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學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法基礎(chǔ)知識是非常有好處的，它可以使我們能夠輕松認(rèn)識更多單詞，以一種巧妙的方式擴(kuò)大詞匯量，短期內(nèi)記住更多的單詞，對于考試中一些詞形轉(zhuǎn)換的題也非常有幫助。 英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。（文末加小編微信可獲取電子打印版） 一. 轉(zhuǎn)化法 在英語中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。 1. 動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 Let me have a try. 讓我試試。 They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school. 在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。 2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 He shouldered his way through the crowd. 他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。 The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water. 從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。 3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。 They tried to perfect the working conditions. 他們努力改善工作條件。 4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不辨是非。 The old in our village are living a happy life. 我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。 5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞 How long have you lived there? 你在那兒住多久了？ 6. 個(gè)別詞在一定場合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 Warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。 Life is full of ups and downs. 人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。 His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。 二. 合成法 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。 1. 合成名詞 名詞/代詞 名詞 newspaper， blood-test驗(yàn)血，she-wolf母狼 動詞 名詞 typewriter pickpocket扒手 daybreak破曉 形容詞 名詞 greenhouse highway公路 副詞 名詞 overcoat outside 名詞 v.-ing/v.-ing 名詞 handwriting reading-room freezing-point 動詞 副詞/ 副詞 動詞 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome 名詞 介詞 名詞 sister-in-law editor-in-chief 2. 合成形容詞 名詞 形容詞/形容詞 名詞 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term 副詞 形容詞 over-anxious evergreen 名詞 過去分詞 man-made sun-burnt 名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving English-speaking 形容詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking easy-going 副詞 過去分詞 well-informed widespread 副詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking far-reaching 形容詞 名詞 ed warm-hearted absent-minded 數(shù)詞 名詞 ed three-legged ten-storied 數(shù)詞 名詞 one-way five–star 數(shù)詞 名詞 形容詞 ten-year-old 800-meter-long 名詞 to 名詞 face-to-face door-to-door 3. 合成動詞 名詞 動詞 baby-sit sleepwalk 副詞 動詞 outnumber underestimate overwork 形容詞 動詞 whitewash 4. 合成副詞 形容詞＋名詞 meanwhile anyway 形容詞＋副詞 everywhere anyhow 副詞＋副詞 however 介詞＋名詞 beforehand overhead 介詞＋副詞 forever 5. 合成代詞 代詞賓格＋self/selves herself themselves 物主代詞＋self/selves myself yourselves 形容詞＋名詞 anything nothing 6. 合成介詞 副詞＋名詞 inside outside 介詞＋副詞 without within 副詞＋介詞 into 三. 派生法 由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。 1. 前綴 除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。 （1）表示否定意義的前綴 un- unhappy unfinished undress dis- disagree disbelieve in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular mis- misbehave mislead mistake non- nonstop nonsmoker （2）表示其他意義的前綴 en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage inter- “相互” international intercontinental re- “再，又，重” rethink retell recycle tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的” telescope telephone telegraph auto- “自動的” automatic automobile co- “共同” coworker cooperate coexist anti- “反對，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear multi- “多” multistory multicultural multicolor bi- “雙，二” bicycle bilingual bilateral micro- “極小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer over- “太多，過分” overwork overdo overestimate self- “自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate 2. 后綴 （1）形容詞后綴 -able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable -al “與……有關(guān)的” physical, magical, political -an “屬于某地方的人” American African -ern “方向” southern, northern, eastern -ful/ less “（沒）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless -ish “如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish -ive “有……傾向的” active attractive expensive -en “由……制成的” golden wooden woolen -ous “有（性質(zhì)）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous -ly “有……性質(zhì)的” friendly yearly daily -y “構(gòu)成形容詞” noisy dusty cloudy （2）名詞后綴 -er / or “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container -ese “某國（人）的” Chinese, Japanese -ian “某國、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician -ist “某種主義或職業(yè)者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist -ess “表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess -ment “行為或其狀態(tài)” government, movement, achievement -ness “性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)” illness, sadness, carelessness -tion “動作，過程，結(jié)果” invention, organization, translation -ance/ ence “抽象；行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” importance, appearance, absence, existence -th “性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth -ful “（滿的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful -(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” possibility, disability, reliability -al “過程、狀態(tài)” survival, arrival, approval -y “性質(zhì)、情況” modesty, delivery, honesty -dom “處于……狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)” freedom, boredom -age “狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果” courage, storage, marriage （3）動詞后綴 -fy / ify “使得；變得” simplify, beautify, purify -en “使成為；變得” shorten, deepen, sadden -ize “使成為” apologize, realize, specialize （4）副詞后綴 -ly “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily -ward(s) “向……” towards, forward, upwards （5）數(shù)詞后綴 -teen “十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen -ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty -th “序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth END （來源：高中英語） |
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