that 用法探究

  “that”在英文中是一個(gè)使用頻率很高的單詞。它有四種詞性，并且句法及語(yǔ)法功能紛繁復(fù)雜。熟練掌握其用法， 無(wú)疑會(huì)極大地提高學(xué)習(xí)興趣和效率。現(xiàn)將that的用法總結(jié)歸納如下：

  第一、that 用作形容詞、限定詞

①用來(lái)指已被提到的人或物；也可表對(duì)比，指兩個(gè)中較遠(yuǎn)的那個(gè)。

I like not that one.

What about that book you borrowed from me last month？

②有時(shí)候在句子中具有喜歡或輕蔑等感情色彩。

                 that little son of his 他那個(gè)小寶貝兒子

                 That George！喬治那家伙?。ê休p蔑語(yǔ)氣）

-- He’s a fussy guy. – He is that.他是個(gè)挑剔的家伙。——他就是那樣。

③用于感嘆句，無(wú)具體詞義，往往用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示震驚或愿望。

Oh that I could go back to my childhood!回到童年該多好！

  第二、that 用作代詞

  1. that 用作指示代詞（復(fù)數(shù)形式是those），其指代意義同形容詞用法， 

That is what he told me.這就是他告訴我的。

         What is that (which) you have got in your hand?你手里拿的啥？  同時(shí)還可為了避免重復(fù)，代替前述名詞。

The price of rice is higher than that of flour.大米的價(jià)格比面粉高。

 區(qū)別:五個(gè)替代詞：one, ones, that, those, it 

 ⑴  one 泛指，代替單數(shù)名詞，可指人或物。（同類異物）

  I need a Chinese-English dictionary, and Peter lends me one.  

one前可加this, that, each、冠詞、物主代詞或形容詞:

  The journalist’s question is a difficult one. 記者的問(wèn)題有難度。

  I don’t like this one,I’d like a more interesting one.（one=book）

我不喜歡這本，我想要一本更有趣的。

I like the bananas,please give me one more.我喜歡香蕉，請(qǐng)?jiān)俳o我一個(gè)。

Among all people here,Tom is the most humorous one.

這里所有人中，湯姆是最幽默的一個(gè)。

⑵ ones是one的復(fù)數(shù)形式，泛指，不能單獨(dú)使用，前面必須有限定詞修飾，

These books are easy, but those thick ones are rather difficult.

這些書容易讀，但是那些厚的很難讀。

There were a few young people with some old ones in the house.（ones=people）

有幾個(gè)年輕人和一些老年人在那座房子里。

⑶ that 特指,替代帶有of短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于of短語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)的可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，替代的是同名異物，不能替代人。    

The population of Beijing is larger than that of Tianjin.

北京的人口比天津的（人口）多。

 The weather in Wuhan is hotter than that of Dongguan.（that = the weather）

武漢的天氣比東莞的更熱。

(4)those 是 that的復(fù)數(shù)形式,代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

The machines are better than those we produced last year.（those=the machines=the ones）

這些機(jī)器比我們?nèi)ツ晟a(chǎn)的要好。

(5) It用來(lái)替代的是同名同物，它可以替代可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式是them。

         I lost my pen yesterday and I haven’t found it yet.

昨天我的鋼筆丟了，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)找到它。

〖牛刀小試〗

1.----Have you heard of the accident about  Lucy and her father？

    -----Accident？No,I haven’t.

    Tell me about_____.

A.it        B.her       C.him         D.them

2.I'm moving to the country because the air there is much fresher than ___ in the city.

        A.ones     B. one    C. that       D.those

3.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,

 ____ I will always treasure.  

A.that      B.one        C.what    D.it

4.I like ______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

        A.this       B.that        C.it          D.one 

5.---I like______ here?

--0h,yes. The air, the weather,the way of life.Everything is so nice! 

        A. this          B. these   C. it       D.that

6.Few pleasures can equal _____of a cool drink on a hot day.

        A. some        B. any   C. that    D. those 

7.Cars do cause as some health problems--in fact far more serious

______than mobile  phones do.

        A.one      B.ones      C.it         D.those 

8.Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except ______ who had already taken them.

A. the ones           B. ones           C. some      D. the others

9.I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _______.    

A. it          B. those          C. them            D. one

10.The population of China is larger than _____ of Japan.

        A. this     B. that       C. those      D. these

11.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.

        A. it             B. one            C. himself       D. another

12.I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than________ in the city.

A. ones    B. one       C. that      D. those

13.We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found _________ we like yet.

