作者：王大毛
來源：Python大數(shù)據(jù)分析（ID：pydatas）
▲某網(wǎng)站對于Python可視化庫的排名
完整版運行結(jié)果：
https://www./home/project/5de9f0a0953ca8002c95d2a9
01 導(dǎo)入
1. 導(dǎo)入Matplotlib庫簡寫為plt
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
02 基本圖表
2. 用plot方法畫出x=(0,10)間sin的圖像
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 30)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x));
3. 用點加線的方式畫出x=(0,10)間sin的圖像
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x), '-o');
4. 用scatter方法畫出x=(0,10)間sin的點圖像
plt.scatter(x, np.sin(x));
5. 用餅圖的面積及顏色展示一組4維數(shù)據(jù)
rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
x = rng.randn(100)
y = rng.randn(100)
colors = rng.rand(100)
sizes = 1000 * rng.rand(100)
plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, s=sizes, alpha=0.3,
cmap='viridis')
plt.colorbar(); # 展示色階
6. 繪制一組誤差為±0.8的數(shù)據(jù)的誤差條圖
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 50)
dy = 0.8
y = np.sin(x) + dy * np.random.randn(50)
plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr=dy, fmt='.k')
7. 繪制一個柱狀圖
x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
y = [3,1,4,5,8,9,7,2]
label=['A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H']
plt.bar(x,y,tick_label = label);
8. 繪制一個水平方向柱狀圖
plt.barh(x,y,tick_label = label);
9. 繪制1000個隨機值的直方圖
data = np.random.randn(1000)
plt.hist(data);
10. 設(shè)置直方圖分30個bins，并設(shè)置為頻率分布
plt.hist(data, bins=30,histtype='stepfilled', density=True)
plt.show();
11. 在一張圖中繪制3組不同的直方圖，并設(shè)置透明度
x1 = np.random.normal(0, 0.8, 1000)
x2 = np.random.normal(-2, 1, 1000)
x3 = np.random.normal(3, 2, 1000)
kwargs = dict(alpha=0.3, bins=40, density = True)
plt.hist(x1, **kwargs);
plt.hist(x2, **kwargs);
plt.hist(x3, **kwargs);
12. 繪制一張二維直方圖
mean = [0, 0]
cov = [[1, 1], [1, 2]]
x, y = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, 10000).T
plt.hist2d(x, y, bins=30);
13. 繪制一張設(shè)置網(wǎng)格大小為30的六角形直方圖
plt.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=30);
03 自定義圖表元素
14. 繪制x=(0,10)間sin的圖像，設(shè)置線性為虛線
x = np.linspace(0,10,100)
plt.plot(x,np.sin(x),'--');
15. 設(shè)置y軸顯示范圍為(-1.5,1.5)
x = np.linspace(0,10,100)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.ylim(-1.5, 1.5);
16. 設(shè)置x,y軸標(biāo)簽variable x，value y
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y, label='sin(x)')
plt.xlabel('variable x');
plt.ylabel('value y');
17. 設(shè)置圖表標(biāo)題“三角函數(shù)”
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y, label='sin(x)')
plt.title('三角函數(shù)');
18. 顯示網(wǎng)格
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.grid()
19. 繪制平行于x軸y=0.8的水平參考線
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.axhline(y=0.8, ls='--', c='r')
20. 繪制垂直于x軸x<4 and x>6的參考區(qū)域，以及y軸y<0.2 and y>-0.2的參考區(qū)域
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.axvspan(xmin=4, xmax=6, facecolor='r', alpha=0.3) # 垂直x軸
plt.axhspan(ymin=-0.2, ymax=0.2, facecolor='y', alpha=0.3); # 垂直y軸
21. 添加注釋文字sin(x)
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.text(3.2, 0, 'sin(x)', weight='bold', color='r');
22. 用箭頭標(biāo)出第一個峰值
x = np.linspace(0.05, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.annotate('maximum',xy=(np.pi/2, 1),xytext=(np.pi/2+1, 1),
weight='bold',
color='r',
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->', connectionstyle='arc3', color='r'));
04 自定義圖例
23. 在一張圖里繪制sin,cos的圖形，并展示圖例
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), label='sin')
ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), '--', label='cos')
ax.legend();
24. 調(diào)整圖例在左上角展示，且不顯示邊框
