這些動詞都是關(guān)于將過去某些不存在的事物變?yōu)榇嬖诘男袨椤?/p> Create 可以暗含主觀故意,審美歧視,權(quán)力,控制以及所有這些??赡苄宰畲蟮那闆r是原材料與最終產(chǎn)品之間有非常大的差異。A Supreme Being who creates the universe out of darkness and chaos; the novelist who creates a unique view of life by using everyday language; diplomates attempting to create world order out of the discords of warring nations. Create 也可頻繁用于表示很沒有意義的追求的狀態(tài)詞:the fashion designer creating a new line of spring dresses. Design 和Compose在指藝術(shù)品反面是相似的,但是在應(yīng)用上,他們更加特殊。Design 服裝,汽車,或舞臺設(shè)備的某些人僅僅只是為這些產(chǎn)品制定計(jì)劃,而將他們的具體建造工作留給下級工匠。因此,Design 更強(qiáng)調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)而不是建造。而且,它不像Create那樣強(qiáng)調(diào)原材料與最終成品之間的巨大差異性:We can design schemes to prevent urban sprawl, but we can hardly create utopias from scratch at this late date. Compose 是這里面最特別的,指音樂創(chuàng)作:to compose a symphony or a popular song. 在這個意義上,它更像是Create, 而不是Design. 然而,在作為被動式應(yīng)用時,它的審美含義消失了,指可能的一個群體或物體的任意組合:a city composed of many ethnic strains. Make是這一組動詞中最一般的,最關(guān)鍵的是它既可以應(yīng)用于審美或科學(xué)的行為,也可用于任何物件的制造:artists who make sculptures; biologists who make new species through hybridization; nations that make hydrogen bombs; factories that make detergents.由于Make的應(yīng)用范圍十分廣泛,有時候我們推薦使用更加專業(yè)的詞。 在科學(xué)技術(shù)環(huán)境下,invent 與美學(xué)環(huán)境下的design是一致的。invent一件產(chǎn)品并測試一個新概念的人可能將它的生產(chǎn)任務(wù)交給其他人。正如在藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域create 比design更有地位一樣,discover, 作為科學(xué)的最高目標(biāo),也比invent 更有科學(xué)地位:Franklin discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb. produce 大部分時候指將作品實(shí)現(xiàn):the last year of his life in which shakespeare produced no new plays. 但是,從另一個意義上說,produce 所暗示的作品的制作人可能沒有參與creating, designing, 或inventing這件作品:theatrical technicians who produce what the palywright creates; seamstresses who produce the gown fashion experts design; factories that produce the light bulbs based on the one Edison invented. 反義詞:break, destroy, kill, obliterate |
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