在筆者看來:戰(zhàn)略研究是一個跨學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域,它并不專屬哪一個學(xué)科,應(yīng)當說戰(zhàn)略研究是國際關(guān)系研究的關(guān)注重點,同時戰(zhàn)略研究也在經(jīng)濟學(xué)、軍事學(xué)、物理學(xué)等其他學(xué)科有相關(guān)體現(xiàn),在不同學(xué)科領(lǐng)域?qū)?zhàn)略研究的側(cè)重點有一定區(qū)別,但整體而言是關(guān)系到國家整合戰(zhàn)略資源與實現(xiàn)國家戰(zhàn)略目標的動態(tài)平衡與長遠規(guī)劃,包括了理論研究與政策建議,相比純粹的國際關(guān)系理論而言,戰(zhàn)略研究理論講求很強的經(jīng)驗性、歷史性與可操作性,更加強調(diào)腳踏實地和立足國家所面臨的地緣政治外部環(huán)境與國內(nèi)政治經(jīng)濟文化實際狀況。當然考慮到戰(zhàn)略研究與國際關(guān)系研究實在有太多交集,甚至很多戰(zhàn)略家本身就是國際關(guān)系公認的中層理論甚至是大理論范式的代表人,因此借助一個圖表可供參考。[1] 當然,該表格的好處在于界定了戰(zhàn)略研究是安全研究的真子集,安全研究又是國際關(guān)系研究的一部分,國際關(guān)系研究又是廣義的政治科學(xué)的分支,但也容易認為戰(zhàn)略研究就局限于政治科學(xué)。實際上只要國際體系的主要行為體是主權(quán)國家,就不可能回避的戰(zhàn)略的研究,設(shè)計的不同學(xué)科分支在很大程度上都是為了戰(zhàn)略目標服務(wù),只不過一部分學(xué)科的一些目標可能是更強調(diào)自身發(fā)展也能給全球提供思想公共產(chǎn)品,但本質(zhì)上學(xué)科在國家的戰(zhàn)略體系下的創(chuàng)設(shè)都有不同程度的目標規(guī)劃(只是一部分學(xué)科的見效慢、影響深遠;另一些學(xué)科的特定內(nèi)容是應(yīng)對眼前的危機或利益驅(qū)動等)。當然,筆者討論的戰(zhàn)略研究更多基于學(xué)理而非政治層面的,對戰(zhàn)略研究的了解不一定要為國家提供直接的戰(zhàn)略咨詢服務(wù)(也不是所有人都有這個能力或意愿),對戰(zhàn)略的思考本身有助于我們用一種跨學(xué)科的視野形成一種理解世界、發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所處時代的觀察路徑,進而對我們?nèi)粘I罨驅(qū)W理思考構(gòu)成某種啟示或談資。 本文對戰(zhàn)略研究的內(nèi)容介紹主要來自于John Baylis,James J. Wirtz,Colin S. Gray編寫的《Strategy in the Contemporary World:An Introduction to Strategic Studies》一書,目前我還沒有讀過該書的中文版,因此就把英文版進行解讀和擴展,全部內(nèi)容都是筆者總結(jié)提煉和理解基礎(chǔ)上的整合,并結(jié)合戰(zhàn)略研究領(lǐng)域的其他著作供讀者參考。 一、戰(zhàn)略的定義 從早期的軍事學(xué)角度而言,更多將戰(zhàn)略的定義與軍事手段的應(yīng)用與戰(zhàn)爭勝利的結(jié)果聯(lián)系在一起。如克勞塞維茨(Carl von Clausewitz)將戰(zhàn)略定義為Strategy [is] the use of engagements forthe object of war。[2]克勞塞維茨作為拿破侖一世戰(zhàn)爭時期的軍事家,更多是將他的學(xué)說應(yīng)用(或認為可以應(yīng)用)到歐洲的陸戰(zhàn)中,當然,筆者認為克勞塞維茨的《戰(zhàn)爭論》對智力的提升和思辨遠遠不止是對戰(zhàn)爭的了解,當然他的戰(zhàn)略概念確實更偏重軍事內(nèi)涵,不過《戰(zhàn)爭論》書中對進攻與防御、以及戰(zhàn)爭必備的三要素(政治、暴力、偶然性)、還有戰(zhàn)爭手段與政治目標的相關(guān)性介紹,都體現(xiàn)出他超越時代的戰(zhàn)略視野。利德爾·哈特(Liddell Hart)對戰(zhàn)略的定義超過了純粹的戰(zhàn)爭目標,認為:Strategy is the art of distributing andapplying military means to fulfill the ends of policy。[3]他對大戰(zhàn)略的定義就更為經(jīng)典:Grand strategy should both calculate and developthe economic resources and manpower of nations in order to sustain the fightingservices . . . it should not only combine the various instruments, but soregulate their use as to avoid damage to the future state of peace—for itssecurity and prosperity。[4]哈特突出了政治目標,而且如果看到哈特在《間接路線》一書中的戰(zhàn)略理解,是強調(diào)戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)與和平狀態(tài)之間的戰(zhàn)爭手段動力問題,這源于他對一戰(zhàn)、二戰(zhàn)和戰(zhàn)后和平締造的理解,但對哈特的思想也是褒貶不一,如米爾斯海默在《李德·哈特與歷史之鍾》里,就強調(diào)哈特的思想更多缺乏實踐指導(dǎo),而且在戰(zhàn)略形勢發(fā)生變化后,人為強化自身的學(xué)說影響,當然,還是希望讀者可以自己閱讀哈特的著作、進行不同視角的評判。 