十、詞根 -forc，-fort 表示“force, strength：力量，實(shí)力”

force [f??s] n. 力量；武力；魄力；軍隊(duì) vt. 強(qiáng)迫；迫使 373

釋義和用法：

If someone forces you to do something, they make you do it even though you do not want to, for example by threatening you. 強(qiáng)迫；強(qiáng)制

If someone uses force to do something, or if it is done by force, strong and violent physical action is taken in order to achieve it. 暴力；武力

Force is the power or strength which something has. 力量；力氣；威力

The forces mean the army, the navy, or the air force, or all three. 軍隊(duì)(指陸?？杖娭换蛉?

forced [f??st] adj. 強(qiáng)迫的；被迫的 6110

助記：

      forc (強(qiáng)迫) +ed (形容詞后綴) →強(qiáng)迫的；被迫的

forceful [?f??sf?l; -f(?)l] adj. 有說(shuō)服力的；強(qiáng)有力的；堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 10248

助記：

      force (力量；強(qiáng)力) +ful (形容詞后綴) →強(qiáng)有力的

forcefully [?f?rsf?li] adv. 激烈地；強(qiáng)有力地；有說(shuō)服力地 10841

助記：

      force (力量；強(qiáng)力) +ful (形容詞后綴) +ly (副詞性后綴) →強(qiáng)有力地

forcibly [?f??s?bl?] adv. 強(qiáng)制地；用力地；有說(shuō)服力地 13723

助記：

      force (力量；強(qiáng)力) +ible (能夠……的) +ly (副詞性后綴) →強(qiáng)制地；用力地；有說(shuō)服力地

workforce [?w??kf??s] n. 勞動(dòng)力；工人總數(shù)，職工總數(shù) 6718

助記：

      work (工作，勞動(dòng)) +force (力量) → 用于勞動(dòng)的力量→勞動(dòng)力；工人總數(shù)，職工總數(shù)

釋義和用法：

The workforce is the total number of people in a country or region who are physically able to do a job and are available for work. (某一國(guó)家或地區(qū)的) 勞動(dòng)力，勞動(dòng)人口

The workforce is the total number of people who are employed by a particular company. (某公司的) 全體員工，職工總數(shù)

air force [e?(r)f?:s] n. 空軍 14263

釋義和用法：

An air force is the part of a country’s armed forces (武裝力量) that is concerned with fighting in the air. 空軍

reinforce [ri??n?f??s] vt. 加強(qiáng)，加固；補(bǔ)充；強(qiáng)化 3360

助記：

      re (又，再) +in (加入) +force (力量，部隊(duì)) →又注入力量，部隊(duì)→增援，加強(qiáng)

例句：Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.

這些發(fā)現(xiàn)加強(qiáng)了心理學(xué)家的懷疑：無(wú)助的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或感覺(jué)在沮喪中是最有害的因素。

reinforcement [ri??n?f??sm(?)nt] n. 加固；增援；援軍；加強(qiáng) 7639

助記：

      re (又，再) +in (加入) +force (力量，部隊(duì)) +ment (名詞性后綴) →又注入力量，部隊(duì)→增援，加強(qiáng)

enforce [?n?f??s; en-] vt. 強(qiáng)迫，強(qiáng)制；實(shí)施，執(zhí)行 3579

助記：

      en (使動(dòng)詞) +force (力量，效力) →使 (法律等) 生效，實(shí)施

搭配：

      enforce a regulation：實(shí)施/執(zhí)行一個(gè)規(guī)定

例句：However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.

然而，正是我們這些人領(lǐng)薪水去決定發(fā)展，改善和實(shí)施環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，我認(rèn)為，我們必須帶頭。

enforceable [?n?fors?bl] adj. 可實(shí)施的；可執(zhí)行的 19992

助記：

      en (使動(dòng)詞) +force (力量，效力) +able (形容詞性后綴，表示“可以……的，能……的”) → 能夠?qū)嵤┑模軌虍a(chǎn)生效力的，可以執(zhí)行的

enforced [?n?f?rst] adj. 強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的；實(shí)施的 18046

助記：

      en (使動(dòng)詞) +force (力量，效力) +ed (表示動(dòng)作完成的形容詞性后綴) →強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的；實(shí)施的

enforcement [en?f??sm(?)nt] n. 執(zhí)行，實(shí)施；強(qiáng)制 2308

助記：

      en (使動(dòng)詞) +force (力量，效力) +ment (名詞性后綴) → 執(zhí)行，實(shí)施；強(qiáng)制

enforcer [?n?f?rs?] n. 實(shí)施者；強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行者 17650

