英語(yǔ)成分分隔（詞語(yǔ)分隔）現(xiàn)象分析

——兼談對(duì)高考試題的影響和解題思路

作者原創(chuàng) （2010年）

【引言】

1. Over time my memory has developed so much that, like an elehpant, I never forget anything I have been told! “隨著時(shí)間的推移，我的記憶力發(fā)展得如此之快，就像一頭大象一樣，我從來(lái)不會(huì)忘記告訴我的任何事情！”（新課標(biāo)必修二第3單元課文）

2. Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers.“后來(lái)，葉卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀屋搬到圣彼得堡郊外她避暑的宮殿中?！保ㄐ抡n標(biāo)必修二第1單元課文）

3. There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on theBaltic Sea.“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，這些箱子后來(lái)被裝上火車運(yùn)往哥尼斯堡，當(dāng)時(shí)德國(guó)在波羅的海邊的一個(gè)城市?！保ㄐ抡n標(biāo)必修二第1單元課文）

4. The nusicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music, most of which was based loosely on the Beatles. 組成樂(lè)隊(duì)的音樂(lè)人演奏音樂(lè)，還彼此打趣逗笑。這些玩笑和音樂(lè)大多都在模仿“甲殼蟲”樂(lè)隊(duì)。（新課標(biāo)必修二第5單元課文）

以上句子都是必修二課本上的。斜體部分的詞語(yǔ)把本來(lái)比較緊密的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分隔開來(lái)，使得句子有些松散或不夠緊湊，但感覺(jué)起來(lái)，句子卻能勻稱流暢，結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)。如句1中，本來(lái)so...that...句式中，that從句表示結(jié)果，后面應(yīng)直接跟一從句，但被like an elehpant及兩個(gè)逗號(hào)分開。句2中，定語(yǔ)從句where she spent her summers是修飾 palace的，但被介詞短語(yǔ) outside St Petersburg分隔開來(lái)。句3中，the boxes were then put on a train是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但在be和過(guò)去分詞之間被時(shí)間副詞then分隔開來(lái)。而which was at that time a German city是個(gè)緊湊的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，但被at that time把was和a German city分隔。most of which was based loosely on the Beatles中，based on被loosely分隔開來(lái)。這就是我們所說(shuō)的“英語(yǔ)分隔現(xiàn)象”，而這種現(xiàn)象在英語(yǔ)中大量地存在著，可以說(shuō)比比皆是。

“英語(yǔ)分隔現(xiàn)象”， 會(huì)影響網(wǎng)友對(duì)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)和理解，而且目前已滲透到高考試題當(dāng)中。因此，我們有必要對(duì)該問(wèn)題做一探討，并結(jié)合高考試題進(jìn)行診斷和提出對(duì)策。

（一）詞語(yǔ)分隔現(xiàn)象的原因

簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，在英語(yǔ)句子中，兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系密切或意義緊密相連的成分應(yīng)緊挨在一起。但有時(shí)因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法句型或修辭表達(dá)的原因，需要在這些緊密相連的成分之間插入一些其他詞語(yǔ)，從而造成分隔現(xiàn)象。

一、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的原因

當(dāng)兩個(gè)及以上的后置定語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，或兩個(gè)及以上的狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或形容詞時(shí)，或一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，分隔是必然的。

For the last years of her life she lived in a place where she was not liked, ruled by a son who hated her. 在她的余生中，她住在她兒子控制的地方，那個(gè)地方不喜歡她，她兒子也恨她。

place有兩個(gè)后置定語(yǔ)：where she was not liked和ruled by a son who hated her，必有一個(gè)會(huì)與所修飾的詞語(yǔ)分隔。

We think it’s a feeling that comes as a result of good things that just happen to us, things over which we have little or no control. 我們認(rèn)為幸福是一種感覺(jué)，這種感覺(jué)是由于我們剛經(jīng)歷了一些好事而產(chǎn)生的，對(duì)這些事我們幾乎不能甚至根本不能控制。

good things有兩個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句that just happen to us和同位語(yǔ)things over which we have little or no control。由于同位語(yǔ)本身還帶有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，且同位語(yǔ)和前面那個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句與他們所共同所修飾的詞語(yǔ)的關(guān)系相比不太密切，故放在后面。

 在一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中，由于句型的要求，關(guān)系密切的詞語(yǔ)必須分隔，如：

What is there to worry about?有什么值得擔(dān)心的嗎？

動(dòng)詞不定式to worry about作what的定語(yǔ)，但因?yàn)樘厥庖蓡?wèn)句，需要把what提前至句首，而造成分隔。

Is there anything you want that you have not? 還有哪樣你所要的東西你沒(méi)有？

You are the only girl I know who can really play chess. 你是我認(rèn)識(shí)的唯一的真正會(huì)下棋的女孩子。