ax.legend(loc='upper left', frameon=False);
fig
25. 調(diào)整圖例在畫面下方居中展示，且分成2列
ax.legend(frameon=False, loc='lower center', ncol=2)
fig
26. 繪制sin(x), sin(x+π/2), sin(x+π)的圖像，并只顯示前2者的圖例
y = np.sin(x[:, np.newaxis] + np.pi * np.arange(0, 2, 0.5))
lines = plt.plot(x, y)
# lines 是 plt.Line2D 類型的實例的列表
plt.legend(lines[:2], ['first', 'second']);
# 第二個方法
#plt.plot(x, y[:, 0], label='first')
#plt.plot(x, y[:, 1], label='second')
#plt.plot(x, y[:, 2:])
#plt.legend(framealpha=1, frameon=True);
27. 將圖例分不同的區(qū)域展示
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
lines = []
styles = ['-', '--', '-.', ':']
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
for i in range(4):
lines += ax.plot(x, np.sin(x - i * np.pi / 2),styles[i], color='black')
ax.axis('equal')
# 設(shè)置第一組標(biāo)簽
ax.legend(lines[:2], ['line A', 'line B'],
loc='upper right', frameon=False)
# 創(chuàng)建第二組標(biāo)簽
from matplotlib.legend import Legend
leg = Legend(ax, lines[2:], ['line C', 'line D'],
loc='lower right', frameon=False)
ax.add_artist(leg);
05 自定義色階
28. 展示色階
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 1000)
I = np.sin(x) * np.cos(x[:, np.newaxis])
plt.imshow(I)
plt.colorbar();
29. 改變配色為'gray'
plt.imshow(I, cmap='gray');
30. 將色階分成6個離散值顯示
plt.imshow(I, cmap=plt.cm.get_cmap('Blues', 6))
plt.colorbar()
plt.clim(-1, 1);
06 多子圖
31. 在一個1010的畫布中，(0.65,0.65)的位置創(chuàng)建一個0.20.2的子圖
ax1 = plt.axes()
ax2 = plt.axes([0.65, 0.65, 0.2, 0.2])
32. 在2個子圖中，顯示sin(x)和cos(x)的圖像
fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 0.4], ylim=(-1.2, 1.2))
ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.4], ylim=(-1.2, 1.2))
x = np.linspace(0, 10)
ax1.plot(np.sin(x));
ax2.plot(np.cos(x));
33. 用for創(chuàng)建6個子圖，并且在圖中標(biāo)識出對應(yīng)的子圖坐標(biāo)
for i in range(1, 7):
plt.subplot(2, 3, i)
plt.text(0.5, 0.5, str((2, 3, i)),fontsize=18, ha='center')
# 方法二
# fig = plt.figure()
# fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.4, wspace=0.4)
# for i in range(1, 7):
# ax = fig.add_subplot(2, 3, i)
# ax.text(0.5, 0.5, str((2, 3, i)),fontsize=18, ha='center')
34. 設(shè)置相同行和列共享x,y軸
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 3, sharex='col', sharey='row')
35. 用[]的方式取出每個子圖，并添加子圖座標(biāo)文字
for i in range(2):
for j in range(3):
ax[i, j].text(0.5, 0.5, str((i, j)),fontsize=18, ha='center')
fig
36. 組合繪制大小不同的子圖，樣式如下
grid = plt.GridSpec(2, 3, wspace=0.4, hspace=0.3)
plt.subplot(grid[0, 0])
plt.subplot(grid[0, 1:])
plt.subplot(grid[1, :2])
plt.subplot(grid[1, 2]);
37. 顯示一組二維數(shù)據(jù)的頻度分布，并分別在x,y軸上，顯示該維度的數(shù)據(jù)的頻度分布
mean = [0, 0]
cov = [[1, 1], [1, 2]]
x, y = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov, 3000).T
# Set up the axes with gridspec
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
grid = plt.GridSpec(4, 4, hspace=0.2, wspace=0.2)
main_ax = fig.add_subplot(grid[:-1, 1:])
y_hist = fig.add_subplot(grid[:-1, 0], xticklabels=[], sharey=main_ax)
x_hist = fig.add_subplot(grid[-1, 1:], yticklabels=[], sharex=main_ax)
# scatter points on the main axes
main_ax.scatter(x, y,s=3,alpha=0.2)
# histogram on the attached axes
x_hist.hist(x, 40, histtype='stepfilled',
orientation='vertical')
x_hist.invert_yaxis()
y_hist.hist(y, 40, histtype='stepfilled',
orientation='horizontal')
y_hist.invert_xaxis()
07 三維圖像
38. 創(chuàng)建一個三維畫布
from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d
fig = plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
39. 繪制一個三維螺旋線
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
# Data for a three-dimensional line
zline = np.linspace(0, 15, 1000)