A．one       B．ones     C．it        D. them

14.The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ____ in the newspaper.

A. it      B. those     C. one       D. that

參考答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.D

2. that 用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞可人可物，用法相當(dāng)于who或which，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。

The package (which/that/?) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。

He is no longer the lazy boy (that) he was.他不再是以前那個(gè)懶孩子了。

This is the pen which/that/?I wrote the letter with.這是我用來(lái)寫了信的筆。

〖牛刀小試〗

1. Is this the factory ____you visited last week？ Is this factory ____you visited last week？

2. All ____we need most is more food. All ____is most needed is more food.

3. Is this the flat ____you once lived? Is the flat in ____you once lived?

Is this flat ____you once lived in? Is this the only flat ____you have lived in?

Is it in this flat ____you once lived？

參考答案：1.which/that，the one2.that/?，that3.where，which，which/that，that，that

補(bǔ)充：

I. 只能用that 的情況：

1. 當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞，如anything, everything, nothing, none, one, all, little, few, much 等，或先行詞被all, little, few, much, any, only, the every, every, no等修飾時(shí)，要用that指代先行詞；

?All that is needed is oil.?所需要的只是石油。

?Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

最后，小偷把偷來(lái)的東西都交給了警察。

?This is the only problem that remains to be settled.這是唯一有待解決的問(wèn)題。

2. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞/最高級(jí)形容詞時(shí)，或先行詞被序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí)，要用that；

?This is the first/best film that I have seen since I came here.

這是我來(lái)到這里以來(lái)看的第一部/最好的電影。

3. 先行詞同時(shí)包括人和物時(shí)，要用that；

They often talk about the people and the things that they like most.

他們經(jīng)常談?wù)撍麄冏钕矚g的人和事。

4. 避免重復(fù)

① 主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which

?Which is the bike that you have lost?您丟失的自行車是哪輛？

?Who is the boy that won the gold medal??獲得金牌的男孩是誰(shuí)？

② 兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)用which另一個(gè)用that

?They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause much pollution.

他們秘密建立了一個(gè)小工廠，生產(chǎn)可能造成很大污染的東西。

5. 先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ),關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語(yǔ)

?Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是它以前的樣子。

6. there be 句型且關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)

?There is a seat that is still available.有一個(gè)座位仍然可用。

II、不能用that的情況

1.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中不能用that，而用who, whom,which等指代先行詞

?I saw Mary just now, who seemed very excited.我剛才看到瑪麗，她似乎很興奮。

2. 介詞后不能用that

  This is the person to whom your father spoke just now.這就是與你父親剛才說(shuō)話的人。

3. 當(dāng)先行詞是any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people等且指人時(shí)，只能用who, 不用that

?       Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star.?

在場(chǎng)的人將有機(jī)會(huì)看到電影明星。

4. 先行詞本身是that（避免重復(fù)）

I have that which you gave me. 我有你給我的那個(gè)。

What is that which you have just stuffed into the plastic cup?

你剛才塞在塑料杯里的是什么東西?

5. there be結(jié)構(gòu)中先行詞指人

?There is a man who calls himself Mr. S joining our team.

有一個(gè)自稱S先生的人加入了我們的團(tuán)隊(duì)。

?

第三、that 用作連詞

 1. that 作連接詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句

that濃縮其后那個(gè)語(yǔ)義完整的陳述句，結(jié)構(gòu)上不參與其中（故此不能稱為連接代詞，因?yàn)闆](méi)有代替什么），自身也無(wú)特別含義，只起到取消句子獨(dú)立性的作用，即取而代之，使該句隱身；根據(jù)所處的不同位置，分別引導(dǎo)：?

①賓語(yǔ)從句，位于賓語(yǔ)位置，及物動(dòng)詞后的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略;

 I didn't expect (that) he could win the championship. 我沒(méi)想到他能贏得冠軍。

 The teacher pointed out that tom was not working hard enough.老師指出湯姆不夠努力。

 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在平板電腦而不是電視和臺(tái)式電腦上觀看更多的點(diǎn)播娛樂(lè)節(jié)目可以將能耗降低44%。

②主語(yǔ)從句，位于主語(yǔ)位置，通常采用it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型;

         That the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone. 地球繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)是眾所周知的。

  （It is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.）

 ③表語(yǔ)從句，位于表語(yǔ)位置，口語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常省略that;

        The trouble is that we are short of money. 問(wèn)題是我們?nèi)卞X。

 ④同位語(yǔ)從句,位于特定抽象名詞后（，news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, words, possibility, decision...）,且that 不可省略。

  注：引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that和引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是不同的。前者只起詞和句之間的語(yǔ)法連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分，代替其后完整的句子，算虛代；而后者在定語(yǔ)從句中代指在主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)位置上的先行詞，屬實(shí)代。舉例說(shuō)明：

        The news that he resigned from office surprised us.