Try as you may, you will not succeed. 雖然你可以試一試，但不會(huì)成功的。

這是一個(gè)由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，try和may必須分隔，如改為As you may try則會(huì)導(dǎo)致意義變化。

二、修辭表達(dá)的原因

1．為了讓句子保持平衡、避免頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象，或者為了避免累贅而分隔。如：

She keeps in the garden some of the most lovable little rabbits you ever saw. 她在花園里養(yǎng)著一些你所見(jiàn)到過(guò)的最可愛(ài)的小兔。

賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而狀語(yǔ)太短，故將地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)in the garden提到賓語(yǔ)前，造成動(dòng)賓分隔。

2．為使表達(dá)更準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密，以免引起誤解而分隔。如：

He has promised to really unite the people in the company. 他許諾要真正團(tuán)結(jié)全公司的人。（修飾unite）

這是一個(gè)分裂不定式，really因?yàn)樾揎梪nite，須放在之前。如果將really放在句末或其他位置，句意會(huì)發(fā)生變化。如：

He has really promised to unite the people in the company. 他確實(shí)許諾要團(tuán)結(jié)全公司的人。（really修飾has promised）

He has promised to unite the people in the company really.（really可能修飾promised，也可能修飾unite，造成歧義。）

3．為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，可將句中某個(gè)成分置于句首或句尾，或?yàn)榱耸股舷挛你暯泳o湊而把句中某個(gè)成分置于句首，或?yàn)榱送怀瞿骋徊糠?，從而造成分隔現(xiàn)象，如：

This too we have tolerated. 這我們也忍受了。

為強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)，將其提前到句首，從而造成動(dòng)賓分隔。

Happy people, as especially in individualistic Western cultures, like themselves. 快樂(lè)的人都十分賞識(shí)自我表現(xiàn)，這在強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性的西方文化中顯得尤為突出。

Happy people like themselves.一句本身已很短，本句中插入成分as especially in individualistic Western cultures因此顯得很醒目，這樣做的目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)。

4．避免句式呆板，使表達(dá)生動(dòng)活潑。如：

It was, as I said, not to be liked. 正如我所說(shuō)的那樣，這是不招人喜歡的。

as I said現(xiàn)置于句中造成句子分隔，說(shuō)出時(shí)有所停頓，句式顯得較靈活。

（二）充當(dāng)分隔的成分

兩個(gè)本應(yīng)緊挨在一起的詞語(yǔ)，往往可以被較短的謂語(yǔ)、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等分隔，如：

He laughs best who laughs last. 誰(shuí)笑到最后，誰(shuí)笑得最好。

修飾He的定語(yǔ)從句who laughs last被謂語(yǔ)laughs best分隔。

Those who have been in a serious accident often report that, as it occurred, everything happened in slow motion. 那些經(jīng)歷過(guò)嚴(yán)重事故的人常描述說(shuō)，在事故發(fā)生的過(guò)程中，一切都以慢動(dòng)作的形式進(jìn)行。

狀語(yǔ)從句as it occurred將本應(yīng)緊挨在一起的連詞that和它引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句分隔開了。

下面列舉一些經(jīng)常起分隔作用的詞語(yǔ)。

1．介詞短語(yǔ)。

像in addition to, in my opinion, for example, for instance, of course, as a result, in fact, as a matter of fact,at all, in a/one word, on the other hand等固定的介詞短語(yǔ)，可以造成分隔。如：

I didn't find the joke at all amusing.我認(rèn)為這笑話一點(diǎn)也不可笑。 

Growing up, of course, means realizing that there is only so much room in one life, whether you are male or female. 當(dāng)然，成長(zhǎng)意味著要明白一生就這么點(diǎn)兒回旋的余地，不管你是男是女。

There are many people on the platform waiting for the train.

