六、詞根 -pens，-(s)pend，-(s)pon 表示“pay：付錢(qián)；hang：懸掛”

spend [spend] vt. 花費(fèi)；度過(guò)，消磨（時(shí)光）；用盡；浪費(fèi) 343

spender [?spend?] n. 揮金如土的人；揮霍者；用錢(qián)的人 19858

spending [?spend??] n. 開(kāi)銷(xiāo)；花費(fèi) 2358

spent [spent] adj. 耗盡了的；精疲力盡的 14463

expense [?k?spens; ek-] n. 開(kāi)支；消費(fèi)；損失，代價(jià) 2156

助記：

      ex (向外，出去) +pens (錢(qián)，付錢(qián)) +e→付出去的錢(qián)→花費(fèi)，開(kāi)支

搭配：

      at the expense of (考)：以……為代價(jià)

寫(xiě)作例句：

      以丟失誠(chéng)信為代價(jià)來(lái)賺錢(qián)的做法是不可取的。

      1. The practice of making money at the expense of losing credit is not advisable/favorable/preferable/agreeable.

      2. It is not advisable/favorable/preferable/agreeable to make a profit at the expense of abandoning honesty and integrity.

expenditure [?k?spend?t??; ek-] n. 支出，花費(fèi)；經(jīng)費(fèi)，消費(fèi)額 5240

助記：

      ex (出去) +pend (錢(qián)) +iture (=ite+ure復(fù)合名詞后綴) →花出去的錢(qián)→開(kāi)支，支付

搭配：

      public expenditure (考)：公共開(kāi)支

expend [?k?spend; ek-] vt. 花費(fèi)；用光；消耗；耗盡 10905

expendable [?k?spend?b(?)l] adj. 可消費(fèi)的；排出的；不重復(fù)使用的；可犧牲的 19381

expensive [?k?spens?v] adj. 昂貴的；花錢(qián)的 1674

inexpensive [?n?k?spens?v; ?nek-] adj. 便宜的 5911

pension [?pen?(?)n] n. 津貼；退休金，撫恤金；膳宿費(fèi) 3818

助記：

      pens (錢(qián)) +ion (名詞后綴) →養(yǎng)老金，撫恤金 (即：“養(yǎng)老金，撫恤金”指的都是“錢(qián)”) 

搭配：

      pension arrangement (考)：退休金安排，撫恤金安排

compensate [?k?mpense?t] vi. 補(bǔ)償，賠償；抵消 5099

助記：

      com (共同，大家) +pens (錢(qián)) +ate (使動(dòng)詞) →使錢(qián)發(fā)給大家→補(bǔ)償，賠償

搭配：

      compensate sb. for sth (考)：為……補(bǔ)償某人

compensation [k?mpen?se??(?)n] n. 補(bǔ)償；賠償金；報(bào)酬 3833

compensatory [k?mpen?se?t?r?] adj. 補(bǔ)償?shù)模r償?shù)?14755

dispense [d??spens] vt. 分配，分發(fā)；執(zhí)行；免除 8502

助記：

      dis (分開(kāi)) +pens (錢(qián)) +e→ 把錢(qián)分給不同的人→分配，分發(fā)

      dis (表相反) +pens (錢(qián)) +e→不需要花錢(qián)→免除，免掉

搭配：

      dispense with (考)：免除，省掉

例句：

      It has enabled the company to dispense with its business premises altogether, following the realization that it just didn’t need them any more.

      在了解到 (遠(yuǎn)程辦公) 再也不需要辦公場(chǎng)所之后，該公司完全免去了商用辦公場(chǎng)所的開(kāi)支。

dispenser [d??spens?] n. 自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)；自動(dòng)分發(fā)器；分發(fā)著；分配者 16538

indispensable [?nd??spens?b(?)l] adj. 不可缺少的；絕對(duì)必要的 9151

助記：

      in (表否定) +dispens (分開(kāi)) +able (可以，能的) →不能分開(kāi)的→必不可少的，不可或缺的

搭配：

      be indispensable to sth (考)：對(duì)……而言是不可或缺的

（寫(xiě)作，閱讀）例句：

      眾所周知，堅(jiān)持是成功的必要條件。

      It is well-known that persistence is the indispensable condition for success.

dispensable [d??sp?ns?b?l] adj. 可有可無(wú)的；非必要的 7489

sponsor [?sp?ns?] n. 保證人；贊助者；主辦者 3484

助記：

      s (加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣) +pon (錢(qián)，付錢(qián)) +or (表人) →付錢(qián)的人，出錢(qián)的人→贊助商；贊助 (v.) 