勞倫斯·弗里德曼(Lawrence Freedman)對戰(zhàn)略的定義是:The realm of strategy is one of bargainingand persuasion as well as threats and pressure, psychological as well asphysical effects, and words as well as deeds. This is why strategy is thecentral political art. It is about getting more out of a situation than thestarting balance of power would suggest. It is the art of creating power。這里的定義是筆者覺得比較全面的,因為它涉及到討價還價和政治游說,物質(zhì)和精神層面的威懾內(nèi)涵,以及行動和語言的政治藝術(shù)。這既考慮到了戰(zhàn)略的理性平衡,也涉及到藝術(shù)(不容易掌控的、容易受到非理性因素的影響)。如果讀者看過理查德·勒博的《國家為何而戰(zhàn)?》,就能更深切理解榮譽、恐懼等戰(zhàn)略動機是如何誘發(fā)國家陷入戰(zhàn)略冒險甚至是主動營造必有一戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)略決心的。 “Because strategy provides the bridgebetween military means and political goals, students of strategy requireknowledge of both politics and military operations.”[5]盡管戰(zhàn)略研究包羅萬象,筆者建議讀者看看鈕先鐘教授的《戰(zhàn)略研究入門》一書,該書將戰(zhàn)略這門學(xué)問的重要性極為拔高(至少是筆者閱讀過的本國學(xué)者中對戰(zhàn)略研究最為推崇的一本書),但因為戰(zhàn)略的核心(或者說國際關(guān)系的高級政治問題仍然是首要的)是軍事手段與政治目標的關(guān)系,因此戰(zhàn)略研究的前提是要了解軍事與政治相關(guān)的知識體系?!?/span>Strategy deals with the difficult problemsof national policy, the areas where political, economic, psychological, andmilitary factors overlap”。這句話足以體現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略研究的交叉性與服務(wù)國家目標的屬性。鑒于跨學(xué)科,如果有志于做戰(zhàn)略研究的讀者,可能需要至少對以下學(xué)科有所涉獵(當然可以一種學(xué)科為主,其他學(xué)科就是碰到問題需要研究時可以隨時補充骨架即可):Strategy is best studied from aninterdisciplinary perspective. To understand the dimensions of strategy, it isnecessary to know something about politics, economics, psychology, sociology,and geography, as well as technology, force structure, and tactics。[6]
二、戰(zhàn)略研究與傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)實主義的共同傳統(tǒng)(通約性) (一)人性惡:In an anarchical system, power is the only currency ofvalue when security is threatened.[7] (二)自修昔底德以來所強調(diào)的國際政治的強者為尊、國家自助、安全第一位:Who wins in international relations doesnot depend on who is right according to some moral orlegal ruling. As Thucydides demonstrated in his account of the Peloponnesianwars, power determines who gets their way. In international relations, mightmakes right. (三)國際法、道德、國際制度作用是有限的。. In an international system without asupranational government, states will agree to laws when it suits them, butwill disregard them when their interests are threatened. When states want tobreak the rules, there is very little to stop them from doing it apart fromcountervailing force. 