主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系

分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

今天給同學(xué)們總結(jié)歸納了

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法和高頻考點(diǎn)

認(rèn)真來(lái)學(xué)吧

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。譯成漢語(yǔ)，往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。

She closed the door. （主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）她關(guān)了門。

The door was closed by her.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）門被她關(guān)上了。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：由“be+及物動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成（+by）”構(gòu)成。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只需要改變be的形式，過(guò)去分詞部分不變。疑問(wèn)句和否定句同樣如此。

肯定句：主語(yǔ)+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+（by）

The cake was eaten by Lily.

The cake wasn’t eaten byLily.

一般疑問(wèn)句：Be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by）？

Was the cake eaten by Lily?

特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by）?

What was eaten by Lily?

不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by短語(yǔ)。

The old bridge was built many years ago.這座古橋是許多年前建造的。

They have been poorly paid.他們的工資太低。

突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

Your plan is considered to be the best.你的計(jì)劃被認(rèn)為是最好的。

These books are written especially for children.這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“這些書”)

動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是無(wú)生命的事物，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整個(gè)村莊都被洪水沖走了。

Once a promise is made, it shouldn’t be broken.諾言一旦許下，就不能違背。

一、變化步驟：

（1）將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，如果主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是代詞，需變?yōu)橹鞲瘛?br>

（2）將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為“be+過(guò)去分詞”，be與新主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)一致，時(shí)態(tài)不變

（3）將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)前加by放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后，如果原主語(yǔ)是代詞，需要變?yōu)橘e格。

主動(dòng)句：They held a meeting yesterday.他們昨天開會(huì)了。

變被動(dòng)句：A meeting was held (by them) yesterday.昨天舉行了一個(gè)會(huì)議。

口訣：賓變主，主變賓，謂變be done, 時(shí)不變，數(shù)格必須隨被變。

二、特殊情況，需注意：

（1）主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)如果是people，we，you，they，somebody等含糊地表示“人們”、“大家”等，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，通常刪除“by…“，除需強(qiáng)調(diào)原主語(yǔ)外。

They builtthisbuildingin 1995.這所建筑于1995年建造。

→This building wasbuilt in1995.

Onlyhe canfinish the job.這項(xiàng)工作只能由他來(lái)完成。

→The job can be finished onlyby him.

（2）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中若有雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子

Vivian told us the truth.雙賓語(yǔ)（us是間賓， truth是直賓）

→We were told the truthbyVivian.間接賓語(yǔ)提前

→Thetruthwastold(to) us by Vivian.直接賓語(yǔ)提前

部分直接賓語(yǔ)提前時(shí)，前需加介詞。動(dòng)詞make/buy/get用for; 動(dòng)詞give/send/lend/take用to。

三、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)為感使動(dòng)詞，含有賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子，變成被動(dòng)句后，原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。注意，不帶to的不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)需要加上to。

口訣：“感使動(dòng)詞”(feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, look at)真奇怪，主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“to”走開，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)又請(qǐng)來(lái)，十個(gè)動(dòng)詞要記牢，不會(huì)被它再難倒。

I heard Ann sing the song just now.我剛才聽見安唱這首歌了。

→Annwasheard to sing the song just now.

We saw him play football on the playground.我們看見他在操場(chǎng)上打籃球。

→He was seen to play football on the playground.

四、含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句，通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語(yǔ)，把賓語(yǔ)從句后置。

We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.我們決定這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃必須馬上實(shí)施。

→It has been determined that theplan should be carried out soon.

五、雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：當(dāng)某人或物成為兩次動(dòng)作的承受者

Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.

→The children are often asked to dotoo much homework.

→Too much homework is oftenasked to be done by the children.