2．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

The burglar, found guilty of breaking into the store, was put on four years’ probation, sentenced to 180 days in jail and ordered to do 200 hours of community service. 竊賊因犯有闖入商店搶劫的罪行被判刑180天，緩刑四年，并被罰做200小時(shí)的社區(qū)服務(wù)工作。

The resistance, experienced when one body moves over another, with which it is in contact, is called the frictional force. 一個(gè)物體在和它接觸的另一物體上移動(dòng)時(shí)所受的阻力，叫做摩擦力。

3．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

But it’s the millions of homes, with all their electrical appliances srunning, that cause the problem. 但是，正是這千百萬(wàn)讓他們家里全部電器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的家庭，造成了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

The little girl, with her mother away from home, felt very lonely. 那個(gè)女孩因母親不在家，感到很孤獨(dú)。

4．副詞（短語(yǔ)）。

像however, therefore, moreover, hence, more or less等副詞（短語(yǔ)），也經(jīng)常造成分隔現(xiàn)象。如：

There's one point, however, that has made me confused. 不過(guò), 有一個(gè)問(wèn)題使我感到迷惑。

Sometimes, though, you may find that high priority items are the very ones you seek to avoid. 然而，有時(shí)你可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有些重要的優(yōu)先項(xiàng)目正是你試圖回避的。

5．同位語(yǔ)。

Tom, a 27-year-old hacker, has a different point of view. 27歲的黑客湯姆則持另一種觀點(diǎn)。

Joanna, Faber’s teenage daughter, came home one day looking distressed. 費(fèi)伯十多歲的女兒?jiǎn)贪材扔幸惶旎氐郊視r(shí)顯得很沮喪。

6．各類從句：名詞性從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句等。

Does this simply imply, as many have guessed, that at least 30% of the jobs might be at risk. 正像許多人猜測(cè)的那樣，這是否僅僅意味著，有至少30%工作可能有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)嗎？

You just sit back and let it ---whatever it is--- happen. 不管是什么事情，你都只需袖手旁觀，任其發(fā)生。

7．I think, I believe, I say, they say, I believe, I'm afraid, do you think/believe/suppose, to tell the truth, to be honest, to be frank, generally speaking, frankly speaking, honestly speaking, believe it or not, worse still,what's more, as far as I'm concerned等引述語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)。

It is at home, they say, that children must be helped to develop enough self-esteem and establish enough of a sense of right and wrong to overcome the urge to cheat. 他們說(shuō)，就是在家庭中，必須幫助孩子們產(chǎn)生足夠的自尊心，樹立明確的是非觀，克制作弊的欲望。

This is a good chance, I think, that you can win.我認(rèn)為這是你能贏的最好機(jī)會(huì)。

（三）分隔類型歸納

 以下例句中，句子的兩個(gè)密切相關(guān)的成分，被黑體部分分隔開來(lái)。

1. 主謂分隔

I found to my disappointment that all the tickets to the theatre had been sold.

E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

Better kitchen planning, for example, could cut down on the number of trips to the supermarket. 

He, however, didn’t understand at all the theory on which I based my invention.

The novelist, therefore, has a special responsibility both to the present and the past of his country.

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.

Anyway, that evening, which I’ll tell you more about later, ended up staying at Rachel’s place.

2. 動(dòng)賓分隔

She carries over the shoulder of her leather coat a heavy black purse.

When we pass a big building or see an airplane or a car, we might keep in mind that we are looking at the fruits of man’s labour in this tradition.

It is better for you to take with you whatever you need most anytime.

The critic is he who can translate into another manner or a new material his impression of beautiful things.

3. 系表分隔

He always ate egg-salad sandwiches at his desk. He was, of course, overweight by 20 or 25 pounds. 

English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not, as in Germany, complementary to the family. 

Einstein was, in the eyes of a young friend, a simple, modest and ordinary man.

4. 賓語(yǔ)被賓補(bǔ)分隔

The discovery has made possible new techniques for brain surgery. 

Finally, I dashed down the stairs, pushed open the front door.

He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.

5. 定語(yǔ)和被修飾語(yǔ)的分隔

The problem arose of what to do with the money.

I have a picture here of a man who knew the address.

We heard the story from his own lips of how he was stranded for days without food.

The time is coming to prepare for Christmas.

There is no report to us of any accident.

I must try to make as careful a study as I can of the accident.

6. 不定式的分隔

I wish the reader to clearly understand this article.

He was unable, however, to long keep silence.

She did not like to either lie or sit long.

It was evident that he purposed to both charm and astonish my by his appearance.

7. 動(dòng)詞詞組的分隔（“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”固定詞組被分隔）

Look carefully at the corrections which I have written in your essay. 

I don't care very much for fruit drinks; I like something that has a kick in it.

I cannot say that I think very highly of your discrimination.

They argued all evening about how to get rid of the noise.

8. 定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分隔

All are not friends that speak us fair.

It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.

The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

The days are gone when we Chinese were bullied by the invaders.

The village has developed a lot where we learned farming two years ago.

After graduation she reached a point in her career where she had to decide what to do.

9. 同位語(yǔ)的分隔

There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need to be improved.

Information has been put forward at the meeting that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universitie

The question sometimes comes to my mind whether it was worth the effort.