相信理論功底深厚的讀者能夠列舉一堆傳統(tǒng)共識,但筆者要補充的內(nèi)容是,戰(zhàn)略研究之所以被詬病,就是高度的政治應(yīng)用往往容易低估道德因素的權(quán)衡,而雖然現(xiàn)實主義對道德、國際法與制度的看重程度不如自由主義,但在愛德華·卡爾和漢斯·摩根索的著作中,有鮮明的現(xiàn)實主義與理想主義的調(diào)和色彩,認為離開道德談權(quán)力是不合邏輯的。同時,類似麥金德、斯拜克曼這些非正統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)實主義者(這源于地緣政治在內(nèi)容上與現(xiàn)實主義通約,但在理論地位上自豪斯霍弗與納粹生存空間論被唾棄后,長期被主流現(xiàn)實主義游離于理論邊界之外。)也是重視權(quán)力與制度的并用,比如麥金德非常強調(diào)心臟地帶的戰(zhàn)略穩(wěn)定需要在德蘇兩國之間建立隔離帶,通過國際聯(lián)盟扶持一些東歐國家成為戰(zhàn)略緩沖,麥金德本人非常贊同國聯(lián)理應(yīng)借助權(quán)力政治發(fā)揮制度性的建構(gòu)作用,這一點被很多學(xué)者低估甚至強調(diào)地緣政治與現(xiàn)實主義是不講道德和制度的。麥金德·斯拜克曼、卡爾、摩根索這些學(xué)者的思想可能沒有后世描述的那樣排斥威爾遜主義,至多是批評國際制度安排缺乏權(quán)力政治考量、而非忽略制度與道德對權(quán)力沖突的緩和作用。 現(xiàn)實主義、自由主義、建構(gòu)主義都是高度政治性與戰(zhàn)略維度的,盡管不乏普適性的思想學(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容體系(這也是國際關(guān)系研究不能總是強調(diào)徹底摒棄三大主義另立山頭做研究的重要性、它山之石可以攻玉),但三大范式無非就是在側(cè)重程度不同的三個維度進行了戰(zhàn)略性的啟示思考:權(quán)力與安全、制度與相互依賴、觀念與文化,現(xiàn)實主義整體上最偏向戰(zhàn)略研究,尤其是進攻性現(xiàn)實主義與防御性現(xiàn)實主義的分野;自由主義的初始目標是實現(xiàn)美國延緩霸權(quán)衰落的戰(zhàn)略目標;建構(gòu)主義是以頭腦風(fēng)暴的方式讓人相信烏托邦主義的世界圖景很難建構(gòu)、但又可以通過觀念改變的方式去做到(雖然亨廷頓的《文明的沖突與世界秩序的重建》一書褒貶不一,但至少說明觀念與文化的共識想達成和解絲毫不亞于領(lǐng)土爭端零和博弈解決的困難程度)。 大戰(zhàn)略與地緣政治是密不可分的: The emergence of geopoliticsreflected a new sense that the world was now a unified political space at theend of the nineteenth century, which emerged as a result of the imperialcompetition of European great powers. ● It also reflected a shifting constellation ofpower, with British economic strength in decline and Germany and the UnitedStates rising as new powerful actors in world politics. ● Classical geopolitical thought linksterritory to power and sees world politics as a competition between the mostpowerful states. It proposes that geographical and other environmental factorsexplain why some states thrive while others decline. 這段話充分體現(xiàn)了地緣政治是高度權(quán)力變量的考慮,是國家大戰(zhàn)略層面運作的背景與效果。對地緣政治與大戰(zhàn)略的思維體系掌握非常有助于在歷史閱讀中發(fā)現(xiàn)研究問題。 凱南的遏制戰(zhàn)略就是一種地理與權(quán)力變量的戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)用思考:Containmentwas first developed at the onset of the cold war by George F. Kennan, adiplomat who had studied the Soviet Union closely. He proposed a strategy whichrelied on countering Soviet influence 'bythe adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series of constantlyshifting geographical and political points’。