搭配：

      sponsor trade fairs (考)：贊助貿(mào)易展銷(xiāo)會(huì)

      corporate sponsors (考)：企業(yè)贊助商

sponsored [?sp?ns?d] adj. (活動(dòng)或比賽)為慈善籌款而發(fā)起的 15656

sponsorship [?sp?ns???p] n. 保證人的地位；發(fā)起；贊助；教父母身份 9495

fee [fi:] n. 費(fèi)用，酬金 12711

助記：

      諧音“費(fèi)”→費(fèi)用，小費(fèi)，酬金

搭配：

      admission fee (考)：入場(chǎng)費(fèi)，學(xué)費(fèi)

monetary [?m?nit?ri] adj. 錢(qián)的，貨幣的，金融的 7055

助記：

      mone (=money：錢(qián)) +t (無(wú)意義) +ary (形容詞后綴) →錢(qián)的，貨幣的，金融的

詞根“-pend，-pens”除了表示“錢(qián)”外，還可以表示“掛，懸”

depend [d??pend] vi. 依賴(lài)，依靠；相信，信賴(lài)；取決于 1483

助記：

      de (下) +pend (掛) →掛靠在……之下→依賴(lài)，依靠

dependent [d??p?nd?nt] adj. 依靠的；從屬的；取決于……的 3231

dependable [d??pend?b(?)l] adj. 可靠的，可信賴(lài)的；可信任的 13277

dependence [d??pend(?)ns] n. 依靠；依賴(lài)；信賴(lài)；信任 5899

interdependence [??nt?d??pend?ns] n. 互相依賴(lài) 12463

interdependent [?nt?d??pend?nt] adj. 相互依賴(lài)的；互助的 15278

dependency [d??pend(?)ns?] n. 從屬；從屬物；屬?lài)?guó)；依賴(lài) 8008

釋義和用法：

      A dependency is a country which is controlled by another country. 附屬?lài)?guó)

      You talk about someone’s dependency when they have a deep emotional, physical, or financial need for a particular person or thing, especially one that you consider excessive or undesirable.

      某人的依賴(lài)/癮/癖指的是對(duì)某人或某物有著深層次的精神、身體或者資金上的需要，尤其被認(rèn)為是過(guò)度的或不想要的。

depending [di?pendi?] v. 依賴(lài)；信任（depend的ing形式） 2995

independent [??nd??pend?nt] adj. 獨(dú)立的；單獨(dú)的；不受約束的；無(wú)黨派的 1271

助記：

      in (表否定) +dependent (依賴(lài)的) →不依賴(lài)的→獨(dú)立的

搭配：

      depend on/upon (考)：依賴(lài)……

      be dependent on/upon sb/sth (考)：依賴(lài)某人/某物

      Declaration of Independence (考)：《獨(dú)立宣言》

（寫(xiě)作，閱讀）重點(diǎn)：“依賴(lài)，依靠”的表達(dá)方式：

      depend on/ rely on/ be dependant on/ live on one’s own/lean on

寫(xiě)作例句：

      我們以前習(xí)慣于依靠父母和老師，現(xiàn)在我們要依靠自己。

      We have been used to depending upon/relying on/leaning on our parents and teacher, now we have to be dependant on ourselves/live on our own.

      —How long does a jacket like this last me?

      —It all depends on how often you wear it. (這要看你多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間穿一次).

      The future prosperity of a nation depends largely on/to a large extent, the future prosperity of a country relies on (一個(gè)國(guó)家未來(lái)的繁榮在很大程度上有賴(lài)于) the quality of education of its people.