助記：

      en (使動(dòng)詞) +force (力量，效力) +er (表示人的名詞性后綴) →實(shí)施者；強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行者

fort [f??t] n. 堡壘；要塞；（美）邊界貿(mào)易站 8724

詞源：

Mid-15c., “fortified place, stronghold,” from Old French fort “fort, fortress; strong man,” noun use of adjective meaning “strong, stout, sturdy; hard, severe, difficult; hard to understand; dreadful, terrible; fortified”(10c.), from Latin fortis “strong, mighty; firm, steadfast; brave, spirited,” from Old Latin forctus, which is of unknown etymology. Possibly from PIE root *bhergh- (2) “high, elevated,” with derivatives referring to hills and hillforts, or possibly from *dher- “to hold firmly, support.” Figurative use of hold the fort attested from 1590s.

釋義和用法：

A fort is a strong building or a place with a wall or fence around it where soldiers can stay and be safe from the enemy. 堡壘；要塞；城堡

fortify [?f??t?fa?] vt. 加強(qiáng)；（酒）的酒精含量；增強(qiáng)；設(shè)防于 13155

助記：

      fort (=force：力量) +ify (使動(dòng)詞后綴) →使加強(qiáng)力量→加強(qiáng)；增強(qiáng)

fortified [?f?:tifaid] adj. 加強(qiáng)的 16065

助記：

      fort (力量) +ify (使動(dòng)詞后綴) +ed (表示動(dòng)作完成的形容詞性后綴) →使加強(qiáng)力量的→ 加強(qiáng)的

fortification [?f??t?f??ke??(?)n] n. 加強(qiáng)；設(shè)防；防御工事 18263

助記：

      fort (力量；堡壘；要塞) +ify (使動(dòng)詞后綴) +ic (無(wú)意義) +ation (名詞性后綴) →加強(qiáng)；設(shè)防；防御工事

fortress [?f??tr?s] n. 要塞；堡壘 9309

釋義和用法：

A fortress is a castle or other large strong building, or a well-protected place, which is intended to be difficult for enemies to enter. 堡壘；防御陣地；要塞

助記：

      fort (堡壘；要塞) +ress (名詞性后綴) →要塞；堡壘

fortitude [?f??t?tju?d] n. 剛毅，堅(jiān)毅，不屈不撓 17924

助記：

      fort (力量) +itude (表示狀態(tài)的名詞性后綴) → 表示人有力量的狀態(tài)→剛毅，堅(jiān)毅，不屈不撓

釋義和用法：

If you say that someone has shown fortitude, you admire them for being brave, calm, and uncomplaining when they have experienced something unpleasant or painful. 剛毅；堅(jiān)忍

comfort [?k?mf?t] n. 安慰；舒適；安慰者 vt. 安慰；慰藉 2951

助記：

      com (加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣) +fort (=force：力量；strong：堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)壯) →給你增加力量，變得更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)→安慰，慰藉

釋義和用法：

If you are doing something in comfort, you are physically relaxed and contented, and are not feeling any pain or other unpleasant sensations. 舒適；舒服

If you comfort someone, you make them feel less worried, unhappy, or upset, for example by saying kind things to them. 安慰；撫慰

例句：They had enough money to live in comfort in their old age.

他們有足夠的錢舒舒服服地安度晚年。

His words were of little comfort in the circumstances.