Bythe 1950s, the competition for spheres of influence between the United Statesand the Soviet Union acquired a global dimension, partly as a result ofdecolonization in Africa and Asia. Containment was reformulated and expandedinto what became known as 'domino theory’—the idea that Soviet influence had tobe countered everywhere, since one state turning communist could easily spreadcommunism to neighbouring states until an entire world region would fall.Containment was a form of geopolitics, but one which encompassed ideologicalcompetition as well as competition for resources. It required the US to engageacross all areas of the globe to stop the spread of communism, whether or notthe countries concerned were strategically important. In Vietnam in particular,hundreds of thousands of US soldiers were sent to help fight communistguerrillas in a costly, drawn-out, and ultimately unsuccessful war. Overall,containment was a consistent, if not always consistently implemented, grandstrategic framework that was remarkably long-lived. Since the Soviet Unionremained the much weaker economy, containment was an effective long-termstrategy that helped to drain Soviet resources, though it was by no means theonly factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union. 由此可見,這種遏制戰(zhàn)略本質(zhì)上還是一種消耗戰(zhàn)邏輯,并非是要消滅蘇聯(lián),而是要用長期的軍事與政治對抗拖垮蘇聯(lián),但是拖垮的前提是什么?是蘇聯(lián)擴張地緣空間會加劇有限資源的耗盡與國內(nèi)政治經(jīng)濟體系的崩潰,實質(zhì)上就是目標與手段的平衡邏輯的戰(zhàn)略思維產(chǎn)物。
三、到底是戰(zhàn)略思想影響了歷史上的政治行為、還是政治行為塑造了戰(zhàn)略思想?這也是戰(zhàn)略研究經(jīng)常被詬病的一個原因。下面一段話供讀者參考,因考慮政治敏感性,不便于直接翻譯,筆者的主要觀點可以精要概況為:理論家擺脫政策干擾的判斷或者不了解政策實際的理論空想恐怕都是很難的,但是戰(zhàn)略研究如果被貶低為純粹的智庫政策建議就有些不倫不類的: In general, strategists recognize the dangers ofdeveloping too cosy a relationship with officials when they advise governmentson a paid basis. Like many other experts (e.g. economists), however, they seeno necessary inconsistency between scholarship and advice. Because it is apractical subject, there are some benefits from analysing strategic issues atclose hand, providing that a detached approach is adopted. Policy advocacy, however,is a different matter. Some strategists do drift into the realm of advocatingspecific policies, but when they do so they slowly but surely lose theircredibility. People who make a career out of arguing for the adoption ofspecific policies or weapons systems gain a reputation for knowing the 'answer’regardless of the question that is posed.Another forceful criticism of strategicstudies is that it is part of the problem, not the solution. What opponentsmean by this is that the Clausewitzian perspective of strategists, which seesmilitary power as a legitimate instrument of policy, helps to perpetuate aparticular mindset among national leaders and the public that encourages theuse of force. It is this realist thinking, critics argue, which lies behind thedevelopment of theories of deterrence, limited war, and crisis management thatwere especially dangerous during the cold war。