      Human behavior is mostly a product of learning， (而動(dòng)物的行為主要依靠本能) while animal behavior depends largely/mainly on their instinct.

independently [??nd??pend(?)ntl?] adv. 獨(dú)立地；自立地 5729

independence [?nd??pend(?)ns] n. 獨(dú)立性，自立性；自主 2311

suspend [s??spend] vt. 延緩，推遲；使暫停；使懸浮 vi. 懸浮 3812

助記：

      sus (=sub：下) +pend (掛) →暫時(shí)掛 (懸) 一下→暫停；懸掛；使有懸念

搭配：

      suspend oil export (考)：暫停石油出口

例句：

      The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.

      本周，當(dāng)伊拉克暫停了石油出口的時(shí)候，油價(jià)被又一次推高了。

考題：

      Its parent company, the New York Times Company, has 15 papers, but a loss of $70 million in the nine months to September and recently accepted a $250 million loan from a Mexican billionaire, Carlos Slim, to strengthen its balance sheet.

      A．targeted B．suspended C．suffered D．tolerated

解析：

      原文翻譯“它的總公司紐約時(shí)報(bào)公司經(jīng)營(yíng)著15種報(bào)紙，但到9月份為止的9個(gè)月中，已經(jīng)遭受了7000萬(wàn)美元的損失”，故選C；A：瞄準(zhǔn)，目標(biāo)是；B：中止，吊銷(xiāo)；D：忍受

suspended [s??spendid] adj. 懸浮的；暫停的，緩期的（宣判） 10175

suspenders [s??sp?nd?z] n. 吊褲帶；褲子背帶（suspender的復(fù)數(shù)） 19485

suspense [s??spens] n. 懸念；焦慮；懸疑；懸而不決 12422

suspension [s??spen?(?)n] n. 暫停；懸??；停職 5095

penal [?pi:n(?)l] adj. 刑事的；刑罰的 14196

penalize [?pi:n?la?z] vt. 處罰；處刑；使不利 11597

penalty [?pen(?)lt?] n. 處罰；罰款，罰金 2703

助記：

      pen (=-pen=fine：罰款，懲罰) +alty (=al+ty：復(fù)合名詞后綴) →懲罰，處罰，罰金

搭配：

      death penalty (考)：死刑

punish [?p?n??] vt. 嚴(yán)厲對(duì)待；懲罰；[口]貪婪地吃喝 3897

助記：

      pun (= - pen：罰款) +ish (動(dòng)詞后綴) →罰款，懲罰

寫(xiě)作例句：

      那些不遵循交通法規(guī)，酒后駕車(chē)的人最終都會(huì)受到懲罰。

      Those who do not follow/abide by the traffic laws and drive a car after drinking will be ultimately/finally punished.

punishing [?p?n????] adj. 打擊沉重的；嚴(yán)厲的；精疲力盡的 15043

punishment [?p?n??m(?)nt] n. 懲罰；嚴(yán)厲對(duì)待，虐待 3135

penance [?pen?ns] vt. 使……以苦行贖罪 17414

釋義和用法：

      If you do penance for something wrong that you have done, you do something that you find unpleasant to show that you are sorry. 贖罪；悔罪；懺悔

高難度詞匯：

append [??pend] v. 附加；添加 72

助記：

      ap (=to：去) +pend (掛，懸) → 附加；附屬

釋義和用法：When you append something to something else, especially a piece of writing, you attach it or add it to the end of it. 附加；添加附件

appendage [??pend?d?] n. 附屬物；附加物 16265

助記：

      append (添加) +age (名詞后綴) → 附加物；附件 (attachment) 

釋義和用法：An appendage is something that is joined to or connected with something larger or more important. 附件；附屬物

appendix [??pend?ks] n. 闌尾；附錄 14423

釋義和用法：

      1. Your appendix is a small closed tube inside your body that is attached to your digestive system. 闌尾

      2. An appendix to a book is extra information that is placed after the end of the main text. 附錄

compendium [k?m?pend??m] n. 綱要；概略；匯編 19147

助記：

      com (共同，一起) +pend (懸，掛) +ium (名詞后綴) → (主要信息，圖片等) 掛在一起，放在一起→綱要；概要；匯編

釋義和用法：A compendium is a short but detailed collection of information, usually in a book. 匯編，概要

impend v. 懸在頭上；馬上要發(fā)生（命懸一線） 3

impending [?m?pend??] adj. 即將發(fā)生的；命懸一線的；迫切的 8475

An impending event is one that is going to happen very soon. 即將發(fā)生的pendant [?pend(?)nt] n. 懸掛物；吊墜 13757

