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聽聽噪音,你可以睡得更安詳

 瀟瀟_9376 2023-02-28 發(fā)布于內(nèi)蒙古


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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                


認(rèn)真閱讀下面的文章,并思考文末互動(dòng)提出的問題,嚴(yán)格按照 互動(dòng):你的答案 格式在評(píng)論區(qū)留言,就有機(jī)會(huì)獲得由未讀·探索家提供的優(yōu)質(zhì)科普書籍人類知道的太多了

回想一下你上次去看搖滾音樂會(huì)或煙花匯演的情景。你還記得演出結(jié)束后你耳邊那種經(jīng)久不散的奇怪的響聲嗎?你周圍的聲音短暫地消失了,取而代之的是你腦袋里的嗡嗡聲,就好像你的耳朵在尖叫一樣。在某種程度上,它們的確是在尖叫。

過大的聲音會(huì)損壞我們內(nèi)耳中被稱為毛細(xì)胞(hair cells)的部分。毛細(xì)胞就像是我們聽力的守門員一樣,當(dāng)聲波“擊中“毛細(xì)胞時(shí),它們會(huì)將振動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為電流,由我們的聽覺神經(jīng)將其傳到大腦。如果沒有毛細(xì)胞,聲音就沒辦法通過“擊中”毛細(xì)胞的方式傳遞到大腦中,就像聲音無(wú)法在沙漠中回響一樣。

毛細(xì)胞位于內(nèi)耳的殼狀耳蝸內(nèi),毛細(xì)胞的上面是成束的毛發(fā)狀延伸物,被稱為靜纖毛。當(dāng)聲波穿過耳朵到達(dá)毛細(xì)胞時(shí),振動(dòng)會(huì)使靜纖毛發(fā)生偏轉(zhuǎn),使它們根據(jù)振動(dòng)的力量和音調(diào)移動(dòng)。例如:在靜纖毛中,旋律優(yōu)美的鋼琴曲會(huì)使其產(chǎn)生柔和的運(yùn)動(dòng),而重金屬會(huì)使其產(chǎn)生更快、更尖銳的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)觸發(fā)電化學(xué)電流,將聲波中的信息通過聽覺神經(jīng)發(fā)送到大腦。

當(dāng)你聽到非常大的噪音時(shí),你的靜纖毛會(huì)受損,并不斷地向聽覺神經(jīng)細(xì)胞發(fā)送錯(cuò)誤的聲音信息。在搖滾音樂會(huì)和煙花表演的情況下,聽到嗡嗡聲是因?yàn)槟愕囊恍╈o纖毛的尖端實(shí)際上已經(jīng)斷裂了。你聽到的是腦中嗡嗡作響的虛假電流,被稱為耳鳴。然而,由于人體可以在大約 24 小時(shí)內(nèi)重新長(zhǎng)出這些小尖端,因此嗡嗡聲通常都是暫時(shí)的 [來(lái)源:Preuss]。

聲音有多大?(以分貝為單位) 

  • 電話鈴聲 = 30

  • 正常對(duì)話 = 60

  • 割草機(jī) = 90

  • 鏈鋸 = 110

  • 救護(hù)車警報(bào)器 = 120

  • 搖滾音樂會(huì) = 140

  • 12 口徑霰彈獵槍 = 165

[來(lái)源:美國(guó)國(guó)家職業(yè)安全與健康研究所]

噪音如何傷害你?

可以想象一下,將電吉他獨(dú)奏的力量塞進(jìn)比彈珠還小的東西中,你就會(huì)明白我們的聽覺系統(tǒng)是多么強(qiáng)大而又脆弱。聲音以波的形式傳播,通過我們的耳道進(jìn)入我們的身體。我們外耳的鼓膜捕獲到波從而振動(dòng),并將振動(dòng)的信息傳遞到中耳的骨骼,聲音在那里被放大。然后聲波移動(dòng)到內(nèi)耳和豌豆大小的耳蝸,就是毛細(xì)胞所在的地方。這些振動(dòng)的力量可以折斷靜纖毛的尖端,并導(dǎo)致?lián)]之不去的嗡鳴聲,這表明噪音太大。