        The idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.

2. that 作連接詞，引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句

引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的that無(wú)具體詞義，一般與其他詞組合成provided that、given that、now that、in case that、in order that、in the event that、such…that…、so that…、so…that…等，整體視為引導(dǎo)詞，引導(dǎo)條件、目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)等從句；

An actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water’s edge on an island.（比況）

一名演員站在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)前，這樣他們看起來(lái)就像在島上的水邊一樣。

?       Bring it nearer that i may see it better.（目的）

把它拉近一點(diǎn)，這樣我才能看得更清楚。

?      What have i done that he should be so angry with me?（結(jié)果）

我做了什么，他居然對(duì)我這么生氣？

        I am afraid that i will fail in the driving test.（原因）

我擔(dān)心在駕駛考試中會(huì)失敗。

?       Difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time.（讓步）

盡管任務(wù)困難 ，他們?cè)O(shè)法按時(shí)完成了。

Supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?（條件）

假設(shè)你處于我的位置，你會(huì)怎么做？

 3.that 作引導(dǎo)詞， 用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句

  對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的理解：

1）被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是名詞類時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，it作人稱指代 ；

2）被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是副詞類時(shí)，that引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句，it作形式主語(yǔ)；

My father met with an old friend of his in the street yesterday.

我父親昨天在街上遇到了他的一個(gè)老朋友。

→ It was my father that/who met with an old friend of his in the street yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)）

→ It was an old friend of his (that/whom) my father met with in the street yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)）

→ It was in the street that my father met with an old friend of his yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）

→ It was yesterday that my father met with an old friend of his in the street.（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）

It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river. 

正是因?yàn)樗疂q了，他們才無(wú)法過(guò)河。

It was meeting Peter that really started me off on this new line of work.

正是與彼得的會(huì)面真正讓我開(kāi)始了這項(xiàng)新的工作。

It was in Berlin that I first saw this film.

我第一次看到這部電影正是在柏林。

It was then that I recalled that I had left my wristwatch up in the bar.

就在那時(shí)，我才想起我把手表放在了酒吧里。

第四、that用作副詞

  1. that用作程度副詞

 I was that/so angry(that) I could have hit him.我太生氣了，恨不得打他。

  2. that用作關(guān)系副詞

替代when、where、why、for which、in which等，與day、place、reason、way等表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式的詞連用，?？墒÷?。

The exact time and place that(:when/where ) crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain.

作物首次成功種植的確切時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)是不確定的。

The evening (that) / when we went to the theatre the play already came to an end.

那個(gè)晚上當(dāng)我們?nèi)≡簳r(shí)，戲劇已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。

The house (that)/where I used to live has been knocked down.

我以前住的房子被推倒了。

I’ll never forget the day when/that/? we met.

我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們見(jiàn)面的那天。

That is the place where/that/? we went before.

那就是我們以前去過(guò)的地方。

That’s the reason why/that/? I took it.

那就是我買它的原因。

第五、that的省略

引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)感嘆句不可省略，而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句均可能出現(xiàn)省略。

1)關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略;

It also doesn’t require a new type of technology (that) people aren’t already familiar with.

2)關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略;

He still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.

3)關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，且從句內(nèi)部是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)可省略;

This is the fastest train (that) there has ever been.

4)定語(yǔ)從句符合「關(guān)系代詞 be X」的結(jié)構(gòu)，可省略「關(guān)系代詞 be」，變?yōu)?/span>X做后置定語(yǔ)/同位語(yǔ)。X可能是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，也可能是名詞、形容詞、介賓短語(yǔ)等;

People (who/that are) motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly.

5) that代替關(guān)系副詞when/ where/ why的情況，往往可省略that;

I don't get the way (in which / that) they worked out the problem.

我不懂他們是怎么解出這個(gè)題的。

?       Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? （that = where / at which / in which）

?                你知道我可以在任何地方喝一杯嗎？

Have you found some place (that) we can stay for a few days?