There is no doubt, in my opinion, that what matters is not one’s looks, but one’s inner thoughts

Mr. Smith left word with his assistant that he had returned to his own country for winter holidays.

10. 主從句的分隔

Although they didn’t like his views, I think, in a way, they liked how he talked. 

If you break the rule, in other words, you will be punished. 

11. 連詞或關(guān)系詞與主語(yǔ)的分隔

Choose the word or phrase that you think is nearest in meaning to the key word.

What you suppose is necessary is unnecessary to me.

Although he was a bit rude to my parents, I didn’t feel angry with him, because, as I said, I like people to be confident in that way.

If, on the other hand, he had been taught the details of the local time system just as he should have been taught the local spoken language, it would have been possible for him to adjust himself accordingly. 

Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.

Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.

（四）高考分隔現(xiàn)象實(shí)例與對(duì)策

分隔現(xiàn)象是英語(yǔ)區(qū)別于漢語(yǔ)的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)，因此，該現(xiàn)象可能干擾考生對(duì)問(wèn)題的理解，打斷正常的解題思路，造成語(yǔ)意理解方面的障礙，最后做出錯(cuò)誤的判斷。根據(jù)上述分隔現(xiàn)象的規(guī)律，結(jié)合對(duì)高考試題的實(shí)際情況，下面針對(duì)有關(guān)問(wèn)題做一診斷。

請(qǐng)看下面兩道高考題：

1. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (江西卷)

A. where                   B. when                      C. who                      D. which

【解析】答案為A。where在此引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞為cases。一般情況下，定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后，其間不能插入其他成分，但在本題中，定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞被分開。若不注意到這一點(diǎn)，此題很容易做錯(cuò)。句意為：在本章的后面部分，我們將為讀者介紹一些事例，說(shuō)明消費(fèi)者的投訴已經(jīng)使法律作出了修改。

2. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, ________ New York is an example. (四川卷)

A. for which                B. in which                C. of which               D. from which

【解析】答案為C。of which在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞為前面的many cities，of表示所屬關(guān)系，說(shuō)明New York是many cities之一。在通常情況，定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后，其間不能插入其他成分，但在本題中，定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞也被分開。句意為：對(duì)世界上許多城市來(lái)說(shuō)，已經(jīng)沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的空間，紐約就是其中的一個(gè)例子。

這兩道題均涉及定語(yǔ)從句分隔問(wèn)題。綜觀近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題，有不少所謂的“難題”均與這類分隔現(xiàn)象有一定的關(guān)系，希望引起大家的注意。

一、主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的分隔

英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)一般都緊密相連，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長(zhǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時(shí)為了避免頭重腳輕，保持句子的平衡或者為了語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間也會(huì)插入其他成分，從而形成分隔現(xiàn)象。例如：

1. The country life he was used to_______ greatly since 1992. （山東卷）

　A. change   B. has changed  C. changing  D. have changed

　【解析】答案為B。此題中he was used to為定語(yǔ)從句，前面省略了關(guān)系代詞that，修飾主語(yǔ)the country life，它把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分隔開來(lái)，致使有的考生誤認(rèn)為在was used to之后選擇changing。因?yàn)榫渥拥闹髡Z(yǔ)the country life后需要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以應(yīng)選用has changed。

2. Professor smith, along with his assistants, _______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. （上海卷）

　A. work  B. working  C. is working  D. are working

　【解析】答案為C。句中的along with his assistants是介詞短語(yǔ)，分隔了前后的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。因主語(yǔ)是Professor smith，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，跟along with his assistants中的assistants無(wú)關(guān)。

二、同位語(yǔ)之間的分隔

1. A story goes ________ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. （上海卷）

A. when   B. where  C. what   D. that

【解析】答案為D。句中的Elizabet I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.是主語(yǔ)a story的同位語(yǔ)。由于該同位語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短，為保持句子平衡，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞goes放在了主語(yǔ)與同位語(yǔ)從句之間，造成同位語(yǔ)從句與主語(yǔ)的分隔。由此得知，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)陳述的同位語(yǔ)從句用that。

2. —It’s thirty years since we last met.

