經(jīng)典定義(形態(tài)學(xué)定義) · 因心肌僵硬度增加引起限制性心室充盈障礙(表現(xiàn)為舒張功能不全)的一組異質(zhì)性疾病· 單心室或雙心室受累;左、右心房擴大,而左、右心室容積及收縮功能通常正常· 除了心力衰竭外,還常出現(xiàn)心律失常和傳導(dǎo)障礙肥厚的限制型心肌?。?0%?) · 心臟淀粉樣變性(cardiac amyloidosis,CA)· 心臟結(jié)節(jié)?。╟ardiac sarcoidosis,CS)· 心臟血色素?。╟ardiac hemochromatosis,CH)· 早在1854年,Virchow發(fā)現(xiàn)人體組織細胞間有一種沉淀物,與碘接觸后呈現(xiàn)類似淀粉(amylum或starch)的顏色反應(yīng),他稱其為淀粉樣物質(zhì)(amyloid)(誤認(rèn)為是粘多糖,polysaccharide),這種沉積現(xiàn)象即為淀粉樣變性(amyloid degeneration)(amyloidosis)· 所謂淀粉樣物質(zhì),實為由不同成分組成的蛋白質(zhì),故稱其為淀粉樣蛋白(amyloid protein)更合適淀粉樣變性本質(zhì)上是一種蛋白質(zhì)代謝異常疾病 · Amyloidosis is a syndrome characterized by the extracellular deposition of a misfolded protein as amyloid, leading to organ functional loss. · Amyloid deposition in the heart (cardiac amyloidosis)leads to cardiomyocyte separation, cellular toxicity, apoptosis, and tissue stiffness. · Amyloid deposits are insoluble and accumulate continuously, leading to heart failure from mechanical, biochemical, and electric dysfunction. · 目前已識別出30多種致淀粉樣變蛋白質(zhì)(amyloidogenic proteins)· 致心臟淀粉樣變蛋白質(zhì)最常見為以下三種— 免疫球蛋白輕鏈(light chain immunoglobulin)— 野生型轉(zhuǎn)甲狀腺素蛋白(wild-type transthyretin, TTRwt)— 突變型轉(zhuǎn)甲狀腺素蛋白(mutant transthyretin, TTRm)? 心臟淀粉樣變性的類型命名 · Current nomenclature uses “A” for amyloid followed by “X” to denote the precursor protein from which the fibrils are derived. · Thus, immunoglobulin light chain amyloid is termed “AL” and transthyretin amyloid is “ATTR.” ? AL型心臟淀粉樣變性 · 因漿細胞?。╬lasma cell dyscrasia)導(dǎo)致免疫球蛋白輕鏈產(chǎn)生過多,伴或不伴多發(fā)性骨髓瘤· 雖多器官受累常見(如肝臟、腎臟、消化道、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和軟組織等),但大約5%的病人僅心臟受累· 但心臟淀粉樣變性不是一個單純的浸潤性心肌病,異常前體蛋白及其他循環(huán)因子的直接毒性可引起心肌功能不全· 動物模型研究顯示致淀粉樣變輕鏈可增加活性氧 (reactive oxygen species)的產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致心肌收縮和舒張功能受損· 循環(huán)的游離輕鏈具有直接“毒性”作用,可部分解釋有些患者盡管心肌僅輕-中度增厚,但癥狀嚴(yán)重? ATTRwt型心臟淀粉樣變性 · 轉(zhuǎn)甲狀腺素蛋白(transthyretin,TTR):主要由肝臟產(chǎn)生,為甲狀腺素的轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白及視黃醇結(jié)合蛋白。· TTR需呈四聚體(tetramer)才能發(fā)揮作用,但其本身容易分解成單體(monomer),后者具有致淀粉樣變的特性· ATTRwt既往也稱為老年性CA,目前發(fā)現(xiàn)40歲即有發(fā)病者? ATTRm型心臟淀粉樣變性 · TTR基因發(fā)生點突變,導(dǎo)致單個氨基酸置換,使TTR四聚體解離呈單體的可能性增加,從而引起淀粉樣物質(zhì)沉積· 迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)超過130個的突變位點,V30M (在位點30纈氨酸被蛋氨酸取代) 、V122I 、T60A相對常見· Firstly, the protein may have an intrinsic propensity to misfold and deposit throughout one's lifetime as part of the aging process or when present in abnormally high concentrations. · Secondly,the gene encoding for the protein may be altered, rendering it more likely to misfold. Like many genetic conditions, this can be inherited or occur sporadically/de novo. · Thirdly, the precursor protein may undergo abnormal proteolytic remodeling resulting in a conformation that is more likely to misfold.· Fourthly, some proteins (such as Pmel 17) that occur in nature appear to form amyloid normally. Cardiovasc Pathol.2015 24(6):343-50· 心臟淀粉樣變性有三種常見類型:AL、ATTRwt和ATTRm
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