[8] 如果讀者了解豪斯霍弗的地緣戰(zhàn)略思想,在結(jié)合納粹德國的實際擴張行為,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略思想與國家政治永遠都是既難以割舍又難以完全應(yīng)用的。豪斯霍弗希望達成類似麥金德所提防的德蘇心臟地帶結(jié)盟和對英國海上主導(dǎo)權(quán)的挑戰(zhàn),但希特勒德國盡管采納了很多豪斯霍弗的思想(或者說政策的理論工具支撐),不過對蘇宣戰(zhàn)卻是豪斯霍弗反對的,德國最終在二戰(zhàn)失敗也側(cè)面說明豪斯霍弗的地緣學(xué)說的預(yù)見性還是有的,只不過國家實踐是作為負面案例佐證了觀點。喬治·凱南主要是強調(diào)政治遏制戰(zhàn)略,而美國實際的NSC68號文件更強調(diào)軍事遏制,相比前者更具進攻性;同時凱南的思想在朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭前后也發(fā)生了一定變化,在堅持自身的地緣戰(zhàn)略與遏制思想體系的同時,也從反對朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭到支持適度的介入,這一點如果有興趣的讀者可以閱讀《喬治·凱南與美國的東亞政策》一書,里面有詳細的介紹凱南在中國、日本問題、朝鮮半島等東亞不同地區(qū)的政策影響力差異與歷史細節(jié)。
四、我們這個時代戰(zhàn)略研究的特征 戰(zhàn)略研究具有經(jīng)久不衰的傳統(tǒng),也是中西方思想對話的重要領(lǐng)域,無論是孫子還是克勞塞維茨,跨越兩千多年的中西方代表,都有很多不是傳承的共識: The logic of war and strategy is universal; it isvalid at all times and in all places. This is primarily because war is a humanactivity, and human nature has remained unchanged in the face of materialprogress. The same passions that motivated those who lived millennia agocontinue to drive us today. Although such strategic theorists as thenineteenth-century Prussian officer and philosopher Carl von Clausewitz and theancient Chinese author Sun Tzu wrote from very different historical andcultural experiences and thus viewed strategy from unique perspectives, thephenomenon they described—war—is the same. It is the character and conduct ofwar—how it is waged, by whom, and for what ends—that has changed over time.[9] 限于篇幅,就精要介紹一下筆者對戰(zhàn)略研究不會過時的一些理解: (一)非傳統(tǒng)安全越發(fā)重要,但傳統(tǒng)安全的主導(dǎo)地位不會動搖;因為國際沖突與合作是高度政治的,哪怕是純粹的經(jīng)濟問題,只要是政治家做出的決策也一定關(guān)涉政治目標,政治主導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟而非經(jīng)濟主導(dǎo)政治仍然是戰(zhàn)略研究的一個理解思路(當然并不絕對,在特定領(lǐng)域的相互依賴可能產(chǎn)生某些非線性、間接的非戰(zhàn)略影響,但最好視為是戰(zhàn)略研究領(lǐng)域的子議題而非與戰(zhàn)略無關(guān)。) (二)全部戰(zhàn)術(shù)的失敗只會帶來戰(zhàn)略的失敗、強調(diào)戰(zhàn)略重要性不代表戰(zhàn)術(shù)不重要,一部分戰(zhàn)術(shù)失敗換來整體戰(zhàn)略成功是值得的。 (三)時間與空間的維度是理解戰(zhàn)略研究(或者是很多學(xué)科)的必備條件,因為戰(zhàn)略是要立足于特定的時間條件的機遇/限制以及選擇某一空間作為實踐場所,不同的時間與空間條件的組合會帶來戰(zhàn)略觀念的變化。技術(shù)變革也的確會對時間(到達目的地的時間長短等)和空間(單位時間移動的距離等)的戰(zhàn)略觀念構(gòu)成不可回避的影響。技術(shù)的變革不會導(dǎo)致地緣戰(zhàn)略研究的過時,因為技術(shù)變革本身就是地緣研究的不可分割內(nèi)容,這源于馬漢與麥金德以來對技術(shù)、地理與政治高度戰(zhàn)略互動性的理解描述。 (四)地緣政治本身就屬于大戰(zhàn)略研究,大戰(zhàn)略與現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)的密切程度,可以通約認為如果說地緣政治是過時的,就等于強調(diào)大戰(zhàn)略與現(xiàn)實主義本身也失去了很多研究的維度與學(xué)理價值。盡管三者并不能簡單等同為一個體系框架,但確實可以有很多內(nèi)容深入探討,比如新古典現(xiàn)實主義的大戰(zhàn)略維度如果想進一步實現(xiàn)突破,減少現(xiàn)實主義學(xué)說在冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來逐漸空中樓閣的虛化困境,回歸地緣政治是根本性的理論實踐要求。 