—but I still remember the story, believe it or not,________ we got lost on a rainy night.（四川卷）

A. which   B. that  C. what    D. when

【解析】答案為B。此題“the story和其同位語(yǔ)從句that we got lost on a rainy night被插入語(yǔ)believe it or not分隔，在一定程度上影響了考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷。

三、定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞的分隔

1. The film brought the hours back to me _______I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（全國(guó)卷）

A. until  B. that   C. when  D. where

【解析】答案為C。此題的主要內(nèi)容為the film brought the hours back to me，它語(yǔ)義清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。如果把when I was taken good care of in that faraway village這樣太長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)緊靠在hours之后，然后才是back to me，那樣會(huì)造成句子失去平衡，而且把賓語(yǔ)hours與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)back to me分隔開來(lái)不易理解。同樣，由于back to me的分隔，給后面是何種句子的判斷造成困難。

2. He is the only one of the students who_______ a winner of scholarship for three years. （上海春）

A. is  B. are   C. have been   D. has been

【解析】答案為D。此句中of the students分隔了先行詞the only one和定語(yǔ)從句who has been a winner of scholarship for three years，影響了考生對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞的判斷，使得考生很容易錯(cuò)誤地把the students作為先行詞而誤選C選項(xiàng)。

四、連詞或關(guān)系詞與主語(yǔ)間的分隔

1. —Is that the small town you often refer to?

—Right，just the one________ you know I used to work for years. （福建卷）

A. that    B. which   C. where   D. what

【解析】答案為C。此句中的you know為插入語(yǔ)，它把關(guān)系副詞where和定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)分隔開來(lái)，干擾了考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)該選擇where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

2. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall,________, in fact, there were 40.（全國(guó)卷）

A. while    B. whethe    C. what     D. which

【解析】答案為A。句中in fact是插入語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了定語(yǔ)從句的情況，整個(gè)句子是“原以為”與“事實(shí)上”的并列與對(duì)比，因此選擇while，表示兩者之間的對(duì)比。

五、謂語(yǔ)部分的分隔

1. An awful accident________, however, occur the other day.（上海）

A. does   B. did   C. has to    D. had to

【解析】答案為B。 這是一個(gè)通過(guò)增加助動(dòng)詞而強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)的句子。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)the other day為過(guò)去時(shí)間，所以謂語(yǔ)用“did+動(dòng)詞原形”。副詞however插入其中，起到了轉(zhuǎn)折和強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。

除此之外，在英語(yǔ)閱讀中還會(huì)出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)之間的分隔、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)內(nèi)部的分隔、介詞與其賓語(yǔ)的分隔、某些詞語(yǔ)之間的分隔等。英語(yǔ)的分隔一般遵循“尾重原則”，即應(yīng)把長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，以使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱。

為了提高英語(yǔ)句子表達(dá)效果，分隔成分在英語(yǔ)句中運(yùn)用。在解題時(shí)，可以把插入語(yǔ)從原文中抽取出來(lái)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不會(huì)發(fā)生變化。如果插入語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，可以先跳過(guò)這部分，待從整體上把握句意之后再回頭看插入部分的內(nèi)容。雖然插入語(yǔ)會(huì)使考生思路被打斷，容易分散他們的注意力，但實(shí)際上，在這種情況下它對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解不造成任何影響。若先把插入語(yǔ)省略掉，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。

（五）試題分隔陷阱分析與測(cè)驗(yàn)

1. The girl, as well as the other students, ________ excited at the good news. 

A. was                          B. were                        C. being                       D. be

【分析】有些學(xué)生看到students可能會(huì)選B。其實(shí) ，正確答案是A。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有 as well as, as much as, with, together with, no less than, along with, like, rather than, no more than, in addition to, but, except, besides, including 等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)隨主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。由于這些詞組造成主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分隔，致使學(xué)生誤入陷阱。

請(qǐng)做以下幾題(答案均選A)：

(1) No one but her parents ________ she will go abroad for further study.

A. knows                    B. know                       C. is knowing               D. are knowing 

(2) Mary, together with two boys, ________ for having broken the rule.

A. was punished         B. punished                  C. were punished          D. being punished

(3) A library with five thousand books ________ to the nation as a gift.

A. is offered               B. hasn’t decided          C. aren’t decided          D. haven’t decided

(4) The teacher, together with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

A. was                    B. were                           C. had been                    D. would be

2. How long do you think it is ________ she arrived here?

A. when                   B. that                           C. before                        D. since

【分析】面對(duì)這道題，許多學(xué)生覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手，很容易誤選C。其實(shí)正確答案是D。此題是一個(gè)主從句，并且是疑問(wèn)形式，被do you think分隔，這無(wú)疑增加了解題難度。這里我們不妨把它變成陳述句，將do you think插入語(yǔ)去掉，則句子就變成了：It is five years since she arrived here. 這樣，句子結(jié)構(gòu)就一目了然。這是一個(gè)“It is + 一段時(shí)間 + since…(自從……以來(lái)有多久了)”的句型。請(qǐng)注意區(qū)分下面相類似的句型：It will (not) be…before…(要過(guò)多久……才/過(guò)多久就……)。

3. It was ________ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.

A. to have played  B. playing         C. played         D. having played

【分析】正確答案為B，本題考查的是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是句子的主語(yǔ)，由動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)。但其被強(qiáng)調(diào)句式 It was…that…分隔，增強(qiáng)了試題的迷惑性。這里我們應(yīng)選動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)看下面相似的例子：

(1) Was it during the second world war ________ he died?