1、部分連系動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意，如：look，feel，smell，sound，prove等，

The flower smells sweet.這些花聞起來(lái)很香。

Mary proves very nice and patient.瑪麗被證明很溫和，有耐心。

2、有些動(dòng)詞當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行情況時(shí), 有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；當(dāng)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在”品質(zhì)“或”性能“時(shí)，用作不及物動(dòng)詞，無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：lock，shut，close，open，move，read，write，smell，wash，clean，draw，cut，translate，burn，run，ride，begin，end，operate等。

This article translate hard.這篇文章很難翻譯。

The door won’t shut.這個(gè)門關(guān)不上。

The computerswere sold out,because theysell well.電腦被賣光了，因?yàn)樗鼈冑u得好。

The clothwashes easily.這布很好洗。

3、某些動(dòng)詞在句型”主+謂+主補(bǔ)“時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)，如wear，blow，prove等。

The window blew open.窗戶吹開了。

4、不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如happen，cost，take，have（有），own，possess，want（缺乏）。

An accident happened yesterday.昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。

One should possess courage, determination and wisdom.人要擁有勇氣、決心和智慧。

5、”動(dòng)詞+反身代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)與”be+過(guò)去分詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，這些短語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動(dòng)意義。

seat oneself：就坐

dress oneself：穿衣

amuse oneself：自?shī)首詷?lè)

lose oneself：迷路

prepare oneself for：做好心理準(zhǔn)備

concern oneself about：擔(dān)心

They were seated in the front of the hall.他們?cè)诖髲d前部就坐。

He was concernd about his work.他擔(dān)心他的工作。

All my students are well prepared for the test.我的學(xué)生都為考試做好了準(zhǔn)備。

His mother is dressed in white at the party.他的媽媽在宴會(huì)上穿著白色衣服。

1）現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)特別是口語(yǔ)中常用”get + 過(guò)去分詞“表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2）”get +過(guò)去分詞“只表示動(dòng)作，而“be+過(guò)去分詞”既可表動(dòng)作，也可表狀態(tài)。

They have been married for ages.他們結(jié)婚多年了。

They got married last month.他們上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。

3）經(jīng)過(guò)安排、考慮的動(dòng)作用“be+過(guò)去分詞”；出乎意料時(shí)用“get+過(guò)去分詞”、

How did the painting get damaged?這幅畫怎么被損壞的？

4）“be+過(guò)去分詞”是單純的被動(dòng)意義，而“get+過(guò)去分詞”可以暗示主語(yǔ)對(duì)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生有一定的責(zé)任，含有某種主動(dòng)意味。

His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.雖然他們盡了全力，他的隊(duì)伍還是輸了。

7、在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

If lamgiven enough time, I will do it better.給我足夠的時(shí)間，我會(huì)做得更好。

8、固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞或副詞在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不可省去。

Such a bad habitshould be got rid of.這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。（of 不可以省去的）

9、在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)和形容詞 enough to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

The problem is too difficult to work out.

10、Itis said/ reported/ supposed/ hoped/ well known/ generally considered/ suggested/believed…+從句，表示據(jù)說(shuō)/據(jù)報(bào)道/據(jù)推測(cè)/希望/眾所周知/普遍認(rèn)為/有人建議/據(jù)信……

此句型可變成：sb. + be said/ reported/ believed… +不定式。

如果原來(lái)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作已完成，不定式用完成式；如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作是經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或還沒(méi)有完成，用不定式的一般式。

It is said that James is an expert on DNA.人們說(shuō)詹姆斯是個(gè)DNA專家。

→ James is said to be an expert on DNA.

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.據(jù)說(shuō)這個(gè)男孩已經(jīng)通過(guò)了這次全國(guó)性的測(cè)試。

→The boy is said to have passed the national exam.

11、幾個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用習(xí)慣用法：

We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory.我們決定建立一個(gè)生態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

My time was interested in fine arts.我對(duì)美術(shù)非常感興趣。

Where was your grandfather born?你祖父的出生地是哪里？

I was graduated from that university ten years ago.我十年前從那所大學(xué)畢業(yè)。

My hometown is situated in the south of China.我的家鄉(xiāng)在中國(guó)南部。

I.單項(xiàng)選擇

1.In the spoken Englis ofsome areas in the US, the ’r’ sounds atthe end ofthewords______.

A.aredroppedB.dropC.are being dropped D.have dropped

2.Experiments of this kind______ in both the U.S.andEuropewell beforethe SecondWorld War.