在這種情況下，他的話起不了什么安慰作用。

comforter [?k?mf?t?] n. 安慰者；（美）被子；（英）羊毛圍巾 17068

助記：

      comfort (安慰，慰藉) +er (表示人或物的名詞性后綴) → 安慰者；(美) 被子；(英) 羊毛圍巾

comforting [?k?mf?t??] adj. 安慰的；令人欣慰的 7893

助記：

      comfort (安慰，慰藉) +ing (表示令人……的形容詞性后綴) → 安慰的；令人欣慰的

comfortable [?k?mft?bl] adj. 舒適的，舒服的 1713

助記：

      comfort (舒適，舒服) +able (形容詞性后綴，表示“能夠……的”) →舒適的，舒服的

uncomfortable [?n?k?mf(?)t?b(?)l] adj. 不安的；不舒服的 3674

助記：

      un (否定性前綴) +comfortable (舒適的，舒服的) →不安的；不舒服的

comfortably [?k?mft?bli] adv. 舒服地；安樂(lè)地；充裕地 6998

助記：

      comfortable (舒適的，舒服的) +ly (副詞性后綴) → 舒服地；安樂(lè)地；充裕地

uncomfortably [?n?k?mft?bli] adv. 不舒服地；不安樂(lè)地 13086

助記：

      un (否定性前綴) +comfortably (舒服地；安樂(lè)地) →不舒服地；不安樂(lè)地

discomfort [d?s?k?mf?t] n. 不適，不安；不便之處 6552

助記：

      dis (否定性前綴) +comfort (舒適，舒服) →不適，不安；不便之處

effort [?ef?t] n. 努力；成就 455

助記：

      ef (=ex：出去) +fort (=force：力量) → (花) 出去了力量→ (付出了) 努力；(努力后的) 成就

釋義和用法：

If you make an effort to do something, you try very hard to do it. 努力；氣力；精力

例句：It’s possible that plutocrats (有錢有勢(shì)的人) are expressing solidarity with 

the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory(沒(méi)收性的)tax policies.

有錢有勢(shì)的人表達(dá)要和掙扎的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)團(tuán)結(jié)一致，可能是作為使自己遠(yuǎn)離沒(méi)收性的稅收政策的一部分努力。

釋義和用法：

      the result of an attempt to do sth 努力的結(jié)果；成就

例句：

      I’m afraid this essay is a poor effort.

      我很抱歉，這篇文章寫(xiě)得并不怎么好。

effortless [?ef?tl?s] adj. 容易的；不費(fèi)力氣的 15672

助記：

      effort (努力) +less (否定后綴) → 沒(méi)有付出努力的，不需要付出努力的→容易的；不費(fèi)力氣的

effortlessly [?ef?tlisli] adv. 容易地；不費(fèi)力地 13489

助記：

      effortless (容易的；不費(fèi)力的) +ly (副詞性后綴) →容易地；不費(fèi)力氣地

tribe [tra?b] n. 部落；宗族；一伙；族（指動(dòng)植物的一類） 2971

詞源：

Mid-13c., “one of the twelve divisions of the ancient Hebrews,” from Old French tribu or directly from Latin tribus “one of the three political/ethnic divisions of the original Roman state”(Tites, Ramnes, and Luceres, corresponding, perhaps, to the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans), later, one of the 30 political divisions instituted by Servius Tullius (increased to 35 in 241 B.C.E.), of unknown origin.

釋義和用法：

      Tribe is sometimes used to refer to a group of people of the same race, language, and customs, especially in a developing country. (尤指發(fā)展中國(guó)家的) 部落，部族

短語(yǔ)：

      three-hundred members of the Xhosa tribe

      300 名科薩族人

釋義和用法：

      You can use tribe to refer to a group of people who are all doing the same thing or who all behave in the same way. (從事相同活動(dòng)或行為相同的) 一伙 (人)，一幫 (人) 

短語(yǔ)：

      tribes of talented young people

      一群群才華出眾的年輕人

釋義和用法：

      (biology) a group of related animals or plants (生) (動(dòng)物或植物的) 群，族

短語(yǔ)：

      the cat tribe 貓族

tribal [?tra?b(?)l] adj. 部落的；種族的 4082

助記：

      tribe (部落；種族) +al (形容詞性后綴) →部落的；種族的

tribesman [?tra?bzm?n] n. 部落成員 18807

助記：

      tribes (部落；種族) +man (人) →部落成員

tribute [?tr?bju?t] n. 貢物；頌詞；禮物 5009

詞源：

Mid-14c., “stated sum of money or other valuable consideration paid by one ruler or country to another in acknowledgment of submission or as the price of peace or protection,” from Anglo-French tribute, Old French tribut and directly from Latin tributum “tribute, a stated payment, a thing contributed or paid,” noun use of neuter of tributus, past participle of tribuere “to pay, assign, grant,” also “allot among the tribes or to a tribe,” from tribus (see tribe). Sense of “offering, gift, token” is first recorded 1580s.

助記：

      trib (=give：給) +ute (名詞后綴) →給 (其他人的) 的東西→貢品，禮物

詞根 -trib 表示“給”的含義，是源于單詞“give：給”（g，t 音似，b，v 音似，二者同源）

搭配：

      pay tribute to (考)：歌頌，贊頌

釋義和用法：

A tribute is something that you say, do, or make to show your admiration and respect for someone. 致敬；頌詞；獻(xiàn)禮

例句：The song is a tribute to Roy Orbison.

