每年的9月3日是中國抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利紀(jì)念日暨世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利紀(jì)念日。

簡(jiǎn)單梳理一下時(shí)間線:

1945年7月26日在波茨坦會(huì)議上美國總統(tǒng)哈利·S·杜魯門、中華民國國民政府主席蔣介石和英國首相溫斯頓·丘吉爾聯(lián)合發(fā)表了一份公告《中美英三國促令日本投降之波茨坦公告》，簡(jiǎn)稱《波茨坦公告》或《波茨坦宣言》。 這篇公告的主要內(nèi)容是聲明三國在戰(zhàn)勝納粹德國后一起致力于戰(zhàn)勝日本以及履行開羅宣言等對(duì)戰(zhàn)后對(duì)日本的處理方式的決定。

1945年8月6日、9日，美國分別在廣島和長崎投下原子彈;9日，蘇聯(lián)對(duì)日作戰(zhàn)。日本政府被迫于10日通過中立國瑞士向中、美、英、蘇發(fā)出乞降照會(huì)。

1945年8月14日，日本天皇頒布停戰(zhàn)詔書，接受《波茨坦公告》;

15日，天皇廣播詔書;

9月2日，日本政府代表正式簽字無條件投降。徐永昌代表中國政府在日本投降書上簽字確認(rèn)。（投降書內(nèi)容可查看日本宣布無條件投降79周年）

今天主要分享《波茨坦公告內(nèi)容》:

圖片來源杜魯門圖書館

Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender

Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945

1.We-the President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China, and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war.

2.The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist.

3.The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The full application of our military power, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland.

4.The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason.

5.Following are our terms. We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay.

6.There must be eliminated for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven from the world.

7.Until such a new order is established and until there is convincing proof that Japan's war-making power is destroyed, points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic objectives we are here setting forth.

8.The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine.

9.The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives.

We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners. 

10.The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established.

11.Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to re-arm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted.

12.The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government.

13.We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.

(The Ministry of Foreign Affairs "Nihon Gaiko Nenpyo Narabini Shuyo Bunsho : 1840-1945" vol.2, 1966

中文版如下:

美、中、英三國政府領(lǐng)袖公告:

(一)余等:美國總統(tǒng)、中國國民政府主席及英國首相代表余等億萬國民，業(yè)經(jīng)會(huì)商，并同意對(duì)日本應(yīng)予以一機(jī)會(huì)，以結(jié)束此次戰(zhàn)事。

(二)美國、英帝國及中國之龐大陸、海、空軍部隊(duì)，業(yè)已增強(qiáng)多倍，其由西方調(diào)來之軍隊(duì)及空軍，即將予日本以最后之打擊，彼等之武力受所有聯(lián)合國之決心之支持及鼓勵(lì)，對(duì)日作戰(zhàn)，不至其停止抵抗不止。

(三)德國無效果及無意識(shí)抵抗全世界激起之自由人之力量，所得之結(jié)果，彰彰在前，可為日本人民之殷鑒。此種力量當(dāng)其對(duì)付抵抗之納粹時(shí)不得不將德國人民全體之土地、工業(yè)及其生活方式摧殘殆盡。但現(xiàn)今集中對(duì)待日本之力量則較之更為龐大，不可衡量。吾等之軍力，加以吾人之堅(jiān)決意志為后盾，若予以全部實(shí)施，必將使日本軍隊(duì)完全毀滅，無可逃避，而日本之本土亦必終歸全部殘毀。

(四)現(xiàn)時(shí)業(yè)已到來，日本必須決定一途，其將繼續(xù)受其一意孤行計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤，使日本帝國已陷于完全毀滅之境之軍人之統(tǒng)制，抑或走向理智之路。

(五)以下為吾人之條件，吾人決不更改，亦無其他另一方式。猶豫遷延，更為吾人所不容許。

(六)欺騙及錯(cuò)誤領(lǐng)導(dǎo)日本人民使其妄欲征服世界者之威權(quán)及勢(shì)力，必須永久剔除。蓋吾人堅(jiān)持非將負(fù)責(zé)之窮兵黷武主義驅(qū)出世界，則和平安全及正義之新秩序勢(shì)不可能。

(七)直至如此之新秩序成立時(shí)，及直至日本制造戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之力量業(yè)已毀滅，有確定可信之證據(jù)時(shí)，日本領(lǐng)土經(jīng)盟國之指定，必須占領(lǐng)，俾吾人在此陳述之基本目的得以完成。

(八)開羅宣言之條件必將實(shí)施，而日本之主權(quán)必將限于本州、北海道、九州、四國及吾人所決定其他小島之內(nèi)。

(九)日本軍隊(duì)在完全解除武裝以后，將被允許返其家鄉(xiāng)，得有和平及生產(chǎn)生活機(jī)會(huì)，投降國并且永不稱霸。

(十)吾人無意奴役日本民族或消滅其國家，但對(duì)于戰(zhàn)罪人犯，包括虐待吾人俘虜在內(nèi)，將處以法律之裁判，日本政府必將阻止日本人民民主趨勢(shì)之復(fù)興及增強(qiáng)之所有障礙予以消除，言論、宗教及思想自由以及對(duì)于基本人權(quán)之重視必須成立。(十一)日本將被允許維持其經(jīng)濟(jì)所必須及可以償付貨物賠款之工業(yè)，但可以使其獲得原料，以別于統(tǒng)制原料，日本最后參加國際貿(mào)易關(guān)系當(dāng)可準(zhǔn)許。

(十二)上述目的達(dá)到及依據(jù)日本人民自由表示之意志成立一傾向和平及負(fù)責(zé)之政府后，同盟國占領(lǐng)軍隊(duì)當(dāng)撤退。

(十三)吾人通告日本政府立即宣布所有日本武裝部隊(duì)無條件投降，并以此種行動(dòng)誠意實(shí)行予以適當(dāng)之各項(xiàng)保證，除此一途，日本即將迅速完全毀滅。

(這份重要?dú)v史文獻(xiàn)的譯本，現(xiàn)存于中國第二歷史檔案館)