xline = np.sin(zline)
yline = np.cos(zline)
ax.plot3D(xline, yline, zline);
40. 繪制一組三維點
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')
zdata = 15 * np.random.random(100)
xdata = np.sin(zdata) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
ydata = np.cos(zdata) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
ax.scatter3D(xdata, ydata, zdata, c=zdata, cmap='Greens');
08 寶可夢數(shù)據(jù)集可視化
41. 展示前5個寶可夢的Defense,Attack,HP的堆積條形圖
pokemon = df['Name'][:5]
hp = df['HP'][:5]
attack = df['Attack'][:5]
defense = df['Defense'][:5]
ind = [x for x, _ in enumerate(pokemon)]
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.bar(ind, defense, width=0.8, label='Defense', color='blue', bottom=attack+hp)
plt.bar(ind, attack, width=0.8, label='Attack', color='gold', bottom=hp)
plt.bar(ind, hp, width=0.8, label='Hp', color='red')
plt.xticks(ind, pokemon)
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.xlabel('Pokemon')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('5 Pokemon Defense & Attack & Hp')
plt.show()
42. 展示前5個寶可夢的Attack,HP的簇狀條形圖
N = 5
pokemon_hp = df['HP'][:5]
pokemon_attack = df['Attack'][:5]
ind = np.arange(N)
width = 0.35
plt.bar(ind, pokemon_hp, width, label='HP')
plt.bar(ind + width, pokemon_attack, width,label='Attack')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.title('Pokemon Hp & Attack')
plt.xticks(ind + width / 2, (df['Name'][:5]),rotation=45)
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.show()
43. 展示前5個寶可夢的Defense,Attack,HP的堆積圖
x = df['Name'][:4]
y1 = df['HP'][:4]
y2 = df['Attack'][:4]
y3 = df['Defense'][:4]
labels = ['HP ', 'Attack', 'Defense']
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.stackplot(x, y1, y2, y3)
ax.legend(loc='upper left', labels=labels)
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
plt.show()
44. 公用x軸，展示前5個寶可夢的Defense,Attack,HP的折線圖
x = df['Name'][:5]
y1 = df['HP'][:5]
y2 = df['Attack'][:5]
y3 = df['Defense'][:5]
# Create two subplots sharing y axis
fig, (ax1, ax2,ax3) = plt.subplots(3, sharey=True)
ax1.plot(x, y1, 'ko-')
ax1.set(title='3 subplots', ylabel='HP')
ax2.plot(x, y2, 'r.-')
ax2.set(xlabel='Pokemon', ylabel='Attack')
ax3.plot(x, y3, ':')
ax3.set(xlabel='Pokemon', ylabel='Defense')
plt.show()
45. 展示前15個寶可夢的Attack,HP的折線圖
plt.plot(df['HP'][:15], '-r',label='HP')
plt.plot(df['Attack'][:15], ':g',label='Attack')
plt.legend();
46. 用scatter的x,y,c屬性，展示所有寶可夢的Defense,Attack,HP數(shù)據(jù)
x = df['Attack']
y = df['Defense']
colors = df['HP']
plt.scatter(x, y, c=colors, alpha=0.5)
plt.title('Scatter plot')
plt.xlabel('HP')
plt.ylabel('Attack')
plt.colorbar();
47. 展示所有寶可夢的攻擊力的分布直方圖，bins=10
x = df['Attack']
num_bins = 10
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(x, num_bins, facecolor='blue', alpha=0.5)
plt.title('Histogram')
plt.xlabel('Attack')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.show()
48. 展示所有寶可夢Type 1的餅圖
plt.figure(1, figsize=(8,8))
df['Type 1'].value_counts().plot.pie(autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.legend()
49. 展示所有寶可夢Type 1的柱狀圖
ax = df['Type 1'].value_counts().plot.bar(figsize = (12,6),fontsize = 14)
ax.set_title('Pokemon Type 1 Count', fontsize = 20)
ax.set_xlabel('Pokemon Type 1', fontsize = 20)
ax.set_ylabel('Value', fontsize = 20)
plt.show()
50. 展示綜合評分最高的10只寶可夢的系數(shù)間的相關(guān)系數(shù)矩陣
import seaborn as sns
top_10_pokemon=df.sort_values(by='Total',ascending=False).head(10)
corr=top_10_pokemon.corr()
fig, ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))
sns.heatmap(corr,annot=True)
ax.set_ylim(9, 0)
plt.show()
