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必看丨北京中考英語聽說考必備短語和句式,你都知道嗎?

 北京領(lǐng)學(xué)者 2019-11-23

導(dǎo)語

2020年英語聽說考首考將在2019年12月21日開始,距離現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)只剩不到一個(gè)月的時(shí)間了。北京中考在線團(tuán)隊(duì)在考試來臨之前,為大家收集整理了英語考試中常見的短語和固定句式,供參考!

away的短語

run away

逃跑,逃走

The thief ran away quickly

take away

拿走,帶走

He wanted to know who took away his dictionary

throw away

扔掉

It is a waste to throw away good food

put away

收起來

Put your toys away in the cupboard

keep away from

遠(yuǎn)離…

I tried to keep the child away from the pool

see sb. doing sth與 see sb. do sth

see sb. doing

 sth.

看見某人正在做某事,

強(qiáng)調(diào)看到的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,

其中v-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語;

When I walked past the classroom, I saw all the   students reading books

see sb. do

sth.

看見某人做了某事,

強(qiáng)調(diào)看到動(dòng)作自始至終的全過程,

其中,不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語;

We saw them get on the bus just now

live,lively,living,alive辨析

1. live讀作【laiv】時(shí),意為“活的”,或者“實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播”,一般作定語,在句中一般只修飾物,不修飾人。

例如:Don't touch it. It's a live snake.

2. lively意為“生氣勃勃的,(色彩)鮮艷的”,常作定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語,既可指人,又可指物。

例如:The lecture is very lively.

3. living可作形容詞,意為“活著的,現(xiàn)存的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)說明“健在”,常作表語或定語,多用于指物,也可指人。

例如:The old woman is still living.

4. alive意為“活著的”,側(cè)重生與死之間的界限,常作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語或后置定語,多用于指人,也可指物。

例如:She was alive when they took her to the hospital.

too much,too many,much too辨析

too many

太多

修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

There are too many students in our class.

too much

太多

修飾不可數(shù)名詞

There is too much rain.

much too

修飾形容詞或副詞

She is much too beautiful.

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的含義

英語中有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)兩種語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。

例如:Many people speak English.

      (主動(dòng)語態(tài),謂語speak這一動(dòng)作是由many people來執(zhí)行的)

       English is spoken by many people.

      (被動(dòng)語態(tài),主語English是speak這個(gè)動(dòng)作的承受者)

2. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be動(dòng)詞同樣有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。

3. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法

當(dāng)說話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或者沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),只需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,可以使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果需要在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)一般用介詞by引出。

例如:Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.

4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(動(dòng)作承受者)+am/is/are+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(+by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)+其他部分。助動(dòng)詞be隨人稱、數(shù)的變化而變化。

例如:The desk is made by him.

Bananas are produced in Hainan.

②主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),要做如下變動(dòng):

step1:主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語;

step2:主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞;

step3:主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語變?yōu)榻樵~“by”的賓語,組成介詞短語,放在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞之后。若動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者無須說明或不必強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),by組成的短語可省略;

step4:主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。

主動(dòng)句:主語+謂語+賓語

 Most middle school students play football.

被動(dòng)句:主語+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+by+賓語

  Football is played by most middle school students.

③一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句式變化:


結(jié)構(gòu)

例句

肯定句

主語+am/is/are+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他.

The kite is made by Mary.

一般疑問句及其回答

Am/Is/Are+主語+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他?

Is the kite made by Mary?

肯定回答:Yes, 主語+am/is/are.

Yes, it is.

否定回答:No, 主語+isn’t/aren’t.或No,   I’m not.

No, it isn’t.

否定句

主語+am/is/are+not+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他

The kite isn’t made by Mary.

一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1. 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

句式

構(gòu)成

例句

肯定句

主語+was/were+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他。

That bank was robbed last night.

否定句

主語+was/were+not+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他。

That bank wasn't robbed last night.

一般疑問句

Was/Were+主語+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他?

Was that bank robbed last night?

特殊疑問句

疑問詞+was/were+主語+及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他?

What was stolen from that bank?

2. 含有使役動(dòng)詞(make/let/have)或感官動(dòng)詞(hear/see等)的句子,在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中這些動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ),但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,to需要再加上。help在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中to可加可不加,但被動(dòng)語態(tài)中一定要加。

 例如:The baby was made to laugh at last.

            He was seen to run into the classroom by his classmates.

It is + 形容詞 + to do sth.

1. It's + 形容詞 + (for sb.) to do sth,意為“(對(duì)某人來說)做某事是...的”,其中it作形式主語,句子的真正主語是不定式短語to do。句中的形容詞是描述動(dòng)詞不定式的,這類形容詞有:important,necessary,easy,difficult等。

例如:It is hard for me to finish my homework today.

2. It's + 形容詞 + of sb to do sth.意為“某人做某事是…的”,此句式中的形容詞描述人的性格、品質(zhì)的,這類形容詞有:polite,nice,kind,good,friendly等。此句式可以改為sb. be +形容詞+ to do sth.

例如:It is nice of you to help me.

        You are nice to help me.

一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1. 肯定句式

主語 + will/be going to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(+ by + 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)

例如:The apple trees will be planted by us tomorrow.

        The sports meeting is going to be held next week.

2. 否定句式

主語 + will not/isn't going to/aren't going to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(by+動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)

例如:The apple trees will not be planted by us tomorrow.

        The sports meeting isn't going to be held next week.

3. 一般疑問句式

Will + 主語 + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(by  + 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)?

Is/Are + 主語 + going to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(by  + 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者)

例如:Will the apple trees be planted by us tomorrow?

         Is the sports meeting going to be held next week?

which,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句

which引導(dǎo)的定語從句通常用來修飾物,which在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時(shí)不可省略,作賓語時(shí)通??墒÷?。

例如:The building which is the oldest is our school. (作主語)

This is the book (which) you want.(作賓語)

The house (which) we live in is not large.(作賓語)

【注意】

1. 介詞后面的which不能省略。

例如:The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.

在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞只能放在動(dòng)詞之后,不能放在which之前。例如:This is the watch which he is looking for.

2. who引導(dǎo)的定語從句用來修飾人,who在從句中作主語(口語中也可作賓語),作主語時(shí)不可省略,作賓語時(shí)通??墒÷?。

例如:This is the man who helped me.(作主語)

The boy (who) we saw yesterday is John’ s brother.(作賓語)

【助記】定語從句的關(guān)系詞

定語從句其奇妙,關(guān)系代(副)詞來引導(dǎo)

物用 which人用who,人物均有that顧。

拓展】當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí),我們可用which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句,但下列情況宜用that引導(dǎo)定語從句:

①先行詞為all,few,little,much,the one,something,anything,everything,nothing等時(shí)。

例如:We'll do all that we can to protect the endangered animals and plants.

②先行詞本身是形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。

例如:This is the most beautiful city that I've ever seen.

③當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。

例如:Mary took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.

④先行詞被 the only,the very,the last 等修飾時(shí)。

例如:This is the only paining in this style that we have.

⑤主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。

例如:Who is the person that is talking with our headmaster?

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