The concept of grand strategy was first developed inthe context of the Second World War and was an extension of the long-termstrategic view inherent in geopolitical thought. ● Both theSoviet Union and the United States acted geopolitically during the cold war.Containment was a grand strategy informed by geopolitical reasoning, but drivenby ideological concerns rather than resource competition. ● The revival ofgeopolitics in the 1970s occurred at a time when the US was seen to be inrelative decline, and means other than the nuclear arms race were sought tosecure its position.[10] 大戰(zhàn)略概念最早是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)背景下提出的,是地緣政治思想中固有的長期戰(zhàn)略觀的延伸。蘇聯(lián)和美國在冷戰(zhàn)期間都采取了地緣政治行動。遏制是一項宏大的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃,受到地緣政治因素的影響、意識形態(tài)擔(dān)憂的驅(qū)動,而非資源競爭的作用(筆者認為地緣政治與大戰(zhàn)略學(xué)說可以反駁經(jīng)濟決定論的觀點)。20世紀70年代地緣政治的復(fù)興,發(fā)生在美國被視為處于霸權(quán)相對衰落的時期,當時美國尋求核軍備競賽以外的其他戰(zhàn)略手段來確保其國際體系的主導(dǎo)地位。 大戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)高度重視地緣政治的作用,尤其是地理、技術(shù)變量對政治事務(wù)的影響: Geography is not a fixed and immutable factorin world affairs. ● Technologicalchange affects the way that geographical factors play out in internationalpolitics. ● Geographicalfactors matter both as external constraints and because they are interpretedand politically contested, and often part of identity narratives. ● This dualitycomplicates the uses of geopolitics for grand strategy, but also adds a new,important dimension that makers of grand strategy need to take into account. (五)戰(zhàn)略文化的研究是經(jīng)典議題,未來很長一段時期也不會過時。 (六)目標與手段的平衡是戰(zhàn)略研究的經(jīng)典理解,但不要狹隘,有時候要讓目標限定手段使用,有時候要提前預(yù)設(shè)目標來增進手段累進的政治合理性,還有時候需要讓手段的實踐操作來驗證與修訂戰(zhàn)略目標的規(guī)劃。之所以要制定戰(zhàn)略目標,也源于要抓住特定戰(zhàn)略機遇期(時間)與不同戰(zhàn)略地帶的輕重緩急不同(空間)。 (七)對中美關(guān)系的分析具有極高價值 The rise of China and the relative economic decline ofthe US are driving the current revival of interest in geopolitics and grandstrategy. ● China’s economic expansion and its need forenergy supplies are already having an effect on political dynamics in variousregions of the world. ● The US remainsmilitarily dominant. Russia, China, and some other states are rearming, but at presentthis is not a direct challenge. ● Some suggestthat the US suffers from 'imperial overstretch’, spending so much on its defence budget that it is weakened overall. ● The emphasisof grand strategy has shifted to peacetime development, partly because warbetween great powers now seems improbable.