反復(fù)暴露在嘈雜的噪音中會(huì)完全殺死毛細(xì)胞?;蛟S有人會(huì)問那又怎樣呢?人體每個(gè)耳蝸中有 16,000 個(gè)毛細(xì)胞,但與眼睛的 1 億個(gè)光感受器相比,這個(gè)數(shù)字就顯得微不足道了,毛細(xì)胞對(duì)聲音的作用就像光感受器對(duì)光的作用一樣。而且,一旦這些毛細(xì)胞死亡,它們將無(wú)法再生,這就是保護(hù)耳朵至關(guān)重要的原因。

圖片

圖片來(lái)源網(wǎng)絡(luò)

到底多大聲才算大聲?聲音的單位是分貝,它衡量的是聲音的強(qiáng)度而非數(shù)量。安全聲音的分貝常常低于85分貝。有個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則:在一臂之隔的距離大聲喊別人,這個(gè)聲音大概率已經(jīng)超過聲音的安全閾值了。

如果反復(fù)暴露在超過85分貝的聲音的環(huán)境下,會(huì)導(dǎo)致非常不妙的后果。雖然巨大的噪音產(chǎn)生的耳鳴通常是是短暫的,但對(duì)于人們而言,這些會(huì)一直發(fā)生著。慢性耳鳴可能是感染、高血壓和耳垢堵塞的癥狀,但通常與噪音相關(guān)的聽力損失有關(guān)。

有幾種簡(jiǎn)單的方法可以保護(hù)你的聽力。首先,注意你周圍的噪音水平。如果你知道自己將身處嘈雜的環(huán)境中,例如搖滾音樂會(huì),請(qǐng)戴上耳塞。另外,謹(jǐn)慎地注意你跟噪音源的距離遠(yuǎn)近以及暴露在噪音中的時(shí)長(zhǎng),并注意耳鳴的癥狀。我們的身體比我們所認(rèn)為的更加脆弱。

白噪音以及粉色噪音

雖然過大的噪音會(huì)導(dǎo)致耳鳴,但還有些噪音卻可以幫助人們?nèi)朊撸@就是“顏色”噪音。

一些人發(fā)現(xiàn)粉紅噪音或者棕色噪音白噪音更有利于睡眠。

除了飲食和運(yùn)動(dòng)之外,睡眠是身體健康最重要的方面之一。深度睡眠是指身體和大腦功能進(jìn)入了“維護(hù)模式”的時(shí)候,這使得身體和大腦能夠?yàn)榧磳⒌絹?lái)的一天做好準(zhǔn)備。

大多數(shù)醫(yī)生會(huì)建議人們每晚至少睡足七個(gè)小時(shí),但睡眠的質(zhì)量與時(shí)間同樣重要。來(lái)自交通等來(lái)源的噪音污染會(huì)導(dǎo)致你夜寐不安,白天精神不足。

圖片

圖片來(lái)源:pixabay

無(wú)法解決噪音或者屏蔽噪音的來(lái)源時(shí),人們可能會(huì)求助使用立式風(fēng)扇或者白噪音機(jī)來(lái)助眠。但是,白噪音并不是唯一的“顏色”選擇。粉紅或者棕色噪音可能會(huì)更好地屏蔽不需要的聲音,進(jìn)而更有效地幫助你入眠。來(lái)看看他們的不同之處吧!

白噪聲與粉紅或者棕色噪音

把你吵醒的原因往往是聲音的不一致性(聲音突然從大聲到柔和,反之亦然),而不是聲音的大小。白噪音產(chǎn)生了一整套的聲音來(lái)掩蓋聲音的不一致性,這些聲音從低頻到高頻,遍布了整個(gè)頻譜。它們混合在一起,形成了源源不斷的“柔和”的噪音。(根據(jù)睡眠學(xué)會(huì)的說(shuō)法,“頻率”指的是聲音每秒振動(dòng)的速度。)

自然界中出現(xiàn)的白噪聲包括細(xì)雨、輕柔的流水和微風(fēng)拂過樹木的聲音,無(wú)論在任何時(shí)候,人們聽到這些聲音都會(huì)感到非常放松。

粉紅噪聲與白噪聲類似,但它不那么傾向于高頻,而更傾向于低音和中音,因此聽起來(lái)像是中等降雨或海浪的聲音,那些不喜歡高音的人可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)粉紅噪音更悅耳。

