有助動(dòng)詞do/does/did的特殊疑問句。

Where did I put my wedding ring? 我把我的結(jié)婚戒指放在哪里了？

→ Do you know where I put my wedding ring? 你知道我把我的結(jié)婚戒指放在哪里了嗎？

→ I don’t remember where I put my wedding ring. 我不記得我把我的結(jié)婚戒指放在哪里了。

What does Sue think about Lulu? 蘇對(duì)露露的看法是什么？

→ Do you know what Sue thinks about Lulu? 你知道蘇對(duì)露露的看法是什么嗎？

→ I know what Sue thinks about Lulu. 我知道蘇對(duì)露露的看法是什么。

注意：

（1）由于賓語從句要求陳述句語序，故而在從句中它變成了陳述語序。請(qǐng)看下列兩組句子：

How much does this coat cost?

→ I want to know how much this coat costs.

Where did you go yesterday?

→ Please tell me where you went yesterday.

（2）當(dāng)疑問代詞what、who在特殊疑問句中作主語時(shí)，該特殊疑問句本身就是陳述句語序，所以當(dāng)該句用來作賓語時(shí)，語序不需要調(diào)整。

What’s wrong with you? 怎么了？

→ He asked the girl what was wrong with her.

What’s the matter? 怎么了？

→ He asked the girl what was the matter.

What has happened to him?

→ We want to know what has happened to him.

if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

當(dāng)從句部分是一般疑問句或選擇疑問句時(shí)，常用if或whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句，if/whether意為＂是否＂。說明對(duì)陳述的事物不明確或不清楚。常用在see，ask，say，learn，tell，wonder，doubt，find out，be uncertain /doubtful / be not known 等后，二者通?？梢曰Q?？谡Z中多用if代替whether。在非正式的寫作中，可以使用if 或 whether 兩個(gè)詞來表達(dá)不定性，兩者都算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

I wonder if/whether he is a driver. 我想知道他是不是個(gè)司機(jī)。

Alice wants to know if/whether she has passed the exam. 愛麗絲想知道她是否考試及格了。

Lily asked if/whether she liked it. 莉莉問她是否喜歡它。

I want to know if (whether) he lives there. 我想知道他是否住在這兒。

He asked me whether (if) I could help him. 他問我是否可以幫助他。

【拓展】

一般情況下，if和whether可互換，在口語中多用if， 而在以下幾種情況下，只能用whether。

1. 與 or 連用分別引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)從句時(shí)，或強(qiáng)調(diào)兩方面的選擇, 特別是句中有or not時(shí)用whether，不用if。

I don’t know whether or not they will come. 我不知道他們是否會(huì)來。

I don’t know whether he is wrong or she is wrong.

Let me know whether you can come or not.

I

don’t know whether he will win or not.

I will write to you whether or not I can come / whether I can come or not.

2. 在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether。

He doesn’t know whether to go or not. 他不知道是否會(huì)去。

Please tell us whether to go there or stay here. 請(qǐng)告訴我們是去那里還是待在這里。

Whether to go or stay is still a question.

I’m not sure whether to stay or leave.

I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.

3. 在介詞之后只能用whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而If則不能。

It depends on whether I have enough time. 那取決于我是否有足夠的時(shí)間。

Success depends on whether we make enough effort.

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.

It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

4. 賓語從句置于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，用whether，不用if。

Whether this is true, I can’t say. Whether he is single, I don’t know.

Whether this is true, I can’t say.

Whether he is single, I don’t know.

5. 在某些動(dòng)詞（如discuss，decide）之后，只能用whether，而不用if引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

We discussed whether we should close the shop. （虛擬語氣）

We discussed whether we should go there by plane.（虛擬語氣）

We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. （虛擬語氣）

6. 在引導(dǎo)否定概念賓語從句時(shí)，只能用if，而不用whether。

He asked me if I hadn’t finished my work.

注意：doubt否定句用that引導(dǎo)。因?yàn)閐on’t doubt 意為相信，不懷疑，if是否表示疑慮。

考向三 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)

1. 如果主句是現(xiàn)在的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），那么賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)實(shí)際

情況而定。

I remember he gave me a book yesterday.

He has told me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.

I don’t think (that) you are right.

Please tell us where he is.

Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

2. 如果主句是過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)），那么賓語從句一定要用過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)（包括一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)）。

He told me that he would take part in the high jump.

He asked what time it was.

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.

He asked if you had written to Peter.

He said that he would go back to the US soon.

3. 如果賓語從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)或真理，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

He told me that the earth is round.

考向四 賓語從句的語序

賓語從句的語序應(yīng)為陳述句的語序，即按照主語、謂語的順序。

1. 陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序不變，即仍用陳述語序。

He is an honest boy. The teacher said.

→ The teacher said(that) he was an honest boy.

2. 一般疑問句和特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句，語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。

Does he work hard? I wonder. → I wonder if/whether he works hard.

考向五 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移和特殊用法

1.賓語從句的否定前置

think , believe , suppose, consider, imagine等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句如果是否定句，一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移至主句謂語上，而將從句謂語改為肯定形式。否定前置的前提是：主句主語是第一人稱，時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

I think. + He has no time to play with the girl. → I don’t think he has time to play with the girl.

She thinks. + She can’t arrive here on time. → She thinks she can’t arrive here on time.

2.賓語從句變反意疑問句

在由賓語從句作為陳述部分的反意疑問句中，“動(dòng)詞/主語看從句，肯定否定看主句”。此類賓語從句常用動(dòng)詞有think, believe, suppose, consider等。

I thought it was late, wasn’t it?

I don't think he will come, will he？

3.賓語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化

（1）當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是hope, wish, decide, forget, plan, agree等，且主句與從句主語相同時(shí)，從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（動(dòng)詞+to do）。

She agreed that she could help me with my maths. → She agreed to help me with my maths.

（2）當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是know, learn, forget, remember, decide等后面帶特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化的賓語，且主句與從句主語相同時(shí)，從句可以簡化成“疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。

I don't know which sweater I should buy. → I don't know which sweater to buy.

（3）當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是ask, tell, show, teach，賓語從句由代詞/副詞引導(dǎo)，從句主語與主句主語或間接賓語一致時(shí)，從句可簡化為“連接代詞/副詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。

Could you tell me how I can get to the park? → Could you tell me how to get to the park?

（4）當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是find, see, watch, hear等感官動(dòng)詞時(shí)，從句常簡化為“賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，賓補(bǔ)為不帶to的不定式或V-ing形式。

She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. → She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.