[11] 筆者并不認為對美國霸權(quán)衰落的理解是一種單向度的必然論,霸權(quán)衰落可以重新復(fù)興、還可以在戰(zhàn)略透支過程中及時止損、也可能對手比霸權(quán)國失誤更多導(dǎo)致霸權(quán)國的實力看上去沒有明顯衰落,因此過于唱衰或者霸權(quán)長存不變都是缺乏戰(zhàn)略理性的論調(diào)。 中國的崛起和美國的相對衰落,正在推動當前人們對地緣政治和大戰(zhàn)略的興趣復(fù)蘇。美國遭受帝國過度擴張的困擾是自從杰克·斯奈德的《帝國的迷思》一書出版以來就成為新世紀國際關(guān)系理論爭論的焦點(至少筆者認為這本書是極具學(xué)理與戰(zhàn)略應(yīng)用價值的標志性著作,在冷戰(zhàn)后的美國戰(zhàn)略界絕對算是獨樹一幟)。只要詳細觀察,一些美國戰(zhàn)略界人士總結(jié)冷戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)啟示時,強調(diào)國防預(yù)算的適度增加能實現(xiàn)長期戰(zhàn)略目標、而非通常理解的過度擴張。可以判定美國對第三世界的戰(zhàn)爭行為不太可能終止,筆者認為,這是美國這種非正式殖民的帝國所不太可能放棄的發(fā)揮海外地緣政治投射能力與地緣文化塑造能力的“機會”,地緣經(jīng)濟的擴張則有助于提升美國模式的吸引力;而中國只要想崛起,就無法同時回避在地緣政治、地緣經(jīng)濟與地緣文化層面的發(fā)展,就勢必與美國會發(fā)生碰撞,中美就算真的迎來類似“古巴導(dǎo)彈時刻”也不必過于大驚小怪,正如1957年的“斯普特尼克恐慌”到今天已經(jīng)演變?yōu)?/span>5G技術(shù)的打壓。 不要認為大戰(zhàn)略就是紙上談兵的無用學(xué)問,有大戰(zhàn)略謀劃的意圖、哪怕戰(zhàn)略試錯也比沒有大戰(zhàn)略要好太多。借用本文介紹該書著作的一段話作為結(jié)尾: In a complex and fluid world, it has become much moredifficult to formulate grand strategies. ● Rigid grandstrategies, or those based on the wrong assumptions, can have negativeconsequences, since they blind decision-makers to unpredictable changes in thestrategic environment. ● For a large,powerful state, grand strategic planning may be necessary, since the effects ofsimply 'muddling through’ may be worse.
下面也為讀者預(yù)留一些該書提出的思考問題,可以供大家閱讀一些文獻的問題導(dǎo)引(讀者普遍英文應(yīng)該都比筆者要好很多,就不翻譯了): 1. What are the aims of grand strategy? 2. Why is there renewed interest in geopolitics andgrand strategy at this particular historical juncture? 3. What explains the emergence of geopolitical thoughtat the turn of the twentieth century? 4. Compare and contrast evolving definitions of grandstrategy and geopolitics. How and why have these definitions changed? 5. To what extent was the grand strategy ofcontainment during the cold war motivated by geopolitical reasoning? 6. What are the problems inherent in formulating grandstrategies? Can they be overcome? 7. Why is grand strategy associated with the statecraftof great powers? 8. How has geopolitics traditionally been associatedwith grand strategy? What are the problems of this association? 9. If geopolitics is both about the 'out there’ andthe 'in here’, as Colin Gray has written, what is its use for the formulationof grand strategy? 10. Is the rise of China a challenge to US primacy? 總之,筆者認為:戰(zhàn)略思維的素養(yǎng)絕非短期可以形成,也不是遇到問題現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)賣,而是應(yīng)該將戰(zhàn)略研究的學(xué)術(shù)訓(xùn)練進行戰(zhàn)略化管理與運作,只有對戰(zhàn)略研究本身進行戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃,才能實現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略研究的進化。 (注釋略) |
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