（that = where / at which / in which）你找到我們能住幾天的地方嗎？

?       This is the reason (that) he was absent yesterday. （that = why / for which）

這是他昨天缺席的原因。

?       The reason (that) you're so bad-tempered is that you're hungry. （why / for which）

?                你脾氣如此惡劣的原因是你餓了。

Come and see us any time (that) you're in town. （that = when / at which）

?                你進(jìn)鎮(zhèn)上的時(shí)候來(lái)看看我們。

I'll never forget the day (that) we met. （that = when / on which）

?                我忘不了我們見(jiàn)面的那天。

That was the year (that) I first went abroad. （that = when / in which）

那是我出國(guó)的第一年。

6)賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that往往可以省略;

Teach your teenager (that) the family phone is for the whole family.

教你的孩子家庭電話是全家人用的。

非正式文體中，名詞詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞that如果省略而句意仍然清晰，則可以省略;

It’s great (that) you’ve come in time.太好了，你來(lái)得正是時(shí)候。

7)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句

that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，與其他詞組合provided that、given that、now that、in case that、in order that、in the event that、such…that…、so that…、so…that…，此時(shí)that一般不省略，但是在上下文語(yǔ)義清晰的情況下，也可以省略that;

Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case (that) this compromised their professional standing.

即使是那些最依賴攝影的藝術(shù)家也不愿意承認(rèn)他們使用了攝影，以防這損害了他們的專業(yè)地位。

8)“被強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子成分”如果是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、直接賓語(yǔ)或間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that可省略;

It was in that bookstore (that) I came across that book.

正是在那家書店里，我看到了那本書。

It was a new dictionary (that) Father sent to me.那是父親寄給我的新字典。

It was only yesterday (that) we first met.就在昨天，我們第一次見(jiàn)面。

〖牛刀小試〗

1. Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don't.（2006,北京）

A. who; /              B. /; who                   C. who; who             D. /; /

句意：每天喝兩杯以上的咖啡的女性比不喝咖啡的女性更容易患上心臟病。

分析：引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略。

2. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

— Yes, there is one point____we must insist on.（2006,江西）

A.why                  B. where                   C. how              D.不填

句意：你有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？是的，有一點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持。

分析：引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)省略。

3.The house I grew up _____ has been taken down and replaced by an office

building.（2009,江西）

A. in it               B. in         C in that           D in which

句意：我成長(zhǎng)的那間房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了，取而代之的是一座辦公樓。

分析：不選D，因?yàn)?，從?/span>=引導(dǎo)詞+陳述句語(yǔ)序，所以，不論是which還是in which都要放在句首，不能放在句尾，即，The house (which/that) I grew up in (定語(yǔ)從句) has been….。

4. Having checked the doors were closed, and ____all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.（2007,湖南） A．why B．that C．when D．where

句意：這個(gè)男孩在核實(shí)過(guò)所有的門都關(guān)了，所有的燈都關(guān)了以后，才打開(kāi)自己的臥室門。     分析：此題考查that(連詞)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（對(duì)比：that(代詞)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句）。關(guān)鍵在于識(shí)別并列的賓語(yǔ)從句。check+ (that)從句+that從句。兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，前一個(gè)可以省略that，后一個(gè)不能省略that。

5. Is this the reason ____at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?（2002,上海春）

A．he explained     B．what he explained    C．how he explained     D．why he explained

句意：這就是他在會(huì)議上對(duì)他為什么在工作中粗心大意所作的解釋嗎？

分析：he explained the reason→he explained which/that→(which/that) he explained（代詞which/that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略）。

參考答案：CDBBA

第六，that的常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)

  1. in that既然、因?yàn)?/span>

        Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.

批評(píng)和自我批評(píng)是必要的，因?yàn)樗梢詭椭覀兗m正錯(cuò)誤。

  2. now that既然、由于

        Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.

現(xiàn)在他們已經(jīng)把事情掌握在自己手中，事態(tài)的步伐加快了。

  3. see (to it) that注意、務(wù)必做到、保證

        We will see to it that she gets home early.我們會(huì)確保她早點(diǎn)回家。

        See to it that you are not late again.確保你不會(huì)再遲到。

  4. seeing that鑒于、由于

        Seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no longer.眼看已經(jīng)8點(diǎn)了，我們就不等了。

        Seeing that he was busy with his work,I didn't disturb him.見(jiàn)他忙于工作，我沒(méi)有打擾他。

以上是that主要用法的概述，希望能對(duì)大家有所幫助。當(dāng)然，that還有其他的一些用法，需要我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中不斷地積累和總結(jié)。