漢英兩種語(yǔ)言由于用詞造句的規(guī)律不同,在表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思時(shí)往往需要增補(bǔ)一些原文中沒(méi)有的詞;或者原文中有些詞語(yǔ)從譯文的角度來(lái)看是多余的,可以或必須刪去,不能只字不漏地進(jìn)行翻譯,以免給讀者生搬硬套的感覺(jué)。 1詞的增加 1.1需要增詞.完整地表述邏輯 ① LC制劑的純化是/成為LC研究的主要障礙。 The
purification of LC preparation has been a main obstacle to its research.——Difficulty in the purification of L.C.
preparation has been a main obstacle to its research. “制劑的純化”本身并不能成為“障礙”,故按照字面一字不增地譯成前一句子,雖無(wú)語(yǔ)病,但邏輯上講不通,必須加上difficulty這層含義。 ②老年人吸煙時(shí)血壓的升高 Enhanced elevation of blood pressure during cigarette smoking in the elderly 一般地說(shuō),人到了老年,血壓都會(huì)比青壯年時(shí)高。 而這里的升高(吸煙引起的升高)指的是在正常升高情況下的再升高,不增加enhanced一詞就表達(dá)不了這層意思。 1.2原文中隱含的意思,翻譯時(shí)必須增補(bǔ) ①我們探討了其功能意義。 The possible role of their function was discussed. ②他離職的緣由僅是這樣:他深知無(wú)升遷的機(jī)會(huì)。 The reason for his leaving present employment is simple: he sees no
chance of advancement. 這二個(gè)例句中, possible和present都是在漢語(yǔ)中字面上沒(méi)有直接表述,而屬于隱含的意思,英譯時(shí)就必須加上,以完整、準(zhǔn)確地表述漢語(yǔ)原意。 1.3代詞的增加 ①乳腺癌仍是婦女的主要死因,早期常不易檢出。 Cancer of breast, still a leading
cause of death in women, too often escapes detection in its early stage. ②患者痊愈或癥狀明顯減輕。 The patients were cured or significantly relieved of their symptoms. ③除以上因素外,初產(chǎn)年齡也有一定關(guān)系。 Besides the above mentioned factors, age at first birth was also involved in it. 例①的its、例②的their和例③的it ,在漢語(yǔ)的句子中沒(méi)有相應(yīng)代詞的表述,而在英語(yǔ)句中為了語(yǔ)法的正確和邏輯的準(zhǔn)確完整.這些代詞是不能沒(méi)有的。 2. 詞的減少 2.1 已由別的詞表現(xiàn)出的含義.不必再重復(fù)表達(dá) ①對(duì)1992年遭颶風(fēng)Andrew襲擊后一野戰(zhàn)醫(yī)院醫(yī)療救治的分析 Analysis of medical treatment at a field hospital following hurricane
Andrew, 1992 “遭…襲擊”從譯文角度看,就是多余的,following一詞就能把它的意思盡述無(wú)遺了。 2.2有些只用來(lái)表示范疇而無(wú)具體含義的詞,象“情況”、“問(wèn)題”、“一下”、“辦法”之類的范疇詞不必翻譯 ①免疫反應(yīng)細(xì)胞體的分布情況見(jiàn)圖1 For the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies,see Fig 1. 或The distribution of immunoreactive
cell bodies is shown in Fig 1. ②如果發(fā)生這種情況,就會(huì)在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)死亡。 Should this happen, death would
follow in a few minutes. ③分組情況如下: The groups were as follows:.… 上三句中的“情況”一字均為范疇詞,不必譯出。 ④可用中西醫(yī)結(jié)合的辦法治療某些癌癥。 Some cases of cancer are amenable to the
treatment by integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. 2.3漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)中的委婉語(yǔ)、客套話或謙詞等可視具體情況進(jìn)行刪減 3詞性和句型的轉(zhuǎn)換 3.1詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換 …… 有些句子并非因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)句中的動(dòng)詞數(shù)目多而需轉(zhuǎn)換,而是因?yàn)橹弊g的困難,或?yàn)榫渥拥暮?jiǎn)練而需要轉(zhuǎn)換,如: ① 1992年又增加了百分之七。 這句話可以譯成:'In 1992, a further
increase of 7 percent has taken place.”此句漢語(yǔ)為無(wú)主句(主語(yǔ)在前文中),而英語(yǔ)句中無(wú)主語(yǔ)是不成的,除非是祈使句。 如不運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧,而把“又”譯成again,把“增加”當(dāng)成謂語(yǔ),那么絞盡腦汁也是寫(xiě)不出一個(gè)句子來(lái)的。 與漢語(yǔ)相比,英語(yǔ)用介詞較多,而且有一些英語(yǔ)介詞木身就是由動(dòng)詞演變而來(lái)的,具有動(dòng)詞的特征。因此在漢譯英時(shí),漢語(yǔ)的一些動(dòng)詞可用英語(yǔ)的介詞或介詞詞組來(lái)翻譯。如: ②子宮嚴(yán)重撕裂,無(wú)法恢復(fù)。 The uterus was stretched beyond recovery. ③自殺基因在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的靶向表達(dá)可保護(hù)正常組織不受自殺基因的影響。 Targeting expression of suicide gene in tumor
cells can protect normal tissues against influence of the gene. ④病人仍有危險(xiǎn)。 The patient is still in danger. ⑤我們?nèi)w贊成他的建議。 We were all in favor of his suggestion. 3.2句型的轉(zhuǎn)換 ③免疫應(yīng)答呈補(bǔ)體依賴性。 The immune response was dependent on the
complement activation. ①教師布置的作業(yè)是讓學(xué)生寫(xiě)一份正規(guī)的病歷。 這句話按照漢語(yǔ)思維一般會(huì)按原結(jié)構(gòu)譯成: The assignment by teacher is to ask the students to write a standard
medical history.這樣的譯句顯得生硬,漢語(yǔ)味很重。但如果把句型轉(zhuǎn)換一 下,把它譯成以實(shí)意動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)的句子便流暢自然得多:For assignment
the teacher asked the students to write a standard medical record. |
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來(lái)自: 白鶴云軒 > 《醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)》