棕色噪音進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了低音音符,幾乎完全消除了頻譜中的高頻。自然中的棕色噪音可能有咆哮的急流、暴雨和遠(yuǎn)處隆隆的雷聲。這種噪音英文表示:Brown noise,它不僅僅以顏色命名,而且還包含著英國(guó)科學(xué)家羅伯特·布朗的名字(Robert Brown)。十九世紀(jì),布朗通過觀察到花粉顆粒在水中的隨機(jī)移動(dòng),設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)公式來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)這些運(yùn)動(dòng),這就是布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)的由來(lái)。當(dāng)這些隨機(jī)公式被用于生成電子聲音時(shí),會(huì)產(chǎn)生重低音噪聲,因?yàn)閷?duì)比可見光譜中的紅光,布朗噪音也被稱為紅噪音。

哪種聲音更適合睡眠?

關(guān)于人類的睡眠模式,科學(xué)界仍有很多未解之謎,而關(guān)于聽覺刺激和睡眠的研究也很少。在2017年,牛津大學(xué)對(duì)八名睡眠者進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):在聽白噪音時(shí),雖然總體的睡眠時(shí)間并沒有變化,但受試者入睡的速度提高了40%。2016年的另一項(xiàng)研究表明,在粉紅噪音下入睡,十六名青年睡眠者對(duì)詞匯的記憶會(huì)略有改善。美國(guó)西北大學(xué) 2017 年的另一項(xiàng)研究(針對(duì) 13 名老年人)將粉紅噪音與深度睡眠和記憶力的提高聯(lián)系了起來(lái)。

伊朗的《關(guān)懷科學(xué)雜志》調(diào)查研究了 60 名老年冠心病患者,這些患者中的一半在白噪聲下睡覺,另一半人則在常規(guī)的醫(yī)院環(huán)境聲中睡覺。在對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)中,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn):在醫(yī)院環(huán)境下睡覺的人,隨著睡眠天數(shù)的增加,睡眠質(zhì)量逐漸下降,而在白噪音下入睡的人,在整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中睡眠質(zhì)量大體不變。目前還沒有棕色噪音對(duì)睡眠影響的相關(guān)研究。

在可以用更多的樣本和更多樣化的參與者進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)之前,粉色噪音和棕色噪音的影響都很可能是主觀的。

美國(guó)西北大學(xué)費(fèi)恩伯格醫(yī)學(xué)院晝夜節(jié)律和睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)中心主任菲利斯·澤(Phyllis Zee)在 CNN 的一篇文章中說(shuō):“我跟我的病人說(shuō)我真的不知道哪種噪音會(huì)更好,你為什么不試一試,看看哪種能讓你更加放松呢??!?/p>

將這三種聲音混合在一起的效果如下面的音頻所示。

粉色噪音或者棕色噪音入門

我們可以通過有免費(fèi)或者付費(fèi)的方式獲取各種噪音。在多種渠道的媒體服務(wù)上都可以搜索找到,包括自然音軌和合成音軌的音源。也有專門的睡眠輔助移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序,可以提供更加精選的音頻選項(xiàng)。甚至,你還可以購(gòu)買專門設(shè)置的噪音機(jī),它配置揚(yáng)聲器以及多種噪音選項(xiàng)。

許多設(shè)備都有定時(shí)的功能,你可以設(shè)置自動(dòng)關(guān)閉,然后你在入睡時(shí)播放聲音一個(gè)小時(shí)后,聲音自動(dòng)關(guān)閉。無(wú)論音頻源是什么聲音,將聲音調(diào)到最低模式,使聲音融入周圍的自然環(huán)境聲中。聲音過大會(huì)導(dǎo)致睡眠質(zhì)量變差,建議保守應(yīng)用白色,粉色或者棕色的噪音。

有趣的事情來(lái)了,除了以上顏色的噪音,還有黑噪音和藍(lán)噪音。黑噪音是指沒有噪音——周圍完全寂靜或者偶爾會(huì)被聲音打斷的寂靜。藍(lán)噪音與棕色噪音相反,更加強(qiáng)調(diào)高頻而非低頻,聽起來(lái)像蛇發(fā)出的嘶嘶聲。大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為藍(lán)噪音對(duì)入睡沒有好處。

作者:Cristen Conger&Talon Homer

翻譯:Nuor

審校:掃地僧

原文鏈接:Why do loud noises cause your ears to ring? & You Know White Noise, But What's Pink Noise and Brown Noise?

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