A.have conducted B.have been conducted C.had conducted D.had been conducted

3.He______ somepieces of advice, but he______ to them.

A.gave, didn’t listenB.was given, wasn’t listened C.give, wasn’t listenedD.was given, didn’t listen

4.Thiscoastal area______ a nationalwildlife reserve last year.

A.was namedB.namedC.is namedD.names

5.A lot of tall buildings______ in his hometown in the last three years.

A.have set up B.have been set up C.wereset up D.set up

6.They______printing 500 copies by the end of last month.

A.had finished B.have finished C.hadbeen finished D.have been finished

7.Great changes______ place. Many new schools______.

A.have taken, have been opened B.take, are open C.aretaken, openD.have been taken, are opened

8.We can’tuse the bridge now, because it______.

A.has been repairedB.is repairing C.is repaired D.is being repaired

9.I______ the way to the railway stationby apoliceman.

A.wasshown B.showedC.have shownD.was showing

10.The waw the old soldier remembers very well______ in 1941.

A.broke out B.had been broken out C.was broken D.hadbroken out

11.When water______, it will be changed into vapour.

A.is heatedB.heating C.has heatedD.heats

12.We can’t enter the room because its door______, butyou couldn’t lock it atall before.

A.lockedB.locks C.is locked D.is locking

13.They______ day and night, so they had no time to staywith their families.

A.are made work B.are made to work C.made to be worked D.are making to work

14.Man-made satellites______ into space by many countries.

A.was sent up B.is sent upC.have been sent up D.has been sent up

15.When______ the People’s Republic ofChina______?

A.was, found B.was, foundedC.did, found D.does, found

16.A strang thing______in our school yesterday.

A.was happened B.has been happenedC.happenedD.was going to happen

17.He will stop showing off, if no notic______of him.

A.is takenB.will be takenC.takes D.has taken

18.It issaid that another new car factory______ now.

Yeah. It______ one and a half years.

A.is building; is taken B.is beingbuilt;will take C.is built D.is being built; takes

19.I know MrBrown;we______ to eachother at an international conference.

A.are introduced B.have been introduced C.were introducedD.had been introduced

20.I______ to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.

Why don’tyou haveadress made for the party?

A.was askedB.will ask C.have asked D.have been asked

21.What do you think of this kind of TV set, which______ in Shanghai?

Well, I don’t care such things.

A.was made B.is made C.has been made D.had been made

22.The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They______ toolong.

A.had been cooked B.were cooked C.had cooked D.cooked

23.I want to buy that kind of cloth because I______ the cloth______ well.

A.have told;washes B.have been told; washes C.was told; washed D.have been told; is washed

24.In some parts of the world, tea______ with milk and sugar.

A.is servingB.is served C.serves D.served

25.The new dictionaries are very useful.They______ well and______ already.

A.sell, have been sold out B.sold, had sold out C.sell, sell out D.are sold, have been sold out

26.Thetrain______ arrives at 11:30, but itwas an hour late.

A.was about to B.was likely to C.was supposed to D.was proved to

27.The teachertold his students that they______tobe useful men to the country.

A.were all expectedB.were all expecting C.all were expected D.all expected

28.Why didyouleavethat position?

I______ abetter position at IBM.

A.offer B.offeredC.am offered D.was offered

29.The policeman’s attentionwas suddenly caught by a small box which______ placed under the Minster’s car.

A.has been B.was being C.had been D.would be

30.The hero’s sory______ differently in the newspapers.

A.was reported B.was reporting C.reports D.reported

I saw the boy run yesterday.

2.He told me that he would come back soon.

3.You can find a lot ofdifferences between the two languages.

4.Do you water your flowersevery day?

5.The wind blew down the big tree last night.

6.I thinkthathe is right.

7.He had not thrown the bad food.

8.Mother was not mending the trousers.

9.The wouldnot takehimto Beijing.

10.Nobody knew me in this town at thattime.