A. that                        B. while                     C. in which                    D. then

(2) ________ helped you work out that difficult maths problem?

A. who did                 B. it was who that       C. who it was that         D. who was it that

第 (1) 題答案為A。是疑問(wèn)句形式的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分during the second world war 在句中作狀語(yǔ)；第 (2) 題答案是D。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的疑問(wèn)詞 who 在句中作主語(yǔ)。

4. This is the biggest nature park for milu deer in China ________ they have visited.

A. where                      B. in which                 C. that                    D. which

【分析】解此題的關(guān)鍵在于找準(zhǔn)定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞。此題中的先行詞應(yīng)該是park，for milu deer和in China 都是定語(yǔ)修飾park的；又因?yàn)関isit是及物動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)有賓語(yǔ)，而where和in which只能作狀語(yǔ)，據(jù)此可排除；而這里的先行詞又是被形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾，可排除D，故答案選C。在這里，句中for milu deer和in China 分隔了先行詞與它的定語(yǔ)從句，會(huì)使人產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)，誤入陷阱。請(qǐng)看下面類似的例子

(1) The day they were looking forward to________ at last.                 

A. coming                 B. comes                  C. came                      D. come

(2) Do the way you thought of ________ the water clean make any sense?

A. making                  B. to make               C. how to make          D. having made

第 (1) 題答案為C。主句的主語(yǔ)是 The day，其中 they were looking forward to 是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句；第 (2) 題答案是B。其中you thought of 是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，它實(shí)際上考查的是短語(yǔ)the way to do sth.的用法。

5. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of course, made the others unhappy. 

A. who                       B. which                    C. this                           D. that

【分析】此題中的of course 對(duì)很多同學(xué)具有迷惑性和干擾性。事實(shí)上，答案選B。這是一個(gè)含有which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句(在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo))，句中of course是一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，將定語(yǔ)從句和它的先行詞分隔開來(lái)，從而增加解題難度。分析結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)我們可將其去掉，使句式簡(jiǎn)化。

6. Is this museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday?

A. which                     B. where                     C. that                         D. the one

【分析】此題很容易誤選A或C，把This is看做系表結(jié)構(gòu)，誤將 museum 當(dāng)成定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞。其實(shí)，this museum是主句的主語(yǔ)，我們只要將句子還原成 This museum is… 就可以看出定語(yǔ)從句缺少了先行詞。由此我們可知D是正確答案。做這一類試題時(shí)，常常將疑問(wèn)句還原成陳述句，問(wèn)題就變得簡(jiǎn)單了。請(qǐng)看下面類似的例子：

(1) Is this museum ________ his father worked ten years ago?

A. in which                  B. where                   C. that                      D. the one

(2) Is this the museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday? 

A. in which                   B. where                   C. that                     D. the one

第(1)題答案是B。將題干還原成This museum is ________ his father worked ten years ago. 便知，這是一個(gè)由where引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句, 在表語(yǔ)從句中 where不能用“介詞 + which”來(lái)替換；第(2)題的答案是C。將題干還原成This is the museum ________ some German friends visited the day before yesterday. 便不難看出，句子的主干是 This is the museum，其后是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the museum的，所以，應(yīng)選關(guān)系代詞that作從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞visited 的賓語(yǔ)。

7. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect 

A. when taking           B. when taken         C. when to take             D. when to be take

【分析】此題正確答案為B?？疾榉衷~短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的用法，在這道試題中，我們所要填的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是 the drug，所以用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)。但在分詞短語(yǔ)后有一插入語(yǔ) according to the direction分隔，增加了試題的難度。做這一類題目時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)抓住句子的主干，去掉枝葉，問(wèn)題就迎刃而解。試看下面的例題：

(1) Everyone, in our hometown, men and women, old and young, ________ singing and dancing.

A. are fond of             B. enjoys                   C. go in for                  D. take part in

(2) The manager decided to give the job to ________ he believed had a strong sense of duty. 

A. whomever              B. who                       C. whoever                  D. those

(3) John plays football ________, if not better than, David.