助記：

      pend (懸，掛) +ant (名詞后綴) →懸掛物；吊墜

pending [?pend??] adj. 待處理的；未決定的；懸而未決的 12636

助記：

      pend (懸) +ing (形容詞后綴) →還沒(méi)有處理的；決定的；懸著的；懸而未決的

釋義和用法：If something such as a legal procedure is pending, it is waiting to be dealt with or settled. 待處理的

pendulum [?pendj?l?m] n. 鐘擺；搖錘；搖擺不定的事態(tài) 12948

助記：

      pend (懸，掛) +ul (連字符) +um (名詞后綴) →鐘擺；搖擺不定的事情

釋義和用法：The pendulum of a clock is a rod (桿) with a weight at the end which swings (搖擺) from side to side in order to make the clock work. 鐘擺

pendular [?p?ndj?l?] adj. 擺動(dòng)的；鐘表式的；搖擺的 6

pendulous [?pendj?l?s] adj. 松垂的 145

助記：

      pend (懸，掛，垂) +ul (鏈接符號(hào)) +ous (大，多) →松垂的；松弛的

釋義和用法：Something that is pendulous hangs downward and moves loosely, usually in an unattractive way. 懸垂擺動(dòng)的；松垂的

pensive [?pens?v] adj. 沉思的，憂郁的；悲傷的，哀愁的 19636

助記：

      pens (垂) +ive (形容詞后綴) →思考的；沉思的；悲傷的；憂郁的

釋義和用法：If you are pensive, you are thinking deeply about something, especially something that worries you slightly. 沉思的，憂郁的

penthouse [?pentha?s] n. 閣樓；頂層公寓，屋頂房間 15080

助記：

      pent (懸，掛) +house (房子) →頂樓；閣樓；頂層 (豪華) 公寓

釋義和用法：A penthouse or a penthouse apartment or suite (套房) is a luxurious apartment or set of rooms at the top of a tall building. 頂層豪華公寓；頂層豪華套間

詞源：

Pendize, early 14c., from Anglo-French pentiz, a shortening of Old French apentis “attached building, appendage,” from Medieval Latin appendicium, from Latin appendere “to hang”(see append). Modern spelling is from c. 1530, by folk etymology influence of Middle French pente “slope,” and English house (the meaning at that time was “attached building with a sloping roof or awning”). Originally a simple structure (Middle English homilies describe Jesus’ birthplace in the manger as a “penthouse”); meaning “apartment or small house built on the roof of a skyscraper” first recorded 1921, from which time dates its association with luxury.

perpendicular [?p?:p(?)n?d?kj?l?] adj. 垂直的；直立的；陡峭的 14364

助記：

      per (徹底) +pend (垂) +icular (復(fù)合形容詞后綴) →垂直的；直立的；陡峭的

釋義和用法：A perpendicular line or surface points straight up, rather than being sloping or horizontal. 垂直的

propensity [pr??pens?t?] n.（自然；先天的）傾向，習(xí)性；癖好，偏愛(ài) 11188

釋義和用法：A propensity to do something or a propensity for something is a natural tendency to behave in a particular way. (行為) 傾向

助記：

      pro (向前) +pens (懸，掛) +ity (名詞) →偏愛(ài)；癖好；傾向

penchant [?pent??nt] n. 嗜好；傾向 11728

助記：

      pench (懸，掛) +ant→掛在心理的東西 (即：喜愛(ài)，在意的東西) →嗜好；傾向

釋義和用法：If someone has a penchant for something, they have a special liking for it or a tendency (傾向) to do it. 特別的喜好

spider [?spa?d?] n. 蜘蛛 5627

助記s (加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣) +pid (=pend：掛) +er (物) ；另外spid在模仿單詞spin：織；織布；→一種掛著可以織網(wǎng)的動(dòng)物→蜘蛛