I單項(xiàng)選擇

1.A。句子是有關(guān)美語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的，是經(jīng)常性的狀態(tài)，且這個(gè)音節(jié)是人為漏掉的，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2.D。實(shí)驗(yàn)（experiments）和動(dòng)詞conduct（實(shí)施）是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而且是在“before the Second World War”進(jìn)行的，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以選D。

3.D。give接雙賓語(yǔ)，“他”應(yīng)被給一些建議，排除A、C；“他”聽從建議，是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選D。

4.A。句意：這個(gè)沿海地區(qū)去年被命名為國(guó)家級(jí)野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)。

5.B。in the last three years在過(guò)去三年里，一般與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，“建筑物”與“set up”是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用B。

6.A。by the end of last month到上個(gè)月末為止，一般要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“They“是”finish“的執(zhí)行者，所以選A。

7.A。take place發(fā)生，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；”school“是”被開設(shè)（open）“的，而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有了變化，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果，因此選A。

8.D。橋現(xiàn)在不能使用，應(yīng)該是正在被修理。

9.A。警察給”我“指路，”我“與”指路“是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

10.A。break out爆發(fā)，是不可數(shù)名詞，不用被語(yǔ)態(tài)；過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的事，要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

11.A?！彼笆侨思訜岬模允潜粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

12.C。門是被鎖的，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。注意lock也有不及物動(dòng)詞的用法，表示主語(yǔ)的特征，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：The door won’t lock.這個(gè)門鎖不上。

13.B。make sb. do sth.使某人做某事，變成被動(dòng)句后要把do前省略的to加上。They與動(dòng)詞work是主動(dòng)的，因此要用不定式的主動(dòng)式。

14.C。句意：許多國(guó)家都發(fā)射了人造衛(wèi)星。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，衛(wèi)星是被發(fā)射的，因此用C。

15.B。found動(dòng)詞（原形），意為”建立“，過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞是founded。

16.C。happen是不及物動(dòng)詞，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

17.A。如主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。又因if從句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，是短語(yǔ)”take no notice of…（不注意）“中的notice（take的賓語(yǔ)）提前做了主語(yǔ)，故選A。句意：如果不注意他，他就不會(huì)賣弄了。

18.B。根據(jù)主語(yǔ)與build之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系和now，可知要選現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；因工廠正在修建，花費(fèi)一年半應(yīng)指將來(lái)。

19.C。在一個(gè)國(guó)際會(huì)議上”被介紹“顯然發(fā)生在過(guò)去。

20.D。由but分句中的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和答語(yǔ)所提建議內(nèi)容，可知應(yīng)選現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

21.B。這種電視產(chǎn)于上海是客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

22.A。cook發(fā)生在didn’t taste very good之前，且與主語(yǔ)之間有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

23.B。動(dòng)詞wash，lock，sell，wear，write，read，open，shut，clean等動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)是物，且又表示主語(yǔ)的特征下狀態(tài)時(shí)，要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。tell與I是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示”別人告訴我“。wash well好洗。

24.B。茶是被”端上/提供“的，而且說(shuō)的是一個(gè)事實(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

25.A。第一空解析見23；sell out賣光，與書是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，從第一句的時(shí)態(tài)可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

26.C。be supposed to應(yīng)該；be about to do正要做，一般不與具體時(shí)間連用；be likely to do可能做。

27.A。句意：老師告訴他的學(xué)生他們被期望成為對(duì)國(guó)家有且的人。

28.D。offer sb. sth.主動(dòng)提供給某人某物；從問(wèn)句時(shí)態(tài)可知答語(yǔ)中要一般過(guò)去時(shí)。句意：--你為什么離職呀？--IBM給了我一個(gè)更好的。

29.C。小盒子是在警察注意到之前放的，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句意：那個(gè)警察的注意力突然被吸引到一個(gè)安放在部長(zhǎng)汽車下面的一個(gè)小盒子上。

30.A?！眘tory“應(yīng)該”被報(bào)道“。

The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.

2.I wastoldthat he would come back soon.

3.A lot of differences can be foundby you between the two languages.

4.Are your flowerswatered every day?

5.The big tree was blown down last night.

6.Itis thought that he is right.

7.The bad food had not been thrown.

8.The trousers were not being mended by my mother.

9.Hewould not be taken to Beijing.

10.I wasknown by nobody in this town at that time.