那首歌是對(duì)羅伊·奧比森的致敬。

He paid tribute to the organising committee.

他贊揚(yáng)了組委會(huì)。

tribunal [tra??bju:n(?)l; tr?-] n.（審理特定案件的）特別法庭，審理委員會(huì) 7275

詞源：

Early 15c., “a judgment seat,” from Old French tribunal “justice seat, judgment seat”(13c.) and directly from Latin tribunal “platform for the seat of magistrates, elevation, embankment,” from tribunus “official in ancient Rome, magistrate,” literally “head of a tribe”(see tribune). Hence, “a court of justice or judicial assembly”(1580s).

釋義和用法：

A tribunal is a special court or committee that is appointed to deal with particular problems. (審理特定案件的) 特別法庭，審理委員會(huì)

例句：His case comes before an industrial tribunal in March.

他的訟案將于3月在勞資法庭受審。

tributary [?tr?bj?t(?)r?] adj. 納貢的；附屬的；輔助的 11725

助記：

      tribute (貢物；頌詞) +ary (形容詞性后綴) → 給別國(guó)納貢的國(guó)家是附屬于別國(guó)的→ 納貢的；附屬的；輔助的

retribution [retr??bju??(?)n] n. 報(bào)應(yīng)；懲罰；報(bào)答；報(bào)償 11933

詞源：

Late 14c., “repayment,” from Old French retribution and directly from Latin retributionem (nominative retributio) “recompense, repayment,” noun of action from past participle stem of retribuere “hand back, repay,” from re- “back”(see re-)+tribuere “to assign, allot”(see tribute). Originally “that which is given in return for past good or evil;” restricted modern use of “evil given for evil done”(1560s) is from day of retribution (1520s), in Christian theology the time of divine reward or punishment.

例句：He didn’t want any further involvement for fear of retribution. 

由于害怕遭到懲罰，他不想進(jìn)一步卷進(jìn)去。

contribute [k?n?tr?bju?t; ?k?ntr?bju?t] vt. 捐獻(xiàn)；貢獻(xiàn)，出力；投稿 1319

助記：

      con (共同) +trib (=give：給) +ute (=ate：東西后綴) →共同給，大家都給→貢獻(xiàn)

搭配：

      contribute A to B (考)：將A貢獻(xiàn)給B

      A contribute to B (考)：A 有助于B

例句：

      Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

      生孩子對(duì)明星媽媽的魅力幾乎沒(méi)有幫助。

仿寫(xiě)例句：

      有些人認(rèn)為好名字對(duì)一個(gè)人的成功毫無(wú)幫助。

      Some argue that having a good name contributes little to the person’s success.

contribution [k?ntr??bju??(?)n] n. 貢獻(xiàn)；捐獻(xiàn)；投稿 1789

助記：

      contribute (捐獻(xiàn)；貢獻(xiàn)，出力；投稿) +ion (名詞性后綴) →貢獻(xiàn)；捐獻(xiàn)；投稿

contributing [?k?ntr?bju?t??] adj. 起作用的；貢獻(xiàn)的 10974

助記：

      contribute (捐獻(xiàn)；貢獻(xiàn)，出力) +ing (形容詞性后綴) →起作用的；貢獻(xiàn)的

contributor [k?n?tr?bj?t?] n. 貢獻(xiàn)者；投稿者；捐助者 4912

助記：

      contribute (捐獻(xiàn)；貢獻(xiàn)；投稿) +or (表示人的名詞性后綴) →貢獻(xiàn)者；投稿者；捐助者

attribute [??tr?bju:t] vt. 把……歸因于 3377

助記：

      at (加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣) +trib (=give：給) +ute (=ate：動(dòng)詞后綴)：→歸因于，歸功于 (把功勞“歸因于”你即把功勞“歸給”你) 

搭配：

      attribute to (考)：歸因于，歸功于

例句：Their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.

他們的成功沒(méi)有歸因于能力，而是歸因于像運(yùn)氣等因素。

寫(xiě)作例句：幾乎沒(méi)有人會(huì)把失敗歸因于自身，大部分人都只是在抱怨運(yùn)氣不好。成功之路就在于承認(rèn)失敗并把它當(dāng)做前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。

Few would attribute/ascribe/credit the failure to himself and most people are just complaining/grumbling/moaning/crabbing/groaning that they are not fortunate enough. The way to success is to acknowledge/confess/admit your failure and treat it as the driving force for progress.