A. as well                   B. as good                  C. as well as               D. as good as 

第 (1) 題選B。主語(yǔ)是 everyone，其中 men and women, old and young 為插入語(yǔ)；第 (2) 題選C。he believed 為插入語(yǔ)，把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)had分隔，whoever既要充當(dāng)to的賓語(yǔ)，還要充當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)；第 (3) 題選C。這是一個(gè)比較句型，if not better than是插入語(yǔ)，也是一個(gè)省略形式的比較句型。

8. The news has come from the capital ________ an important meeting is to be held there.

A. where                     B. in which                    C. that                       D. which

【分析】此題很容易誤選為A或B，原因是錯(cuò)把capital作為先行詞，誤選 where 或 in which在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。而事實(shí)上，從句后面已經(jīng)有狀語(yǔ) there。若選D，則 which 在從句中做何成分？從而可以排除。實(shí)際上，這是以that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，修飾名詞the news，選C。因?yàn)楸籬as come from the capital 分隔，導(dǎo)致了同位語(yǔ)從句之間的分離，形成了干擾，使人容易誤入陷阱。

注意：有些名詞性從句與所解釋說(shuō)明的詞之間，可能會(huì)有詞組、短語(yǔ)或別的成分，予以分隔，這就增加了試題的難度。只有識(shí)別結(jié)構(gòu)，才能化難為易。請(qǐng)看下面類似的例子：

(1) Information has been put forward ________ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. 

A. while                        B. that                       C. when                      D. as

(2) The question came up at yesterday’s meeting ________ we had enough money for our research.

A. which                       B. if                         C. that                        D. whether

(3) The man will use what he has ________ a camera for his wife.

A. to get                        B. got                       C. had bought              D. buy

第 (1) 題答案是B；第 (2) 題答案為D；第 (3) 題的答案是A，此句中what he has 是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，to get a camera for his wife 作目的狀語(yǔ)。不能把空格前的has和選項(xiàng)got 視為完成時(shí)態(tài)。

9. He didn’t realize the use we ________ the information. 

A. made into              B. made in              C. made of             D. made from

【分析】題干中運(yùn)用了短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 make use of，名詞use 作為先行詞被分隔提前，作了主句的賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，而定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞which或that被省略，因此從句中就僅留下了made of，故此題的正確答案應(yīng)選C。 

注意：做此類題型的關(guān)鍵，在于將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還原，問(wèn)題也就迎刃而解。若不抓住這一點(diǎn)，面對(duì)這一類題目就會(huì)無(wú)從下手。試看下面類似的例子：

(1) The lecturer stressed that more attention will be ________ to the serious pollution.

A. had                    B. paid                   C. take                     D. do 

(2) Thank you for the trouble you have ________ to help us.

A. paid                    B. taken                 C. spent                    D. had 

(3) The trouble you have ________ helping us is really great.

A. paid                    B. taken                 C. spent                     D. had

第 (1) 題答案是B?？疾榈氖莿?dòng)詞短語(yǔ)pay attention to，名詞attention 從其短語(yǔ)中分隔出來(lái)，作了句子的主語(yǔ)。第 (2) 題的答案是B。考查的是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配 take trouble to do sth，其中 trouble 被分隔出來(lái)，作為主句的先行詞，其后跟了一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句；第(3)題的答案是D?？雌饋?lái)它與第 (2) 題相似，答案卻截然不同，很容易讓學(xué)生誤入陷阱。其實(shí)這一題考查的是固定搭配：have trouble (in) doing sth. 讓學(xué)生牢記第 (2) 和第 (3) 這兩個(gè)不同的句型。

10. Who did Mr. Baker ________ the information?

A. have check          B. have checked         C. have to check        D. have been checking

【分析】這道題很容易被誤選為B或C。其實(shí)正確答案是A?？疾榈氖蔷湫?have sb. do sth.，即 have sb. check the information。但其中的sb. 就是句中的who，它被提前引起疑問(wèn)句，因而發(fā)生分隔現(xiàn)象，增加了試題的迷惑性。不過(guò)我們?nèi)魧⑵溥€原成陳述句，就不再是問(wèn)題了。請(qǐng)看下面相似的例子：

(1) Who did you ________ your report for tomorrow’s meeting?

A. have typed              B. have it typed         C. have type             D. have it type

(2) Whom do you think he would ________a letter of congratulation to the policeman?

A. have post                 B. have posted        C. have to post         D. have posting

(3) Is this the bike you wish to have ________?

A. repaired it                B. repaired               C. repair                 D. it repaired

第(1)題答案為C。道理和上面的例題一樣，考查的是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) have sb. do sth，即 have sb. type the report；第(2)題答案為A；第(3)題答案為B?？疾?have sth. done 的用法，其中，you wish to have repaired 是一個(gè)省略關(guān)系代詞 which或that的定語(yǔ)從句。

11. ________ the house Mr. Smith has been broken into?

A. When is it that          B. When has             C. Has                     D. When was

【分析】這道題，學(xué)生首先想到了強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，于是選A。其實(shí)，判斷它是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，只要將強(qiáng)調(diào)句式It be…that/who 去掉，再調(diào)整句子的語(yǔ)序，看句子是否通順或完整，否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。若將句中的is it that 去掉，題干就變成了When the house Mr. Smith has been broken into，顯然此句不成立，所以選A錯(cuò)誤。其實(shí)正確答案是C。題干中的主語(yǔ) the house 后面有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句(which/that) Mr. Smith has，而且這是一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句，句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被定語(yǔ)從句分隔，從而增加了解題的難度。若將修飾主語(yǔ)后的定語(yǔ)從句拿掉，句子就變成了：Has the house been broken into? 這樣，哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確就一目了然了。做這一類試題時(shí)，著重在于分析句子，去掉枝葉，抓住主干。請(qǐng)看將上面的例題稍做改動(dòng)后的例子：

________ the house Mr. Smith has broken into?

A. When was that        B. When has                 C. Has                    D. When was

答案選D。此句是一個(gè)含有定語(yǔ)從句Mr. Smith has的特殊疑問(wèn)句。

12. He went there to call on an old friend of his and ________ there for a few days.

A. to stay                     B. stay                    C. left                   D. stayed 

【分析】本題很容易被誤選為A或者B。認(rèn)為 and 連接的是 call on 和 stay 兩個(gè)并列的不定式。其實(shí)，正確答案是D。and連接的是went there 和stayed 兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。做這一類題目時(shí)，讓學(xué)生一定要分清結(jié)構(gòu)，以免誤入陷阱。請(qǐng)做以下兩題：

(1) They would rather spend time ________ than ________ in the street.

A. read; wander                                     B. reading; wandering 

C. in reading; to wander                        D. reading; wander

(2) As far as I know, he spends at least as much time watching tv as he ________. 

A. does writing              B. writes                C. writing                   D. does to write    

第(1)題的答案為D?？疾榈氖蔷湫?would rather do sth. than do sth 的用法，其中這個(gè)句型連接的是spend time reading和wander in the street 兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)；第(2)題的答案是A。考查的是 spend time (in) doing sth.句型在比較句型 as…as 中的用法，其中 does 是替代前面所出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞spend。

1. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ________ visiting a museum when the fire broke out.

　A. was        B. were      C. had been   D. would be

2. Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _______ in the clothing industry.

A. is working   B. works     C. work         D. worked

3. —Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.

　—So do I.

　A. hope         B. hopes     C. hoping      D. hoped

4. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks_____ so small that a day is unimportant.

　A. is             B. are        C. has been    D. have been

5. John left word with my secretary_____ he would call again in the afternoon.

　A. who          B. that        C. as          D. which

6. A fast food restaurant is the place________, just as the name suggests, eating is done quickly.

　 A. which         B. what   C. there         D. where

7. We all know that,________, the situation will get worse.

　A. not if dealt carefully with    B. not if carefully dealt with 

C. if dealt not carefully with    D. if not carefully dealt with

8. The number of the people present, as we had expected,_________ very large.

　A. was          B. were       C. is             D. are

9. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at________ I thought was a dangerous speed.

　A. as            B. which      C. what         D. that

10. What we used to think_________ impossible now does seem possible.

　　A. is          B. was        C. has been     D. will be

11. The film brought the hours back to me__________I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

A. until         B. that        C. when         D. where

12. Jim plays football_________, if not better than, Mike.

　 A. as well       B. as well as    C. so well       D. so well as

13. He told me the news_________, believe it or not, he had earned $1, 000 in a single day.

　 A. that          B. which       C. as           D. because

14. He ran as fast as he could________ the bus.

　 A. catch         B. to catch      C. catching    D. caught

15. An idea suddenly occurred to me__________I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.

　 A. if            B. when        C. that         D. which

16. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,________, of course, made the others envy him.

　 A. who          B. that         C. what         D. which

17. The young man made another wonderful discovery, __________of great importance to science.

　 A. which I think is             B. which I think it is

　 C. which I think it             D. I think which is

18. John is the only one of the students who________ good at French.

　 A. is            B. are         C. have been    D. were

19. Information has become known ________more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

　 A. while         B. that        C. when          D. as

20. He arrived in New York in 1896,_________, some time later, he became an actor.

　 A. when         B. where       C. that           D. which

答案: 1-5 ACBAB  6-10 DDACB  11-15 CBABC  16-20 DAABB