當(dāng)各行各業(yè)的杰出企業(yè)家談?wù)摰绞裁磳?duì)他們的成功最重要時(shí)，他們更愿意把成功歸因于命運(yùn)和努力，而不是天賦。

When outstanding/eminent/distinguished/famous entrepreneurs of all pursuits/ of all walks/ of all areas talk about what was vital/critical/essential to their success, they’d rather attribute their success to fortune and hard work than talent. (would rather do A than B：比起B(yǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)，更愿意做A) 

When outstanding/eminent/distinguished/famous entrepreneurs in any domain talk about what was crucial to their success, they prefer to ascribe/credit their success to fortune and hard work rather than talent. (prefer to do A rather than do B：比起B(yǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)，更愿意做A) 

attribute [?atr?bju:t] n.（人或物的）品質(zhì)，特征 5470

釋義和用法：

An attribute is a quality or feature that someone or something has. (人或物的) 品質(zhì)，特征

例句：Cruelty is a normal attribute of human behaviour.

殘忍是人的天性之一。

He has every attribute you could want and could play for any team.

他具備你想要的所有品質(zhì)，放在哪個(gè)隊(duì)都行。

attribution [??tr??bju???n] n. 歸因；屬性；歸屬 8031

助記：

      attribute (把……歸因于) +ion (名詞性后綴) → 歸因；屬性；歸屬

例句：There’s usually a lot of attribution of evil intent to those who have different views.

那些持異議者通常多被認(rèn)為心懷邪念。

Attribution of her success solely to wealth is not fair.

認(rèn)為她的成功完全是因?yàn)橛胸?cái)富是不公平的.

attributable [??tr?bj?t?bl] adj. 可歸于……的；可歸屬的 10998

助記：

      attribute (把……歸因于) +able (能夠……的形容詞性后綴) → 可歸于……的；可歸屬的

distribute [d??str?bju:t; ?d?str?bju:t] vt. 分發(fā)；分配；散，播 2968

助記：

      dis (分開(kāi)) +trib (=give：給) +ute (動(dòng)詞后綴) →分開(kāi)給→分配，分發(fā)，分開(kāi)

搭配：

      evenly distributed (考)：平均分配

釋義和用法：

If you distribute things, you hand them or deliver them to a number of people. 分發(fā)；分配；分送

例句：Students shouted slogans and distributed leaflets.

學(xué)生們喊著口號(hào)，分發(fā)著傳單。

Thousands of soldiers are working to distribute food and blankets to the refugees.

數(shù)以千計(jì)的士兵正在給難民們分發(fā)食物和毯子。

釋義和用法：

      If you distribute things among the members of a group, you share them among those members. (在成員中) 分配，分派

例句：

      Immediately after his election he began to distribute major offices among his friends and supporters.

      他當(dāng)選后立即著手將要職分派給他的朋友和支持者們。

釋義和用法：

      To distribute a substance over something means to scatter it over it. 撒；播

例句：

      Distribute the topping evenly over the fruit.

      將配料均勻地撒在水果上。

distribution [d?str??bju??(?)n] n. 分配；分布；撒，播 2394

助記：

      distribute (分發(fā)；分配) +ion (名詞性后綴) →分配；分布

搭配：

      distribution of wealth (考)：財(cái)富分配

例句：No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.

不，他們真正擔(dān)心的是，由于收入分配不均和經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定，繼續(xù)支持全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的政治挑戰(zhàn)在美國(guó)的處境將會(huì)更加艱難。

distributor [d??str?bj?t?] n. 經(jīng)銷商；分配者；散布者；[電工]配電盤(pán)；[計(jì)]分配器 7581

助記：

      distribute (分發(fā)；分配) +or (表示人或物的名詞性后綴) → 經(jīng)銷商；分配者；散布者；[電工]配電盤(pán)；[計(jì)]分配器

distributed [d??str?bj?t?d] adj. 分布式的，分散式的 17641

助記：

      distribute (分發(fā)；分配) +ed (形容詞性后綴) →分布式的，分散式的

redistribute [?ri?d??str?bju?t; ri??d?s-] vt. 重新分配，再分配 15853

助記：

      re (再，又) +distribute (分發(fā)；分配) → 重新分配,再分配

redistribution [?ri?d?str??bj???n] n. 重新分配 14199

助記：

      redistribute (重新分配) +ion (名詞性后綴) → 重新分配，再分配